東西方跨文明比較5

1、”東西方跨文明比較通識課程東方財富文化與西方財富文化陸道夫主講廣州大學衛(wèi)斯理安學院亞當斯密國富論2 The Wealth of NationsThe Wealth of Nations國民財富的性質(zhì)和起因的研究國民財富的性質(zhì)和起因的研究An Inquiry Into The Nature and Causes of The An Inquiry Into The Nature and Causes of The Wealth of NationsWealth of NationsLife story Adam Smith was a curious human being. He lived

2、with his mother (she lived to be ninety) and remained a bachelor all his life. Adam Smith didnt have much luck with ladies, however; he proposed marriage two or three times but was rejected. 4Social background1 Adam Smith was born in 1723 in Fife (County Fife) of coker Cadillac (Kirkcaldy). The Brit

3、ish can be said to be the advanced capitalist countries in Europe. Is not only the countries of the world trade center, and is a leading industrial countries in the rest of the world.2 Early 18th century Europe land of France and Germany, are still within the childish feudal family industry, or inde

4、pendent handicraft industry stage, still in this way to control production.Absent-minded- 與人討論自由貿(mào)易時走進皮革廠的水池；- 泡茶時把面包和黃油放進茶壺，說這是他喝到的最不好喝的茶；- 邊走邊思考問題，走出家門15英里（24公里）竟然不知道；- He told his London publisher in 1780: “I had almost forgot that I was the author of the inquiry concerning The Wealth of Nations.”

5、 6 a Scottish social philosopher and a pioneer of political economy the father of modern economics and capitalism. 為什么一個哲學家會寫經(jīng)濟學的書？ 當時英國的大學以教授歷史和哲學為主 哲學法理法律制度政府政治經(jīng)濟學7 在當時的英國和歐洲的大部分國家，政府的作用被認為是至高無上的。 亞當斯密認為，the way to achieve peace and prosperity is to set individuals free. He attacked one type of go

6、vernment intervention after another. 8嚴復翻譯成原富 國富論在亞當斯密生前曾出版過5個版本（1776, 1778, 1784, 1786, 1789） 1897年嚴復開始翻譯原富， 1902年上海南洋公學譯書院出版。 多為意譯，甚至脫離原文，就書中某一觀點闡述自己的觀點。9 郭大力 王亞南1936年出版國富論10本書的地位 有人認為，如果沒有國富論，就沒有馬克思的資本論。 有人認為，本書是現(xiàn)代政治經(jīng)濟學研究的是現(xiàn)代政治經(jīng)濟學研究的起點，被譽為西方經(jīng)濟學的起點，被譽為西方經(jīng)濟學的“圣經(jīng)圣經(jīng)” 。它標它標志著經(jīng)濟學作為一門獨立學科的誕生。志著經(jīng)濟學作為一門獨立

7、學科的誕生。 200多年來，經(jīng)濟學家所做的工作只是為亞當斯密的理論打補丁、做完善。The contribution Marxs judgment of the wealth of nations by Adam Smith: with Adam Smith, political economy has grown into a whole, it is included in the scope of a certain extent, has been formed. for the first time, the basic problem of political economics h

8、as been put forward by him ; 國富論論述的問題 the role of self-interest, the division of labor, the function of markets, the international implications of a laissez-faire economy.13The wealth of nations is a great work, Adam Smith put the self-interest of heart did a harmonious unity with the male, the hear

9、t, let us know the self-interest and public interest are not contradictory to each other, but complement each other, is conducive to the progress and development of the community as a whole. 重要觀點和主張 個人主義個人主義 財產(chǎn)私財產(chǎn)私有制有制 追求利追求利潤具有潤具有正當性正當性 價格機能價格機能 經(jīng)濟自由經(jīng)濟自由 4.重視“看不見的手”對經(jīng)濟的調(diào)節(jié)作用 5.商品的價格，由市場來決定 1.社會進步是建立

10、在個人的生存及發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)上的2.私人應(yīng)當有權(quán)擁有及支配自己的財富3.使追求利潤的過程中同時促進社會的進步 Book One Of the Causes of Improvements in the Productive Powers of Labour, and of the Order according to which its Produce is Naturally Distributed among the Different Ranks of the People 論勞動生產(chǎn)力改進的原因，以及勞動產(chǎn)品自然地分配給各階級人們的順序16Book Two Of the Nature, A

11、ccumulation, and Employment of Stock 論財富的性質(zhì)、蓄積和用途17Book Three Of the different Progress of opulence in different Nations 論不同國家中財富的不同發(fā)展18Book Four Of Systems of Political Economy 論政治經(jīng)濟學的體系19Book Five Of the Revenue of the Sovereign or Commonwealth 論君主或英聯(lián)邦國家的收入20有待研究的若干問題 有無“亞當斯密問題”？ 何謂“看不見的手”？ 如何處理政府

12、與市場的關(guān)系？有無“亞當斯密問題”？ 19世紀德國人提出了“斯密問題”（das Adam Smith Problem）：在道德情操論中提出的同情原理與他在國富論中提出的利己心原理相互矛盾。 斯密在道德情操論中把人的行為歸結(jié)于同情，而在國富論中卻把人的行為歸結(jié)于自私。 能夠解決經(jīng)濟短缺問題（economic scarcity）的是個人利益和效用，還是仁愛和同情？22道德情操論 “人，不管被認為是多么的自私，在他人性中顯然還有一些原理，促使他關(guān)心他人的命運，使他人的幸福成為他的幸福必備的條件，盡管除了看到他人幸福他自己也覺得快樂之外，他從他人的幸福中得不到任何其他好處。”23國富論 “我們決不能指

13、望從屠夫、釀酒師或面包師的仁慈中獲得我們的晚餐。我們只能從使他們關(guān)心他自己的利益中來獲得我們的晚餐。我們要向他們講述的不是不是他們的人道博愛，而是他們的私利。絕不要向他們談?wù)撐覀冏约旱男枰?，而是要談?wù)撍麄兊睦?。只有乞丐才會把自己的生活主要地寄托在同胞的施舍上?！?“在追求他個人利益時，他時常比他真實地有意促進社會利益還更加有效地促進了社會的利益。我從來沒有聽說過那些偽裝為了公共利益而經(jīng)商的人做了多少好事。誠然，那種裝模作樣，在商人中并不普遍存在，所以無須說什么去勸阻他們?！焙沃^“看不見的手”？ 亞當斯密所說的invisible hand的原意是指什么？ 在Theory of Moral Se

14、ntiments一書的Part IV第一章中使用了invisible hand一詞： “in spite of their natural selfishness and rapacity, though they mean only their own conveniency, though the sole end which they propose from the labours of all the thousands whom they employ, 26 “盡管他們（富人）的天性是自私的和貪婪的，雖然他們只圖自己方便，雖然他們雇傭千百萬人來為自己勞動的唯一目的是滿足自己無聊而

15、又貪得無厭的欲望，但是他們還是同窮人一樣分享他們所做的一切改良的成果。一只看不見的手一只看不見的手引導他們對生活必需品作出幾乎同土地在平均分配給全體居民的情況下所能作出的一樣的分配。從而不知不覺地增進了社會利益，”如何認識政府與市場的關(guān)系？ 國富論要回答的問題就是如何促進國家財富的增長。實現(xiàn)增長的途徑就是laisser faire，即發(fā)揮“看不見的手”的作用。28invisible handsSocial nature has an invisible hand to lead the people to make the best choice for society and the ind

16、ividual and no government and individuals can replace the role of this invisible hand, if you want to replace the role of this invisible hand, will cause confusion. What is the invisible hand? Smith although there is no direct expression, but the book has told us, that the invisible hand is the soul of the human heart.亞當斯密與中國 國富論有60處提到“China”,8處提到Chinese. “China has been long one of the richest, that is, one of the most fertile, best cultivat