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1、目 錄摘要 21 引言 32 方案設計 42.1 系統(tǒng)設計方案論證 4 2.1.1第一方案 42.1.2 第二方案 42.2第二方案的總體設計框圖 43 系統(tǒng)硬件部分 53.1主控芯片 53.2 濾波電路及LM324芯片 73.3 顯示設備 83.4 控制執(zhí)行機構(gòu)94系統(tǒng)軟件設計104.1 設計思路104.2 程序流程圖105 系統(tǒng)仿真與調(diào)試125.1 Proteus仿真軟件125.2 仿真圖建立125.3 仿真調(diào)試結(jié)果14結(jié)論 18致謝 19參考文獻 20附錄A 原理圖 21附錄B 程序編譯圖 22附錄C 仿真圖 23附錄D 程序代碼 25摘 要現(xiàn)在汽車的安全性很重要,發(fā)動機的轉(zhuǎn)速高低也在安
2、全的范圍之列。本文介紹用AT89C52單片機設計制作發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速電控系統(tǒng),僅需AT89C52最小系統(tǒng),外接一個LCD1602、濾波電路和作為控制機構(gòu)的電動機。這樣就能夠?qū)Πl(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速進行檢測并相應控制電機運作,并將轉(zhuǎn)速顯示在LCD1602上。關鍵詞:轉(zhuǎn)速 單片機 顯示 控制 LCD16021 引 言 1.1 問題的提出 目前汽車上轉(zhuǎn)速表顯示過于復雜,并且處于安全的考慮,要用單片機知識及常見的元器件搭建出能檢測汽車發(fā)動機或者其它裝置的轉(zhuǎn)速,并相應的進行控制將其顯示在監(jiān)視員的視野之內(nèi),這樣將減少因發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速而造成的人身危害。1.2 任務與分析 本文是應用MCS-51單片機原理和控制理論設計發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速檢
3、測并控制的硬件電路,利用C語言進行程序設計。通過檢測單片機的外部中斷觸發(fā)信號來啟動內(nèi)部的定時器定時兩個信號之間的時間,所得時間在程序中進行加權(quán)濾波、轉(zhuǎn)換,最后將轉(zhuǎn)速在LCD上顯示,以此提醒駕駛?cè)藛T注意發(fā)動機的轉(zhuǎn)速。2 方案設計2.1 發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速電控系統(tǒng)設計方案論證2.1.1 第一方案本設計程序采用定時計數(shù)器0定時一段時間,在此段時間內(nèi)設置定時器計數(shù)1對外部進行計數(shù),最后將所得的個數(shù)進行濾波、轉(zhuǎn)換,最后在數(shù)碼管上顯示。但是,這種方案采用數(shù)碼管顯示,較為復雜。第二方案與方案一相比,本方案將轉(zhuǎn)速在LCD上顯示并相應的控制其執(zhí)行機構(gòu)。這種設計顯示部分很簡潔,系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定性較高。2.2 第二方案的總體設計框
4、圖本設計采用89C52作為主控芯片,通過濾波電路處理輸入信號,LCD作為輸出設備顯示轉(zhuǎn)速。其中P3.2作為信號的輸入,P1口用作LCD的數(shù)據(jù)線,P2.5、P2.6、P2.7口用作LCD的控制信號。設計框圖如圖一所示。圖2.1 發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速電控系統(tǒng)設計框圖3 系統(tǒng)硬件介紹3.1 主控芯片設計中所采用主控芯片為AT89C52。因其價格便宜,在市場上已經(jīng)很成熟,各個方面都能夠滿足設計要求故選擇它。其采用標準雙列直插式引腳DIP-40大規(guī)模集成電路封裝。它的引腳排列如下圖3.1所示圖3.1AT89C52的引腳排列引腳介紹:VCC:供電電壓。GND:接地。P0口:P0口為一個8位漏級開路雙向I/O口,每腳
5、可吸收8TTL門電流。當P1口的管腳第一次寫1時,被定義為高阻輸入。P0能夠用于外部程序數(shù)據(jù)存儲器,它可以被定義為數(shù)據(jù)/地址的第八位。在FIASH編程時,P0 口作為原碼輸入口,當FIASH進行校驗時,P0輸出原碼,此時P0外部必須被拉高。P1口:P1口是一個內(nèi)部提供上拉電阻的8位雙向I/O口,P1口緩沖器能接收輸出4TTL門電流。P1口管腳寫入1后,被內(nèi)部上拉為高,可用作輸入,P1口被外部下拉為低電平時,將輸出電流,這是由于內(nèi)部上拉的緣故。在FLASH編程和校驗時,P1口作為第八位地址接收。 P2口:P2口為一個內(nèi)部上拉電阻的8位雙向I/O口,P2口緩沖器可接收,輸出4個TTL門電流,當P2
6、口被寫“1”時,其管腳被內(nèi)部上拉電阻拉高,且作為輸入。并因此作為輸入時,P2口的管腳被外部拉低,將輸出電流。這是由于內(nèi)部上拉的緣故。P2口當用于外部程序存儲器或16位地址外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲器進行存取時,P2口輸出地址的高八位。在給出地址“1”時,它利用內(nèi)部上拉優(yōu)勢,當對外部八位地址數(shù)據(jù)存儲器進行讀寫時,P2口輸出其特殊功能寄存器的內(nèi)容。P2口在FLASH編程和校驗時接收高八位地址信號和控制信號。P3口: P3口管腳是8個帶內(nèi)部上拉電阻的雙向I/O口,可接收輸出4個TTL門電流。當P3口寫入“1”后,它們被內(nèi)部上拉為高電平,并用作輸入。作為輸入,由于外部下拉為低電平,P3口將輸出電流(ILL)這是由于
7、上拉的緣故。P3口也可作為AT89C51的一些特殊功能口,如下表所示:P3口管腳 備選功能:P3.0 RXD(串行輸入口)P3.1 TXD(串行輸出口)P3.2 INT0(外部中斷0)P3.3 INT1(外部中斷1)P3.4 T0(記時器0外部輸入)P3.5 T1(記時器1外部輸入)P3.6 WR(外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲器寫選通)P3.7 RD(外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲器讀選通)P3口同時為閃爍編程和編程校驗接收一些控制信號。RST:復位輸入。當振蕩器復位器件時,要保持RST腳兩個機器周期的高電平時間。ALE/PROG:當訪問外部存儲器時,地址鎖存允許的輸出電平用于鎖存地址的地位字節(jié)。在FLASH編程期間,此引腳用
8、于輸入編程脈沖。在平時,ALE端以不變的頻率周期輸出正脈沖信號,此頻率為振蕩器頻率的1/6。因此它可用作對外部輸出的脈沖或用于定時目的。然而要注意的是:每當用作外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲器時,將跳過一個ALE脈沖。如想禁止ALE的輸出可在SFR8EH地址上置0。此時, ALE只有在執(zhí)行MOVX,MOVC指令是ALE才起作用。另外,該引腳被略微拉高。如果微處理器在外部執(zhí)行狀態(tài)ALE禁止,置位無效。PSEN: 外部程序存儲器的選通信號。在由外部程序存儲器取指期間,每個機器周期兩次/PSEN有效。但在訪問外部數(shù)據(jù)存儲器時,這兩次有效的/PSEN信號將不出現(xiàn)。EA/VPP:當/EA保持低電平時,則在此期間外部程序存
9、儲器(0000H-FFFFH),不管是否有內(nèi)部程序存儲器。注意加密方式1時,/EA將內(nèi)部鎖定為RESET;當/EA端保持高電平時,此間內(nèi)部程序存儲器。在FLASH編程期間,此引腳也用于施加12V編程電源(VPP)。XTAL1:反向振蕩放大器的輸入及內(nèi)部時鐘工作電路的輸入。XTAL2:來自反向振蕩器的輸出。振蕩器特性: XTAL1和XTAL2分別為反向放大器的輸入和輸出。該反向放大器可以配置為片內(nèi)振蕩器。石晶振蕩和陶瓷振蕩均可采用。如采用外部時鐘源驅(qū)動器件,XTAL2應不接。有余輸入至內(nèi)部時鐘信號要通過一個二分頻觸發(fā)器,因此對外部時鐘信號的脈寬無任何要求,但必須保證脈沖的高低電平要求的寬度。圖3
10、.2 系統(tǒng)最小系統(tǒng)3.2 濾波電路及LM324芯片LM324芯片是差動輸入的四運算放大器。該運放放大器可以工作在低到3.0伏或者高到32伏的電源下,靜態(tài)電流為MC1741的靜態(tài)電流的五分之一。共模輸入范圍包括負電源,因而消除了在許多應用場合中采用外部偏置元件的必要性。每一組運算放大器可用圖三所示的符號來表示,它有5個引出腳,其中“+”、“-”為兩個信號輸入端,“V+”、“V-”為正、負電源端,“Vo”為輸出端。兩個信號輸入端中,Vi-為反相輸入端,表示運放輸出端Vo的信號與該輸入端的相位相反;Vi+為同相輸入端,表示運放輸出端Vo的信號與該輸入端的相位相同。圖3.3 LM324管腳圖霍爾傳感器
11、輸出信號為正弦信號,而單片機只能處理高低電平信號,為此必須將正弦信號轉(zhuǎn)換成TTL電平信號。設計中利用LM324的比較作用將輸入信號與參考電壓進行比較,到大于時LM324輸出端為高電平,否則為低電平。由于LM324為模擬器件,其驅(qū)動能力不足。設計中在輸入端串聯(lián)了一片74LS04的六非門芯片,提高輸入的驅(qū)動能力,以便于單片機處理。圖3.4 信號輸入濾波電路3.3 顯示設備圖3.5 轉(zhuǎn)速顯示設備LCD16023.3 控制執(zhí)行機構(gòu)通過汽車理論知識學習,我們知道汽車發(fā)動機不能超過某一轉(zhuǎn)速。如果長期在高轉(zhuǎn)速下運作,對汽車發(fā)動機的壽命將大打折扣。為此,防止發(fā)動機高速情況發(fā)生,系統(tǒng)特意采用LED作為顯示燈,提
12、醒駕駛員此時發(fā)動機高轉(zhuǎn)速運行情況,使其做相應的處理。同時電機運作,將控制汽車油路的電磁閥逐漸閉合,使供油減小,發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速降低,直至電磁閥完全閉合,停止供油。圖3.6 控制機構(gòu)及指示燈原理圖4 系統(tǒng)軟件設計4.1 設計思路利用80C52單片機內(nèi)部的定時計數(shù)器和外部中斷功能,通過檢測P3.2端口的信號啟動定時計數(shù)器進行計時,當下一次觸發(fā)信號到來時,定時器停止計時并保存當前值。再啟動定時器計時,如此循環(huán)。保存值達到五次后,對其進行加權(quán)濾波處理。最后將所得的值賦給數(shù)碼管顯示。當轉(zhuǎn)速值大于設定值時,控制電機運作,指示燈亮。4.2 程序流程圖圖4.1主程序流程圖圖4.2定時器0中斷函數(shù)流程圖圖4.3外部中
13、斷函數(shù)流程圖5 系統(tǒng)仿真與調(diào)試5.1 Proteus軟件介紹系統(tǒng)采用Proteus軟件來進行程序的仿真,這款軟件是英國Labcenter electronics公司出版的EDA工具軟件。它不僅具有其它EDA工具軟件的仿真功能,還能仿真單片機及外圍器件。它是目前最好的仿真單片機及外圍器件的工具。雖然目前國內(nèi)推廣剛起步,但已受到單片機愛好者、從事單片機教學的教師、致力于單片機開發(fā)應用的科技工作者的青睞。5.2 仿真圖建立系統(tǒng)采用Proteus軟件進行仿真,利用軟件自帶的仿真模塊建立系統(tǒng)的仿真圖。圖5.1為發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速電控系統(tǒng)的最小系統(tǒng)圖。圖5.1 主控芯片仿真由于汽車上常用的轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器為霍爾式,集成
14、的傳感器其輸出的信號為脈沖信號。在仿真中,采用霍爾傳感器的原始信號即正弦信號來作為輸入信號,利用LM324芯片的比較功能對其進行濾波處理將其轉(zhuǎn)換成對應的脈沖信號。圖5.2為濾波轉(zhuǎn)換電路。圖5.2 系統(tǒng)濾波轉(zhuǎn)換電路系統(tǒng)采用LCD1602作為顯示器件,其具體的仿真連接圖如下。圖5.3 系統(tǒng)的顯示器件當系統(tǒng)檢測完后得到轉(zhuǎn)速大于我所設定的值時,控制執(zhí)行機構(gòu)運作同時指示燈將會點亮。當轉(zhuǎn)速正常(小于設定值)時,電機停止工作,指示燈滅。在仿真中我選用直流電機作為執(zhí)行機構(gòu)。圖5.5 執(zhí)行機構(gòu)仿真圖5.3 仿真調(diào)試結(jié)果圖5.5,圖5.6,圖5.7分別表示在不同的輸入頻率下,對應的LCD顯示的轉(zhuǎn)速情況及電機運作情
15、況。圖5.6 仿真圖(一)當調(diào)節(jié)信號發(fā)生器改變輸入的頻率值時,單片機通過對其進行計數(shù)并運算處理,在數(shù)碼管上面對應的顯示當前值。調(diào)節(jié)信號發(fā)生器為圖5.6所示即為18HZ時,LCD顯示值為1080r/min,其值和18*60=1080相同。仿真結(jié)果正確。圖5.7 仿真圖(二)當調(diào)節(jié)信號發(fā)生器為50HZ時,LCD顯示為3006r/min,這和理論值50*60=3000有一定誤差?;緷M足設計要求。圖5.8 仿真圖(三)繼續(xù)調(diào)節(jié)信號發(fā)生器的頻率時直到超過設定值8000r/min時,電機將會轉(zhuǎn)動,由于此為動態(tài)效果,我們可以從三極管基極為高電平可以判斷出此情況,并且指示燈將點亮。此時輸入頻率為140HZ,
16、輸出為8450r/min,其和理論140*60=8400r/min有一定誤差,在設計要求范圍內(nèi)。結(jié)論致謝參考文獻1 徐崢穎編著.Protel99SE EDA 技術(shù)及應用M.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,2005.2 張靖武編著.單片機系統(tǒng)的protues設計與仿真M.北京:電子工業(yè)出版社,2007.3 李朝青編著.單片機原理及接口技術(shù)M.北京:北京航空航天大學出版社,2005.4 邊春遠編著.MCS-51單片機應用開發(fā)實用子程序M.北京:人民郵電出版社,2005.5 劉守義編著.單片機應用技術(shù)M.西安:西安電子科技大學出版社,2002.6 韓志軍編著.單片機應用系統(tǒng)設計M.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,200
17、5.7 張毅剛,劉喜元編著.新編MCS-51單片機應用設計M.哈爾濱:哈爾濱工業(yè)大學出版社,2003.8 唐嵐編著.汽車測試技術(shù)M.北京:機械工業(yè)出版社,2006.附錄A:原理圖附錄B:程序編譯附錄C:仿真圖附錄D:程序代碼#include <REG52.H>#define uchar unsigned char#define uint unsigned intsbit LED=P31;sbit MO=P33;bit Flag; /第一次中斷標志bit Flag_s; /轉(zhuǎn)換標志sbit E=P25;sbit RW=P26;sbit RS=P27;uchar COUNT; /溢出次
18、數(shù)unsigned long T5;uchar W5=1,2,3,4,5; /權(quán)值void Init(void);unsigned int Smooth(void);void delay(uint N);void write_cmd(uchar cmd);void write_data(uchar date);void LCD_Init();void LCD_Disp(uint d);void Write_Datas(uchar address,uchar Wdata);/-/ 主函數(shù)/-void main(void)uchar msg114="Current Rev is"
19、;uchar msg214=" r/min "uint i,dis_dat;Flag=0;Flag_s=0;COUNT=0;dis_dat=0;Init();LCD_Init();EA=1;write_cmd(0x80);for(i=0;i<14;i+)write_data(msg1i);write_cmd(0x80+0x40);for(i=0;i<14;i+)write_data(msg2i);while(1)if(Flag_s)dis_dat=Smooth();Flag_s=0;if(dis_dat>8000)LED=0;MO=1;elseLED=1;
20、MO=0; LCD_Disp(dis_dat);void delay(uint N)/延時N毫秒子程序uint x,y;for(x=N;x>0;x-)for(y=110;y>0;y-);void write_cmd(uchar cmd)/寫指令子程序RS=0;RW=0;P1=cmd;delay(1);E=1;delay(1);E=0;void write_data(uchar date)/寫數(shù)據(jù)子程序RS=1;RW=0;P1=date;delay(1);E=1;delay(1);E=0;void LCD_init()E=0; write_cmd(0x38);/5*7點陣字符writ
21、e_cmd(0x0c);/整體顯示,關光標,不閃爍write_cmd(0x06);/AC自動增一,畫面不動write_cmd(0x01);/清屏write_cmd(0x80);/設置DDRAM地址void Write_Datas(uchar address,uchar Wdata)write_cmd(0x80+address);write_data(0x30+Wdata);/寫數(shù)據(jù)void LCD_Disp(uint d) unsigned char dd4,i;dd0=d/1000;dd1=d%1000/100;dd2=d%1000%100/10;dd3=d%10;for(i=0;i<
22、4;i+)Write_Datas(0x42+i,ddi);/-/名稱:定時器,中斷初始化/功能:定時器0采用16位,中斷下降沿觸發(fā)/-void Init(void)TMOD=0x01;EX0=1;ET0=1;IT0=1;/-/名稱:濾波函數(shù)/功能:加權(quán)濾波,權(quán)值1,2,3,4,5/- unsigned int Smooth(void)uchar i;uint dat;float sum;float avg;sum=0;for(i=0;i<5;i+)sum+=Ti*Wi;sum=sum/15;avg=60000000/sum;dat=(int)avg;if(dat>9999)dat=
23、9999;return dat;/-/外部中斷0的中斷函數(shù)/-void INT(void) interrupt 0if(Flag)static unsigned char m=0; Tm=TH0*256+TL0+65536*COUNT;TH0=0;TL0=0;COUNT=0;m+;if(m=5)m=0;Flag_s=1;elseFlag=1;TH0=0;TL0=0;TR0=1;/-/定時器0的中斷函數(shù)/-void Time(void) interrupt 1COUNT+;TH0=0;TL0=0;g an employment tribunal claiEmployment tribunals
24、sort out disagreements between employers and employees.You may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if:· you don't agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you· your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly.For more
25、information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, see Dismissal.You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haven't appealed against the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any compensation
26、 awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal.Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are complaining about happened. If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usu
27、ally accept i.If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the organisations listed under Further help.Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmati
28、on.Most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the organisations listed under Further help.If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, th
29、ey may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your compensation if you win the case. This is known as a damages-based agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor can't charge you more than 35% of your compensation if you win the case.If you are thinking about
30、signing up for a damages-based agreement, you should make sure you're clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau. To find your nearest CAB, including those that give advice by e-mail, cl
31、ick on nearest CAB.For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, see Employment tribunals.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifa's anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association's 150th anniversary cele
32、brations and will attend City's Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday."I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure," he told BBC Sport."For me it's about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.&
33、quot;Uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the "racist behaviour of their fans" during City's 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European football's governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referee's actions.CSKA
34、said they were "surprised and disappointed" by Toure's complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: "We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA."Age has reached the end of the beginning of a word. May be guilty in his seems to passing a lot of different life became the
35、 appearance of the same day; May be back in the past, to oneself the paranoid weird belief disillusionment, these days, my mind has been very messy, in my mind constantly. Always feel oneself should go to do something, or write something. Twenty years of life trajectory deeply shallow, suddenly feel
36、 something, do it.一字開頭的年齡已經(jīng)到了尾聲。或許是愧疚于自己似乎把轉(zhuǎn)瞬即逝的很多個不同的日子過成了同一天的樣子;或許是追溯過去,對自己那些近乎偏執(zhí)的怪異信念的醒悟,這些天以來,思緒一直很凌亂,在腦海中不斷糾纏??傆X得自己自己似乎應該去做點什么,或者寫點什么。二十年的人生軌跡深深淺淺,突然就感覺到有些事情,非做不可了。The end of our life, and can meet many things really do?而窮盡我們的一生,又能遇到多少事情是真正地非做不可?During my childhood, think lucky money and new cl
37、othes are necessary for New Year, but as the advance of the age, will be more and more found that those things are optional; Junior high school, thought to have a crush on just means that the real growth, but over the past three years later, his writing of alumni in peace, suddenly found that isn
38、9;t really grow up, it seems is not so important; Then in high school, think don't want to give vent to out your inner voice can be in the high school children of the feelings in a period, but was eventually infarction when graduation party in the throat, later again stood on the pitch he has sw
39、eat profusely, looked at his thrown a basketball hoops, suddenly found himself has already can't remember his appearance.童年時,覺得壓歲錢和新衣服是過年必備,但是隨著年齡的推進,會越來越發(fā)現(xiàn),那些東西根本就可有可無;初中時,以為要有一場暗戀才意味著真正的成長,但三年過去后,自己心平氣和的寫同學錄的時候,突然就發(fā)現(xiàn)是不是真正的成長了,好像并沒有那么重要了;然后到了高中,覺得非要吐露出自己的心聲才能為高中生涯里的懵懂情愫劃上一個句點,但畢業(yè)晚會的時候最終還是被梗塞在了咽
40、喉,后來再次站在他曾經(jīng)揮汗如雨的球場,看著他投過籃球的球框時,突然間發(fā)現(xiàn)自己已經(jīng)想不起他的容顏。Originally, this world, can produce a chemical reaction to an event, in addition to resolutely, have to do, and time.原來,這個世界上,對某個事件能產(chǎn)生化學反應的,除了非做不可的堅決,還有,時間。A person's time, your ideas are always special to clear. Want, want, line is clear, as if no
41、thing could shake his. Also once seemed to be determined to do something, but more often is he backed out at last. Dislike his cowardice, finally found that there are a lot of love, there are a lot of miss, like shadow really have been doomed. Those who do, just green years oneself give oneself an a
42、rm injection, or is a self-righteous spiritual.一個人的時候,自己的想法總是特別地清晰。想要的,不想要的,界限明確,好像沒有什么可以撼動自己。也曾經(jīng)好像已經(jīng)下定了決心去做某件事,但更多的時候是最后又打起了退堂鼓。嫌惡過自己的怯懦,最終卻發(fā)現(xiàn)有很多緣分,有很多錯過,好像冥冥之中真的已經(jīng)注定。那些曾經(jīng)所謂的非做不可,只是青蔥年華里自己給自己注射的一支強心劑,或者說,是自以為是的精神寄托罷了。At the moment, the sky is dark, the air is fresh factor after just rained. Suddenl
43、y thought of blue plaid shirt; Those were broken into various shapes of stationery; From the corner at the beginning of deep friendship; Have declared the end of the encounter that haven't start planning. Those years, those days of do, finally, like youth, will end in our life.此刻,天空是陰暗的,空氣里有著剛下過
44、雨之后的清新因子。突然想到那件藍格子襯衫;那些被折成各種各樣形狀的信紙;那段從街角深巷伊始的友誼;還有那場還沒有開始就宣告了終結(jié)的邂逅計劃那些年那些天的非做不可,終于和青春一樣,都將在我們的人生中謝幕。Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted. r plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation
45、or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot
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