美國教育制度

1、編號：xxxx時間：2021年x月x日error! no text of specified style in document.頁碼：第18頁 共18頁美國教育制度篇一：美國教育體系介紹 美國教育體系介紹 美國教育環(huán)境介紹 (一)美國教育制度 公私立教育體系 美國學(xué)校分為公立、私立兩類，公立學(xué)校系統(tǒng)規(guī)模龐大，是因為背后有美國政府資助，所以美 國九成的學(xué)生大多在公立教育系統(tǒng)內(nèi)就讀。聯(lián)邦政府也設(shè)有教育部，不過功能不同于我國的教 育部，美國教育部是教育政策研究&咨詢的機構(gòu)，負(fù)責(zé)制定教育政策，但不參與執(zhí)行工作，也 不監(jiān)管地方學(xué)校，也因此對國家的教育素質(zhì)、教育問題研究、通過教育法案.等

2、都起很大的 作用。美國教育都由各州州政府去做規(guī)劃、制定，聯(lián)邦政府并不具備監(jiān)管約束的權(quán)力，公立 學(xué)校受到州政府&聯(lián)邦政府的撥款，也因此受到各州州政府的監(jiān)管，并遵守各州議會制定的 有關(guān)教育的法律。私立學(xué)?；旧喜皇苋魏握谋O(jiān)管，不過對學(xué)校政策有影響力的是家 長和教師聯(lián)合會pta(parent and teacher association)，以及較具有專業(yè)性質(zhì)的一般坊間教 育機構(gòu)。 美國教育體制 美國的618歲是屬于中小學(xué)義務(wù)教育的部份。教育大概分為四個階段，分別是學(xué)前教育、小學(xué) 、中學(xué)及高等教育。在高中畢業(yè)前是屬于通才教育，到高等教育(學(xué)院、大學(xué)和研究所)才分職 業(yè)教育和一般教

3、育。美國學(xué)制沒有學(xué)力測驗、大學(xué)聯(lián)考，學(xué)生憑著在校成績及sat/act分?jǐn)?shù)， 自行申請大學(xué)入學(xué)。 和許多國家不同的是，美國沒有國立大學(xué)這種名稱，義務(wù)教育由州政府來承擔(dān)。且在義務(wù)教育 的部份，只要你是合法居留人(green card)，就有受義務(wù)教育的權(quán)利，且在美國受義務(wù)教育都 是免費的，不必繳交學(xué)雜費、課本。美國所有的中小學(xué)都為學(xué)生提供免費的課本，多數(shù)的課本 都是上屆學(xué)生傳給下屆學(xué)生，一直到不能用為止。此外，還有些學(xué)校練習(xí)本、作業(yè)本也不用買 ，而是由學(xué)校發(fā)的。不過，學(xué)生就要自己買鉛筆、橡皮擦、計算器.等等，可是這樣相較之 下，真的省了很多錢呢！ 高等教育則分州立和私立。州立大學(xué)州民可以享受較低的

4、學(xué)費，外州學(xué)生&國際學(xué)生學(xué) 費較高。私立大學(xué)則不分州民或外地生，學(xué)費都是一樣的。此外，美國大學(xué)生在入學(xué)后 前兩年，就如大一、大二時修讀通識課程，到大三才會決定主修課程。另外，攻讀醫(yī)科、法律 等專業(yè)課程要等大學(xué)念完畢業(yè)后，考到相關(guān)，才可申請。 (二)美國教育體制階段介紹初級教育(primary school)-11歲 美國初級教育，包含了托兒所&幼兒園(45歲)和小學(xué)(611歲)，跟臺灣一樣小學(xué)不同的是他們 幼兒園部分就會算是小學(xué)。 學(xué)齡前兒童沒有強制性的托兒所，不過有政府補助方案來資助低收入家庭的兒童，所以大部分 家庭需要自己付費托兒所的費用。 美國小學(xué)一般指學(xué)

5、前一年五年級(幼兒園小學(xué))，但有一部份小學(xué)提供教育到六年級，或是合 并中學(xué)教育到八年級。大部分都是采取班級制度，有班導(dǎo)師制度，這位老師負(fù)責(zé)帶一個班大部 分主要課程，學(xué)生除了午餐時間，或是上體育、音樂、美術(shù)課可能到體育館或特別教室上課以 外，整天留在導(dǎo)師的教室內(nèi)，并沒有如東亞學(xué)校的固定的下課時間，但是在教室里導(dǎo)師可以給 給學(xué)生自由時間，有些教師會以自由時間的擁有或剝奪做為學(xué)生行為的獎懲。另外在約百分之 四十的小學(xué)里，每天會有一或二次，每次十分鐘或到二十分鐘的戶外活動時間，戶外活動時間 次數(shù)與時間長短，每個學(xué)校不一定相同。 中學(xué)教育(secondary school)-1218歲 中學(xué)教育，包含2

6、年的初中(1214歲)和4年的高中(1518歲)，從9年級12年級，學(xué)生年齡通常 在14/15到17/18歲間。順利完成12年級的學(xué)業(yè)，就可以拿到高中文憑了 此外，未獲得高中文憑的學(xué)生可以參加一般教育發(fā)展 (ged) 測試，獲得證明其高中水平學(xué)業(yè) 能力的證書。 大學(xué)教育(college and university)-1922歲 大學(xué)教育，通常分為四年制大學(xué)和小區(qū)大學(xué)。四年制大學(xué)四年念完后將可以拿到學(xué)士學(xué)位， 而小區(qū)大學(xué)通常是念兩年讀完后可以拿到副學(xué)士學(xué)位。 研究所教育(graduate school)-22歲/23歲以后 碩士學(xué)位、博士學(xué)位和專業(yè)學(xué)位，課程包含了碩士課程、碩士后高等教育課程、

7、研究型學(xué)位和 專業(yè)型學(xué)位(如醫(yī)學(xué)、法學(xué).等)。碩士學(xué)位大約是12年的修業(yè)期間，至于其它可能就不一定 ，要看各個學(xué)校和科系所訂定 美國教育體制表 大學(xué)之后教育一般稱為高等教育(higher education)，也因此美國大學(xué)種類很多，有二年制、 四年制學(xué)院(junior college/community college or liberal arts college)、四年制大學(xué) (commprehensive university)&研究所(graduate school)。 學(xué)院及專業(yè)學(xué)院 學(xué)院(college)有二年制學(xué)院和四年制學(xué)院，比起四年制大學(xué)(comprehen

8、sive university)， 學(xué)院規(guī)模要小多了學(xué)院大多是私立學(xué)校，雖然規(guī)模并不如四年制大學(xué)，不過有些學(xué)院可是很有名氣的。 專業(yè)學(xué)院(special schools)是規(guī)模較小的學(xué)院，大部分是提供學(xué)士學(xué)位，有些也有碩士班。 此性質(zhì)多屬于文理相關(guān)學(xué)院，也有與培養(yǎng)工程、商業(yè)管理、設(shè)計&藝術(shù)相關(guān)專業(yè)人才的學(xué)校。 這種專業(yè)學(xué)院學(xué)生人數(shù)更少，師資上也會較專精，且注重對 學(xué)生輔導(dǎo)，也因此有時候這些專業(yè) 學(xué)院的入學(xué)條件反而會更高。ex：la東郊-克萊蒙有6間小而巧的學(xué)院哈維默德學(xué)院(工程聞 名)、波莫納學(xué)院(人文)、克萊蒙麥肯納學(xué)院(管理)。紐約茱莉亞音樂學(xué)院。麻州威廉斯 學(xué)院、安赫斯特

9、學(xué)院。 二年制小區(qū)學(xué)院 二年制學(xué)院，在現(xiàn)在的美國大學(xué)教育里，約有40%、超過一千萬的學(xué)生就讀二年制學(xué)院。有很 多美國高中畢業(yè)生都會選擇先進二年制學(xué)院，完成頭兩年的大學(xué)基礎(chǔ)課程，再轉(zhuǎn)到四年制大學(xué) 完成學(xué)業(yè)，這種方式稱為2 2系統(tǒng)。除了轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)課程外，二年制學(xué)院還可以提供技能訓(xùn)練，讓 學(xué)生一畢業(yè)身上也會擁有一技之長，能夠立即投入就業(yè)市場。若是二年讀完拿到的是副學(xué)士 學(xué)位。 二年制小區(qū)學(xué)院，也因為學(xué)費較為低廉，有些距離家里較近，也因此在這學(xué)費逐年高漲的時候 ，很多高中畢業(yè)生都會選擇此類學(xué)校。完成大一、大二課程后，大多小區(qū)學(xué)院也會跟四年制大 學(xué)簽約，保證讓學(xué)生轉(zhuǎn)學(xué)繼續(xù)念完大學(xué)，取得學(xué)士學(xué)位。就算是拿到副學(xué)

10、士后，就投入就業(yè)市 場，也不太需要擔(dān)心自身必沒有一技之長。 小區(qū)學(xué)院對國際學(xué)生的優(yōu)勢： 入學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)較低，若是英文程度、學(xué)業(yè)成績在較為普通之下申請小區(qū)學(xué)院會較為容易些，且小區(qū) 學(xué)院人數(shù)較少、對國際學(xué)生的照顧上會比較容易照顧到，國際學(xué)生在小區(qū)學(xué)院初接觸美國式學(xué) 習(xí)、適應(yīng)美國文化上較容易適應(yīng)，且加上小區(qū)學(xué)院的費用會較為便宜。當(dāng)你在小區(qū)學(xué)院努力學(xué) 習(xí)，在這個環(huán)境中得到優(yōu)秀的成績，也會較有機會申請進入美國的一流大學(xué)。 副學(xué)士學(xué)位： 副學(xué)士學(xué)位課程可以說是銜接課程，等同于學(xué)士學(xué)位的前兩年課程；也可以是終極課程，幫助 學(xué)生為從事某項職業(yè)做好準(zhǔn)備，使學(xué)生習(xí)得一技之長。篇二：美國與中國教育制度對比 the com

11、parison about the education system between american and china the comprehensive capability of a nation comes from its economic power; the economic power improves with the development of the science and technology which derive from the intellectuals who have accepted good education. so if a nation wa

12、nts to be strong, its education must be developed. however, varied kinds of education system are found in different nation. as a result, the levels of the development of economy range at different degrees. among the nations of the world, let us make a comparison about the education system between am

13、erican and china. generally speaking, there are many differences along with some similarities. sense of education it is a general view that every american has the right and obligation to become educated. american believe that, through education, an individual acquires the knowledge, skill, attitudes

14、 and abilities which will enable him to fit into society and improve his social status. education helps to shape the society and develop the national strength. in fact this sense of education is prevailing not only in america, but also in china, even we can say all the nations in the world are manag

15、ing to achieve this goal. duration of classes in america today, the students attend classes for an average of five hours a day, five days a week, filling the classrooms from kindergarten to the 12th grade. while in china, according to my own experience, the students often attend classes for an avera

16、ge of eight hours a day, nearly six days a week, filling the classrooms from pre-school education to high school, except the university and college when we are the same with the american students. we spend four years on university or college. these students are part of one of the ambitious undertaki

17、ngs in the history of education for the american make efforts to educate an entire national population. thegoal is and has been since the early decades of the publicto achieve universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote both their own individual w

18、elfare as well as that of the general public. the public schools and the private schools in america, there are mainly two categories of schools-the public schools and the private schools. it is said that there are more public elementary and secondary schools that private ones, while private colleges

19、 and universities outnumber public ones. about 90percent of american students attend public schools, the other 10 percent attend private schools, for which their families choose to play special attendance fees. four out of five private schools in the united states are run by churches, synagogues or

20、other religious groups. in china, there are public schools and private schools, too. maybe the private ones are more than the public ones, but students prefer public ones to private ones, especially when they are applying for universities or colleges. funds of education the combined expenses of both

21、 education systems, public and private, exceed $190 000million a year. from that point of view, american education is a powerful consumer. in china, similar to america, both public and private schools depend on three sources of income: student tuition, endowments, (gifts made by wealthy benefactors)

22、 and government funding. in america, education is a local matter, which means that the education is dominated by the local government. all states require young people to attend school. thus, every child in america is guaranteed up to 13years of education. this is true regardless of a childs race, re

23、ligion, and sex, learning problems, physical handicap or inability to speak english. some states play a strong role in the selection of learning material for their students. americans have a strong tendency to education to educate their children about major public concerns-problems such as environme

24、ntal pollution, nuclear issues, neighborhood crime and drugs. the political system in two nations is different, so are the relationships betweenthe local government and the central government. so in china, the education is a countys matter except for those private schools. the education system in th

25、e united states elementary and secondary education in the u.s covers 12 years for ages 6 through 18, all the states have laws that require children to go to school, generally until the age of 16, unless they are severely handicapped. the typical organizational pattern for elementary and secondary sc

26、hools is that of graded schools. usually, the elementary school covers grades 1-8 and the high school 9-12. the education system in china in china, the education system is composed of four components. basic education, occupational/polytechnic education, is common higher education and adult education

27、. (1). basic education-basic education comprises of pre-school education, primary (6 years) and junior (3 years) and senior (3 years) middle schooling. (2). medium-level occupational and polytechnic education-it is mainly composed of medium-level professional schools, polytechnic schools, occupation

28、al middle schools as well as short-term occupational and technical training programs of various forms.(3).common higher education-common higher education comprises of junior college, bachelor, and master and doctoral degree programs. junior college program usually last 23 years; bachelor program 4 y

29、ears (medical and some engineering and technical programs, 5 years); master program 23 years; doctoral program 3 years.(4). adult education-adult education comprises of schooling education, anti-illiteracy education and other programs oriented to adult groups. subjects taught in american schools cer

30、tain subjects are taught in all k to 12 systems across the country. almost every elementary school provides instructions in these subjects; mathematics; language arts; penmanship; science; social studies; music; art; and physical education. in many elementary schools, courses in the use of computers

31、 have been introduced. and in some cases, a second language (other than english) is offered in the upper elementary grades. most secondary schools offer the same “core” of required subjects: english, mathematics, science, social studies and physical education. but schoolboards differ greatly from on

32、e district to another in the amount of class time they want high school students to spend on these basic subjects. in some high schools, for example, students must complete three years of mathematics before graduation. the national average is lowermost. conditions for education most often, these sch

33、ools were in one-room buildings, with one teacher for all the students who could attend，which is just the same as in china. the teacher, who was hired by a committee of the citizens, had to teach what the local community expected. and so the future was decided; education in the united states was to

34、remain in the hands of state and local governments. thus it proves that in america, education is a local matter. the united states does not have a national school system, but each of the 50 states operates its universities, and so do some large city governments. the black in america have suffered gr

35、eat discrimination and prejudice for a long time, they are segregated into separate schools, and they have no access to what the white can have. in 1954, the supreme court ruled that the practice of segregating the black into separate schools was unconstitutional. by 1945, the united states was a nu

36、clear power, a member of the united nations, and a competitor with the soviet union for world influence. during this period of time, the us has attained great achievements in science and technology, for example, discoveries by scientists opened new secrets of the stars and of the atom. a new method

37、of education by then, a new method of learning came into being schools. schools were asked not only to teach this new information, but to help students ask their own questions about it. the “inquiry” method of learning, focus on solving problems rather than memorizing facts, became popular. the fede

38、ral government began to spend millions for the development of news science curricular and for training teachers to use them. i think this is the crucial place where the disparity of their education lies. in china, students are often trying hard to memorize facts, while the ability to solve the pract

39、ical problems is rather weak. to conclude, thats the reason why there are somany scientists in america. standards and knowledge for entering a college successful applicants at better colleges are usually chosen on the basis of: (1) their high school records; (2) recommendations form their high schoo

40、l teachers; (3) the impression they make during interviews at the university; and (4) their scores on the sats (scholastic aptitude tests). when students in china are applying for colleges, there have been mostly different standards for students. in most parts of china, successful applicants at such

41、 colleges are usually chosen on the basis of their scores on the college entrance examination. the system of higher education in the united states is complex. it comprises four categories of constitutions; (1) the university, including several colleges for undergraduate students seeking a bachelors

42、degree and one or more graduate schools for those continuing in specialized studies beyond the bachelors degree to obtain a masters or a doctoral degree. (2) the four-year undergraduate institution-the college-most of which are not part of a university ;( 3) the technical training institution ;( 4)

43、the twoyear, or community college. any of the institutions, in any category, might be either public or private, depending on the source of its funding. when choosing a college or university, the students need to know many things about the school. such as the curricular the university opens, the degr

44、ees it offers. in china, all these are also what a chinese student should consider. similar to china, the university in american uses the “credits” system. an undergraduate student has to earn a certain number of “credits” (about 120) in order to receive a degree at the end of four tears of college.

45、 credits are earned by attending lectures and by successfully completing assignments and examinations. during the 1970s and 1980s, there was a trend away from the traditional liberal arts. instead, students were choosing major fields that would prepare them for specific jobs. but some observers beli

46、eve this trend toward pre-professionalism may be ending and that students are switching back to traditional areas of study. recently many facts show that this new popularity of liberal arts is a return to the early traditions of篇三：美國的教育制度如何和中國的相比有哪些優(yōu)缺點 看到這個標(biāo)題，很多中國人會說，不用比了，美國的教育制度一定更好。筆者看來實際情況并不完全是這樣

47、的。 一個流傳很廣的真實故事說：上個世紀(jì)八十年代，中國改革開放的初期。，因為美國人發(fā)現(xiàn)在世界中學(xué)生數(shù)理化競賽上，中國的中學(xué)選手通常都能進入前三名，經(jīng)常的是前三名中有兩名甚至更多的中國學(xué)生。為弄清原因。一個美國教育代表團就到中國來考察中國的中小學(xué)教育?？疾靾F的結(jié)論十分驚人。專家?guī)缀跻恢抡J(rèn)為，中國的中小學(xué)教育水平，特別是中國學(xué)生的數(shù)理化等科目的水平遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過美國同學(xué)。比如中國高一同學(xué)的數(shù)學(xué)水平通常能達到美國高三同學(xué)的水平。中國的中小學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)時間遠(yuǎn)多于美國同學(xué)，課外作業(yè)，練習(xí)的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量也都遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過美國學(xué)生?？疾靾F憂心忡忡的報告說，如果這個趨勢得不到改變，二十年后美國的科技大國的領(lǐng)先地位就要讓給中國

48、了。 幾乎同一個時間，中國發(fā)現(xiàn)美國的科技水平很高，得到諾貝爾獎金的學(xué)者很多。就派了一個教育代表團去考察美國的大學(xué)教育。考察團的結(jié)論也很驚人，幾乎所有的教育專家都認(rèn)為美國的大學(xué)教育比中國有很大的有優(yōu)勢，美國大學(xué)的科研水平很高，教育注重啟發(fā)性，教師同學(xué)生有很多互動，培養(yǎng)出來的學(xué)生有很強的創(chuàng)新精神?？疾靾F憂心忡忡的報告說，如果這個趨勢得不到改變，二十年后中國的科技水平同美國的科技水平之間的差距還會進一步拉大。 二十年過去了。現(xiàn)在到了21世紀(jì)初。美國的教育體制并沒有改變，中國的教育體制也基本還是老樣子?？墒莾蓚€考察團的預(yù)言都沒有變成現(xiàn)實。美國的先進科技依然領(lǐng)先，中國的科技水平也沒有被美國進一步拉下太遠(yuǎn)

49、。為什么這些專家的預(yù)言都錯了。難道他們看到了假的情況?如此結(jié)果的原因究竟是什么呢?以筆者看，專家們看到的情況并不假，不過就是只看到了一部分的情況。美國考察團只看了中國教育比較好的領(lǐng)域，就是中小學(xué)的情況，而中國專家只看了美國比較好的一部分的情況，就是大學(xué)的情況。那為什么美國同中國比，大學(xué)比中國好而中小學(xué)不如呢?筆者認(rèn)為就是管理制度的問題。同一個國家在不同領(lǐng)域會有不同的管理體制。美國大學(xué)同中小學(xué)的管理制度是不相同的，中國大學(xué)同中小學(xué)的管理制度也是不同的。關(guān)鍵的關(guān)鍵是有沒有競爭。明顯的是：中方同美方的優(yōu)勢領(lǐng)域：中國的中小學(xué)的管理制度同美國的大學(xué)制度有共同的特點，它們都是競爭激烈的。而中方同美方的劣勢

50、領(lǐng)域：中國的大學(xué)教育和美國的中小學(xué)教育制度也有共同的特點，它們都是缺少競爭的。 要比較或評價制度優(yōu)劣首先應(yīng)當(dāng)有一個能得到公認(rèn)的評價標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。什么是評價一個行業(yè)的現(xiàn)有管理制度是否良好的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)呢?筆者認(rèn)為有兩個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： 一.是看這個制度能否將合適這個行業(yè)的精英人才聚積到這里 二.這個行業(yè)，已經(jīng)在這個行業(yè)的人才是否有很高的工作積極性 競爭機制就有這樣兩個基本功能：擇優(yōu)和激勵 一.從初，中級教育看， 在中國多數(shù)時間里，考上大學(xué)比較難，(1978年筆者考大學(xué)時，錄取率是1：20)高考淘汰率比較高。考上大學(xué)就有前途，成了精英?？疾簧暇颓巴久烀?，可能要做一輩子苦工。這就是所謂的：一考定終身。所以中國的小學(xué)生從入學(xué)開

51、始，都有一個考大學(xué)的遠(yuǎn)大目標(biāo)。每個學(xué)生從小學(xué)開始就要嚴(yán)格要求自己，要努力學(xué)習(xí)，每天很早就上學(xué)。下午5點才能回家，晚上還要做兩個多小時的作業(yè)。假期也不一定能閑著，很多時候都要參加補習(xí)班，要自己在課外時間多學(xué)英語，學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)，以求在學(xué)習(xí)上能領(lǐng)先別人一步。在學(xué)校，班級，年級，每次考試都要排名次，看看每個同學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)成績是進步了還是退步了。如果進步了，老師，同學(xué)都會對你有很多鼓勵。家長也會非常高興，常常還有獎勵。考得不好，老師同學(xué)都會看不起你，家長也不會有什么好臉色。所以中國學(xué)生都知道考試分?jǐn)?shù)的重要。一切活動都是為了考試。中國同學(xué)中流傳最多的一句話就是：“考，考，考，老師的法寶，分，分，分，學(xué)生的命根”。在考試競爭和分?jǐn)?shù)壓力面前，學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的積極性被發(fā)揮到了極限，對一些需要做很多練習(xí)需要較多學(xué)習(xí)時間的學(xué)習(xí)科目，如數(shù)學(xué)物理等，中國學(xué)生達到了相當(dāng)高的水平。以至于世界中學(xué)生數(shù)學(xué)物理競賽中，前三名每次都有中國人。典型的