大學英語U4U5U6completetranslation

1、材料使用方法：一定是先看過英文文章，自己做過相關(guān)分析以后才能看譯文，可以是自己翻譯（全文或者劃線部分）成中文，與參考譯文進行對照?？纯茨膫€更好?；蛘邔⒖贾形模ㄈ幕蛘邉澗€部分）翻譯成英文，與原文進行對比。The Case for CreativityEncouraging Children to Think 1Creativity is the key to a brighter future, say education and business experts. Here is how schools and parents can encourage this vital skill

2、in children. 2 If Dick Drew had listened to his boss in 1925, we might not have a product that we now think of as practically essential: masking tape. Drew worked for the Minnesota Manufacturing and Mining Company, better known as 3M. At work he developed a sticky-side substance strong enough to hol

3、d things together. But his boss told him not to pursue the idea. Finally, using his own time, Drew perfected the tape, which now is used everywhere by many people. And his former company learned from its mistake: Now 3M encourages people to spend 15 percent of their work time just thinking and devel

4、oping new ideas. 3 It is a strategy that more and more companies are employing and one that experts around the country say we ought to be following with our children, both at home and at school. The feeling is that if we teach them to think creatively, they will be better able to function in tomorro

5、w's society. 4 Creativity's benefits reach beyond music and art. Successful students and adults are the ones who discover a number of ways to approach problems. 5 Creativity is not something one is just born with, nor is it necessarily a characteristic of high intelligence. Just because a pe

6、rson is highly intelligent does not mean that he uses it creatively. Creativity is the matter of using the resources one has to produce original ideas that are good for something. 6 Unfortunately, schools have not tended to promote creativity. With strong emphasis on test scores and the development

7、of reading, writing and mathematical skills, many educators sacrifice creativity for correct answers. The result is that children can give back information but can't recognize ways to apply it to new situations. They may know their multiplication tables, for example(這種插入語的用法值得學習), but they are u

8、nable to apply them to story problems. 7 In some schools, however(這種插入語的用法值得學習), educators are recognizing the problem and are developing new approaches to（to是介詞，后面用-ing） teaching which should encourage creativity in their students. Some teachers are combining the basics with activities where the st

9、udents must use their imagination. For example, instead of simply asking WHEN Columbus discovered the New World, teachers might ask students to think about what would have happened if his trip had taken him to New York first instead of to the Caribbean area. With that question, students would have t

10、o use what they know about Columbus, what they know about New York, and what they know about the Caribbean（排比加重復）. Teachers feel that even if the answers seem silly, it's OK, that sometimes being silly is an essential step toward creativity. In the classroom as well as at home, children must hav

11、e the right to have crazy thoughts, experts say. Then it is up to parents and teachers to work with the children to develop those thoughts into workable ideas. The best strategy is to encourage children by asking them questions, meanwhile praising their ideas and new thoughts. Experts say that it is

12、 important to create an atmosphere in which there is no risk in being creativea place where wild ideas are honored and valued, never scorned or dismissed. 8 There are things that parents can do at home to encourage creativity. They can involve children in decision making if the problem is appropriat

13、e, asking the child for suggestions. Parents can help their children to understand the consequences of various decisions. Parents should also encourage their children to talk out loud about things they are doing. Thinking and language skills are closely related. Talking out loud improves language sk

14、ills and thinking skills. 9 Having a sense of humor is also important in helping to develop creativity in a child. When parents show a sense of humor, children can see creativity in its purest form. By its nature, humor crosses conventional boundaries and breaks patterns. Creativity often does the s

15、ame. 10 It is important to give children choices. From the earliest age, children should be allowed to make decisions and understand their consequences. Even if it's choosing between two food items for lunch, decision-making helps thinking skills. As children grow older, parents should let their

16、 children decide how to use their time or spend their money but not automatically help them too much if they make the wrong decision. This may be confusing for the child, but that is all right. This is because one of the most important traits of creative people is a very strong motivation to make or

17、der out of confusion. 765 words)參考譯文關(guān)于創(chuàng)造力的培養(yǎng)鼓勵孩子思考1教育界和商界的專家們說，創(chuàng)造力是通向光明前程的關(guān)鍵?，F(xiàn)在介紹一下學校和家長如何才能鼓勵孩子發(fā)展創(chuàng)造力這一至關(guān)重要的能力。2如果1925年迪克德魯聽從了他老板的意見，也許我們現(xiàn)在就不會有遮蔽膠帶這種用品了?，F(xiàn)在我們幾乎離不開它。德魯當時就職于明尼蘇達礦業(yè)與制造公司，通常稱為3M公司。在工作中，他研制了一種粘膠，它的黏性很強，能使物體粘在一起。但是他的老板卻不讓他做進一步的研究（注意pursue的多種用法）。最后德魯只好利用自己的業(yè)余時間改進了這種膠帶。這種膠帶現(xiàn)在已被人們廣泛使用。而他原來就職的

18、3M公司也從這次的錯誤中吸取了教訓：現(xiàn)在3M公司鼓勵員工抽出15%的工作時間專門用來開動腦筋，搞創(chuàng)新（develop ideas, develop skills, develop intellectual curiosity等等）。3現(xiàn)在這種策略已被越來越多的公司所采用，而且全國各地的專家都認為對待孩子也應效仿這種做法(注意follow的多種可能搭配)，無論是在家里，還是在學校。他們認為（這個句型有點特殊哦），如果我們教育孩子進行創(chuàng)造性思維，他們就能在將來的社會中更好地發(fā)揮作用(注意function的這個意義)。4受益于創(chuàng)造性的不只限于音樂和藝術(shù)領(lǐng)域。能取得成功的學生和成年人都是那些會尋求各種

19、辦法解決問題的人（注意approach的用法）。5創(chuàng)造性并非與生俱來，也不一定（nor放在句首引起了句子的部分倒裝）就是高智商的特征。一個人智商高（注意翻譯技巧，原文是high intelligence）并不意味著（注意句型Just because does not necessarily mean）他就能創(chuàng)造性地發(fā)揮其聰明才智。創(chuàng)造性是指（a matter of已經(jīng)遇到好幾次了）能利用已有的資源想出新點子，而這些點子又有助于解決某方面的問題。6遺憾的是，學校并沒有鼓勵學生發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性(注意翻譯技巧，原文中沒有“學生”一詞，是根據(jù)上下文增加的翻譯)。許多教育者十分看重考試分數(shù)，強調(diào)發(fā)展學生的閱讀

20、、寫作和數(shù)學能力，但卻因追求正確的答案而犧牲了對創(chuàng)造性的培養(yǎng)(注意sacrifice A for B，是犧牲A，為了獲得for B)。其結(jié)果是，孩子們能夠反饋所學的知識，但卻不知道如何靈活地應用知識。比如，他們可能知道乘法表，但卻不會用它來解決數(shù)學應用題。7不過，在有些學校，教育者們認識到這一問題的存在，并致力于研究能啟發(fā)學生創(chuàng)造力（注意本文中creativity前面的動詞打配和后面的介詞搭配）的新的教學方法。一些教師把基礎(chǔ)知識和要求學生發(fā)揮想象力的活動結(jié)合起來。比如，教師們不再簡單地問學生哥倫布何時發(fā)現(xiàn)了新大陸，而會讓學生思考如果哥倫布首先到達的不是加勒比海地區(qū)而是紐約，情況會如何。要回答這

21、一問題（這個介詞用得真好），學生必須應用自己掌握的關(guān)于哥倫布、紐約和加勒比海地區(qū)的知識。教師們認為即便學生的回答聽起來很可笑，也沒關(guān)系，這也許是通向創(chuàng)造性的重要一步。專家們認為，在課堂上以及在家里，必須允許孩子們有些荒唐的念頭。家長和教師們則有責任和孩子們共同努力，把那些荒唐的念頭變成切實可行的想法。最好的辦法是通過提問來鼓勵孩子，同時對他們的想法和新點子表示贊賞。專家們說必須創(chuàng)造一個可以自由發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造力的氛圍(注意翻譯技巧，原文是否定的)一個尊重和贊賞而不是鄙視或無視天馬行空的想法（注意wild的用法。一個類似拼寫的詞是mild，也需要注意相關(guān)用法）的環(huán)境。8在家里，家長可以做一些鼓勵孩子發(fā)揮

22、創(chuàng)造力的事情。如果遇到適合的問題，家長可以就該問題征求孩子的意見，讓他們參與決策。家長可以幫助孩子了解不同的決策將會帶來的不同后果（注意翻譯技巧，原文是名詞，現(xiàn)在增加動詞“會帶來”）。家長還應鼓勵孩子大聲地談論他們正在做的事情。思維能力和語言能力是緊密相關(guān)的。大聲地談論有助于提高語言能力和思維能力。9具有幽默感對于開發(fā)孩子的創(chuàng)造力也非常重要。當家長表現(xiàn)出幽默感時，孩子們就看到了最地道的創(chuàng)造力。從本質(zhì)上看，幽默跨越了常規(guī)界限，打破了固有模式。創(chuàng)造力往往也是如此。10給孩子一些選擇的余地也很重要。應該盡可能早地允許孩子自己做決定，并認識其后果（推薦大家聽或者看第三單元網(wǎng)站提供的Life is al

23、l about choices相關(guān)材料）有助于培養(yǎng)思維能力，即便僅僅是在午餐的兩種食物之間做出選擇。隨著孩子慢慢長大，家長應讓孩子自己做主支配時間或金錢。但當他們做出錯誤的決定時，不要不加思索地給予過多的幫助。這種做法可能會使孩子迷惑不解，但沒關(guān)系。因為富有創(chuàng)造力的人的一個重要特征就是他們有很強的動力，能夠從混亂中創(chuàng)造秩序。(a strong motivation to do sth. ) (注意翻譯技巧，原文是名詞，增加了動詞“有”)A Long March to Creativity (I) Howard Gardner The Jinling Hotel is a comfortable

24、, modern hotel in the heart of Nanjing, a big city in eastern China. My wife Ellen, our year-and-a-half-old（年齡作定語，注意連字符的使用） son, Benjamin, and I lived there for a month in the spring of 1987 while we were studying arts education in Chinese kindergartens and elementary schools. The key to our room wa

25、s attached to a large plastic block with the room number printed on it. When leaving the hotel, a guest was encouraged to turn in the key, either by handing it to an attendant or by dropping it through a slot into a container. Because the key slot was narrow and rectangular, the key and the block ha

26、d to be inserted carefully so as to fit into the slot. 2 Benjamin loved to carry the key around, shaking it vigorously. He also liked to try to place it into the slot. He would move the key to the vicinity of the slot and then try to push it in. Because of his young age, lack of manual dexterity（特別注

27、意lack的用法，名詞或者及物動詞，對應的形容詞是lacking）, and incomplete understanding of the need to orient(注意這個動詞，以及對應的名詞orientation的用法。開學時候的orientation指的是什么？) the key "just so", he would usually fail. Benjamin was not bothered in the least. He loved to bang the key on the slot and probably got as much pleasur

28、e out of the sounds it made, and the physical feelings it gave him, as he did those few times when the key actually found its way into the slot(注意the key found its way的用法). 3 Now both Ellen and I were perfectly happy to allow Benjamin to bang the key near the key slot. We were usually not in a hurry

29、, he was having a good time, and this "exploratory behavior" seemed harmless enough. But I soon observed an interesting phenomenon. Any Chinese attendant nearbyand sometimes even a mere Chinese passer-by (mere 加名詞)would come over to watch Benjamin. As soon as the observer saw what our chil

30、d was doing, and noticed his lack of initial success at the appointed task, she (or, less often, he) attempted to intervene. In general, she would hold onto his hand and, gently but firmly, guide it directly toward the slot, reorient it as necessary, and help Benjamin to insert the key. She would th

31、en smile somewhat expectantly at Ellen or me, as if awaiting a thank you (請注意await和wait的區(qū)別，wait一般為不及無，wait for 但是也有wait ones turn的搭配)and on occasion, would frown slightly, as if to criticize us as parents. 4 Unfortunately, even for the sake of Chinese-American friendship, we were not particularly gr

32、ateful for this intervention. After all, it was not as if Benjamin were running around wildly or without supervision; clearly we were aware of what he was doing and had not ourselves intervened. But it also became clear to us that we were dealing with totally different attitudes about the preferred

33、behavior for children and the proper role of adults in their socialization. 5 Spending a good deal of time with a baby in China, we had plenty of opportunity to compare Benjamin with Chinese babies and to observe the relationship that generally occurs between adults and young children. Time and agai

34、n, adults would approach Benjamin, sometimes just to say "Hello" or to play with him (actions encountered the world over), but often with a particular agenda (注意agenda的多種含義) in mind. Sometimes adults would tease Benjamin, pretending to give or to show him something, but then withdrawing th

35、e promised reward. More often, these adults would aid Benjamin with some taskretrieving a ball with which he was playing, helping him to sit straight in his seat, fixing his shirttail or his shoes(注意fix的多種含義), directing him away from a dangerous spot, or guiding the stroller he was awkwardly pushing

36、 around. 6 It became obvious to us that babies are "fair game" in China. Adults (and even adolescents) feel little hesitation about intervening in the child-rearing process. Now it might be thought that Benjamin's appearancehe is Chinese, and we adopted him in Taiwanencouraged this int

37、ervention; but similar intrusive interventions are reported by Westerners whose children do not look the least bit Chinese. It was equally clear that the Chinese agree on what is right or wrong in most situations; in casual encounters with Benjamin and other Western children, they were simply exhibi

38、ting their shared beliefs. (698 words) After-Class Reading參考譯文培養(yǎng)創(chuàng)造性任重而道遠 (標題的翻譯很重要)（教材中的文章只是全文的一半，請閱讀完整版本，否則這篇文章就丟失了很多重要的內(nèi)容）金陵飯店是一座舒適的、現(xiàn)代化的賓館，位于中國東部大城市南京市的中心。我和妻子埃倫以及我們一歲半的本杰明曾在那里住過一個月。當時我們正在研究中國幼兒園和小學的藝術(shù)教育。我們房間的鑰匙系在（注意attach的多種意義）一塊大塑料牌上，牌上印有房間號。飯店希望客人在外出時交還鑰匙，可以交給服務員或通過一個窄孔把鑰匙投進一個盒子里。因為孔很窄，又是長方形的（

39、注意各種不同形狀的表示法），所以塞鑰匙和鑰匙牌時得很仔細才能對準那個孔。2本杰明喜歡拿著鑰匙使勁搖。他也很喜歡把鑰匙往孔里塞。他總是把鑰匙拿到孔附近，就要把它塞進去?？墒且驗樗?，手不靈活，又沒有完全理解(注意翻譯技巧：原文是一個詞組，現(xiàn)在單獨翻譯成句子）鑰匙要放在“正好”的位置才能插進孔里，所以，他往往塞不進去。但是本杰明一點兒也不會因此而感到煩惱。他喜歡用鑰匙砰砰地敲打著鑰匙孔。也許他從鑰匙的撞擊聲以及敲敲打打給他帶來的肢體感受中得到的樂趣，不亞于偶爾有幾次把鑰匙真的塞入窄孔時所給予他的樂趣。3埃倫和我都很樂意讓本杰明拿著鑰匙在鑰匙孔周圍折騰。我們通常都不趕時間，本杰明也玩得很高興，這種

40、“探索行為”好像也沒有什么不好。但是，很快我就發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個有趣的現(xiàn)象：任何一位中國服務員有時甚至只是個過路的中國人只要是在附近，都會走過來看看本杰明。一旦這個觀察者明白了我們的孩子正在做什么，并注意到他既定要做的事 最初并沒有成功，她(少數(shù)幾次是他)就會設法干預。一般來說，她會抓著本杰明的手，輕輕地但又是堅定地引導他的手直接去找鑰匙孔，必要時會重新調(diào)整方向，幫助本杰明把鑰匙塞進去。然后她會有些期待地對著埃倫或者我微笑，好像在等著我們感謝她或者有時她也會微微地皺起眉頭，好像是在批評我們做父母的沒有盡到責任。4遺憾的是，即使是為了中美友誼，我們也并不特別感激這種干預。畢竟，本杰明沒有到處亂跑或者沒人

41、看管；很顯然，我們知道他在做什么，而且我們自己并沒有干預。然而，同樣明顯的是，在希望孩子怎樣行事，以及在孩子融入社會生活時大人應起的作用方面，我們遇到了兩種截然不同的態(tài)度（注意翻譯技巧中的語序的調(diào)整）。5由于帶著一個小孩在中國呆了很長時間，所以我們有很多機會拿本杰明和中國的小孩子相比較，并觀察大人與小孩之間通常存在的關(guān)系。屢次發(fā)生的情況是：大人們會走近本杰明，有時只是說句“你好”或者只是為了和他玩玩（這種情況全世界都有），但大人們常常是想好了要做什么的。有時，大人們會逗本杰明，假裝要給他或給他看什么東西，然后又把答應給的獎賞收回去。更多的情況是，這些大人會幫助本杰明，例如找回他在玩的球，幫他在

42、座位上坐直，給他理理襯衣下擺或給他整整鞋子，引導他遠離不安全的地方，或者當他笨拙地推著嬰兒車到處亂走時指引他一下。6我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，在中國，小孩子顯然是“該糾錯的對象”。大人（甚至青少年）幾乎會毫不猶豫地干涉小孩子成長的過程?？赡軙腥苏J為本杰明的外貌容易讓人這樣做，因為他是中國人，是我們在臺灣收養(yǎng)的；但是其他西方人也報道過類似的干預，他們的孩子可是一點兒都不像中國人。另外一點也很清楚，在多數(shù)情況下，對于什么是對的，什么是不對的，中國人都有一致的看法。他們和本杰明及其他西方小孩的隨意交往都反映了他們的共同看法。（教材中的文章只是全文的一半，請閱讀完整版本，否則這篇文章就丟失了很多重要的內(nèi)容）Unit

43、 5 Book 4 Athletes Athletes Should Be Role Models Karl Malone I love Charles Barkley like a brother, and except for the times when we're banging and pushing each other under the boards (注意文中和籃球相關(guān)的表達法) in games between my team, the Utah Jazz, and his, the Phoenix Suns, we're great friends. We

44、 don't necessarily like the same things: Charles loves golf so much he would play at halftime if he could, but I think a golf course is a waste of good pasture-land. One of the reasons we get along so well, though, is that we both say what's on our mindswithout worrying about what other peop

45、le are going to thinkwhich means we disagree from time to time. Here's an example of what I mean: I disagree with what Charles says in his Nike commercial, the one in which he insists, "I am not a role model." Charles, you can deny（注意deny的用法）being a role model all you want, but I don&#

46、39;t think it's your decision to make. We don't choose to be role models, we are chosen. Our only choice is whether to be a good role model or a bad one. 2 I don't think we can accept all the glory and the money that comes with being a famous athlete and not accept the responsibility of

47、being a role model, of knowing that kids and even some adults are watching us and looking for us to set an example. I mean, why do we get endorsements in the first place? Because there are people who will follow our lead and buy a certain sneaker or cereal because we use it. 3 I love being a role mo

48、del, and I try to be a positive one. That doesn't mean I always succeed. I'm no saint（注意此處no 加上名詞，表示不是。）. I make mistakes, and sometimes I do childish things. And I don't always wake up in a great, role-model mood. There are days when I don't want to pose for a picture with every fan

49、 I run into, when I don't feel like picking up babies and giving them hugs and kisses (no matter how cute they are), those are the days I just try to avoid the public. 4 But you don't have to be perfect to be a good role model, and people shouldn't expect perfection. If I were deciding w

50、hether a basketball player was a positive role model(注意positive這個常用詞的用法), I would want to know: Does he influence people's lives in a positive way away from the court? How much has he given of himself, in time or in money, to help people who look up to him? Does he display the valueslike honesty

51、 and determinationthat are part of being a good person? I wouldn't ask whether he lives his life exactly the way I would live it or whether he handles every situation just the way I would handle it. 5 I do agree with Charles on one thing he says in his commercial: "Just because I can dunk a

52、 basketball doesn't mean I should raise your kids." But sometimes parents need a little assistance. There are times when it helps for a mother and father to be able to say to their kids, "Do you think Karl Malone or Scottie Pippen or Charles Barkley or David Robinson would do that?&quo

53、t; To me, if someone uses my name in that way, it's an honor. Sure, parents should be role models to their children. But let's face it, kids have lots of other role modelsteachers, movie stars, athletes, even other kids. As athletes, we can't take the place of parents, but we can help re

54、inforce what they try to teach their kids. 6 Parents just have to make sure they don't take it too far. Sometimes they put us on a pedestal that feels more like a tightropeso narrow that we're bound to（注意bound 的各種含義和用法） fall off eventually. This is not something I'm especially proud of,

55、but I've had parents in Utah say things to me like, "You know, Karl, in our family we worship the ground you walk on. In our house your picture is right up there on the wall beside Jesus Christ." Now, that's going too far. Is it any wonder some athletes don't want to be role mo

56、dels? Who wants to be held up to that kind of impossibly high standard? Imagine someone putting a life-sized picture of you on a wall and saying things to your picture before they go to bed. That's scary. 7 Constantly being watched by the public can be hard to tolerate at times. I am sorry that

57、Michael Jordan had to deal with the negative publicity he received about gambling. I don't think most people can imagine what it's like to be watched that closely every minute of every day. I was told once that it wouldn't be that bad for me because no one would know me outside of Utah,

58、but that's not true. Ever since I played on the Dream Team in the Olympics, I can't go anywhere without being the center of attention, and that's very confining at times. For instance, there have been occasions when I've felt like buying a big Harley-Davidson motorcycle and riding it

59、 down the street. First, the Jazz would have a fit and say it's too dangerous. Second, everyone would be watching to see if I wore a helmet, if I was obeying the speed limit, if I was taking turns safelyyou name it（這個短語很好用）. The first time I didn't measure up to expectations, I would hear, "What kind of example is that to set for other people who ride motorcycles?" 8 But the good