語法復(fù)習(xí)教案

1、I. 基本句型：英語句子有長有短，有簡有繁，似乎千變?nèi)f化，難以捉摸，但其實(shí)只有五種基本句型。所有英語句子都可以看成是這五種基本句型的擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這些句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。1. SV (主動(dòng)) e.g. The moon rose. e.g. What he said does not matter. e.g. Great minds think alike. 英雄所見略同。2. SVC（主動(dòng)表） e.g. Everything looks different. e.g. The flowers smell sweet. e.g. The trouble is th

2、at they are short of money.3. SVO（主動(dòng)賓） e.g. He enjoys reading. e.g. Who knows the answer? e.g. All of us believe that you are an honest man.4. SVOiOd（主動(dòng)間賓直賓） e.g. I showed him my pictures. e.g. He bought a present for his wife. e.g. I told him that the bus was late.5. SVOCo（主動(dòng)賓賓補(bǔ)） e.g. We found the

3、hall full. e.g. He makes his parents happy. e.g. My mother told me to close the door.Exercises: Point out the pattern of each sentence:1. The boy gave me a letter. （主動(dòng)間賓直賓）2. What is under discussion now is how they could solve the problem.（主動(dòng)表）3. Fools seldom differ.（主動(dòng)）4. They were sitting before

4、the fireplace. （主動(dòng)）5. Walls have ears.（主動(dòng)賓）6. The parents consider the child a genius. （主動(dòng)賓賓補(bǔ)）7. Has he taken a seat? （主動(dòng)賓）8. Ann made a beautiful doll for her daughter. （主動(dòng)間賓直賓）9. We believe Tom to be a fine player. （主動(dòng)賓賓補(bǔ)）10. You should dress warmly (because the weather forecast says <the weath

5、er will remain cold for S V A S V (A) <O>the next few days>).II. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)：（I）動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) Notice: l always和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)連用，表明對(duì)某一經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為的不滿。 e.g. They are always quarrelling. e.g. He is always complaining about something.l 表示預(yù)先安排好將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。e.g. The bus leaves in 10 minutes.e.g. School finishes in

6、 mid-July.e.g. When does the exhibition close?l 代替將來時(shí)，用于時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中。e.g. Call me as soon as you get there.e.g. We will go fishing if the weather is good tomorrow.e.g. I cant come unless my brother agrees.2. 一般過去時(shí)3. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)4. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：have done sth Notice: 瞬間性動(dòng)詞不能和表示一段時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用：for five days, since

7、，但瞬間性動(dòng)詞的否定式可以連用。 e.g. He has died for ten years. 但可以說：He has died. e.g. I have borrowed the book since I came here. 但可以說：I have borrowed the book. e.g. He has not come to work for a week. e.g. I havent heard from him since last year.6. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：have been doing sth Notice: 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作

8、在過去發(fā)生并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，強(qiáng)調(diào)發(fā)生在過去的一個(gè)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響，而現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)動(dòng)作從過去發(fā)生，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并有可能再繼續(xù)下去。 e.g. She has lived in this house since 1960. e.g. John has just left.（說明他現(xiàn)在不在這兒） e.g. How long has it been raining? e.g. Ive been working on my composition all morning.7. 過去完成時(shí)：had done sth 表示過去某一時(shí)間前完成的動(dòng)作，即過去的過去 e.g. He had lear

9、ned Chinese before he came here last year.8. 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：had been doing sth 表示動(dòng)作在過去某一時(shí)間前開始直到那個(gè)時(shí)間 e.g. They had been waiting for an hour before the bus came.9. 一般將來時(shí)：l will / shall do sthl be going to do sthNotice：I think it is going to rain. 不能說：I think it will rain.l be to do sth 表示按“日程”將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作e.g. The

10、re is to be a test in the tenth week.e.g. I am to meet my parents at the airport this afternoon.l be about to do sth 正要、剛要做某事I was about to leave when the phone rang.動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：come, go leavee.g. His brother is coming next week.l 動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在時(shí)：見一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第2點(diǎn)10. 過去將來時(shí)11. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)：shall / will be doing sth12. 過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)：sh

11、ould / would be doing sth，通常用在賓語從句中。13. 將來完成時(shí)：shall / will have done sthe.g. We will have learned 2000 new words by the end of this term. 14. 過去將來完成時(shí)：should / would have done sth, 通常用在賓語從句和虛擬語氣中。 e.g. We hoped we should have moved into our new house by the end of the month. e.g. I would have finishe

12、d the work if you had helped me. (II) 動(dòng)詞的語態(tài)：主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)變化： Present Tense: is / am / are done Past Tense: was/ were done Present Continuous Tense: is / am / are being done Past Continuous Tense: was / were being done Future Tense: will be done Past Future Tense: would be done Present Perfect Ten

13、se: have / has been donee.g. The mountain climbing has been cancelled because of the rain Past Perfect Tense: had been donee.g. The window had been painted white before the storm came. Past Future Tense: would be done Past Future Perfect Tense: would have been donee.g. He said that his book wouldnt

14、have been done by the end of the year. 他說他的書到年底完不了。（過去將來完成時(shí)） If you do this, you are certain to be found out. (the passive voice of infinitive) We congratulated him on his being elected. (the passive voice of gerund) Great care was taken of the children. = Children were taken great care of. Much att

15、ention must be paid to reading. = Reading must be paid much attention to. A well-dressed lady was seen to go into a jewelry shop a few minutes ago. (Object Complement of Causative Verbs and Sensational Verbs)Notice:l 及物動(dòng)詞才有被動(dòng)語態(tài)l 聯(lián)系動(dòng)詞無被動(dòng)語態(tài)，不能說：The song is sounded beautiful.l get + done型被動(dòng)語態(tài)（通常表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果

16、，而非動(dòng)作本身，也常用于表示突然發(fā)生、未曾料到的事態(tài)）e.g. The ship got damaged by the storm.e.g. The boy got hurt while playing football.l 習(xí)慣上用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)的句型：Ø It is believed that 人們相信Ø It is decided that 大家決定Ø It is hoped that 希望Ø It is remembered that 記住 Ø It is reported that 據(jù)報(bào)道Ø It is said that 據(jù)說

17、Ø It is suggested that 有人建議Ø It is thought that 人們認(rèn)為Ø It is known that 眾所周知Ø It is done. 完成了。l 形式主動(dòng)，意思被動(dòng)：e.g. The place is worth visiting.e.g. My computer needs / wants / requires repairing = My computer needs / wants / requires to be repaired.e.g. Your suggestion deserves consid

18、ering = Your suggestion deserves to be considered.e.g. Tickets for the concert sold out in an hour.e.g. My life is ruined and I suppose I only have myself to blame.e.g. In such hot weather milk wouldnt keep long. 在這樣炎熱的氣候下，牛奶不能長期保鮮。l 起來怎么樣e.g. Nylon washes easily.e.g. This vegetable cooks well.e.g.

19、This metal cuts easily.e.g. The pen writes smoothly.e.g. The poem reads beautifully.e.g. Damp clothes iron easily.Exercises:1. An accident happened on this road last week.2. The new novel sells well.3. So far, the moon has been visited by man already.4. A lot of things are being done by people to sa

20、ve the little girl now.5.The doctor hasn't been sent for yet.6.The monkey was seen to jump off the tree.7. It was reported yesterday that the murderer had been arrested.8.It is believed that the earth is round.9. Do you think that the bridge will be completed in a year?10. Great changes have tak

21、en place in China since the Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. 11.Why does Mary look so unhappy?   She has been laughed at by her classmates.12. It hasnt been decided whether she will get her work in the hospital.13. By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been compl

22、eted in Beijing.14.How long have you been employed at this job? Since 1990.  15. John and Mary got married last year.  III. 動(dòng)詞的語氣：陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣(I) 祈使語氣： e.g. Open the door please! e.g. Study hard and / then you will pass the exam. e.g. Study hard or you will not pass the exam(II) 虛擬語

23、氣1. if引導(dǎo)的條件虛擬語氣：l 現(xiàn)在行為l 過去行為l 將來行為Notice：l 混合虛擬語氣l 倒裝句Exercises:1) If I were you, I would consider their proposal.2) It is good that Tom reminded me about the party. I would have forgotten if he hadnt mentioned it.3) Had you listened to me, you wouldnt have failed the exam.4) Id have sent you a post

24、card while I was on holiday if I had had your address.5) If his uncle were still alive, he would be a hundred years old today.6) If you were to come / should come tomorrow, I would have time to see you.7) You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.8) Had I spoken to him earlier, the acc

25、ident wouldnt have happened.2. wish 3. as if / as though4. if only5. 定語從句 It is (just / high) time that sb did sth / that sb should do sth（其中should不能省略） Cf. It is time for sb to do sth6. suppose, supposing e.g. Suppose / Supposing the world were flat, what do you think would happen?7. 名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣：l

26、主語從句（it形式主語）：見教材P 27l 賓語從句：見教材P 27l 表語從句：見教材P 28l 同位語從句8. lest：以免，唯恐 e.g. He ran away lest he (should) be caught.9. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + have done sthl must have done sth (三種否定形式)l may / might have done sthl should / ought to have done sthl could have done sthExercises: 1) I think its necessary that they (should)

27、 be punished seriously according to the international law. 2) What do you think of his proposal that improvements (should) be made in the old type of heater？3) One of the requirements for a fire is that the material (should) be heated to its burning temperature.4) He is a stupid man. But he acts as

28、though he were a wise man.5) Look at the clock！Dont you think it is about time we went home / should go home？6) We demanded that we be informed of any change in the plan.7) Its necessary that he have a recognized qualification.8) If only you hadn't told him what I said! Everything

29、 would have been all right.9) He makes a note of the assignment lest he should forget it.10) I wish you would not interrupt when I'm talking on the phone.11) I didn't go to the football match, but I do wish I had been there.IV. 非謂語動(dòng)詞1. I want to see the film.2. Seeing is believing.

30、3. Hearing the news, the woman cried.4. Her spoken English is not good.I) 非謂語動(dòng)詞分四種：l 不定式(to do)和不帶to的不定式(do)，即動(dòng)詞原形：to write / writel 動(dòng)名詞：writingl 現(xiàn)在分詞：writingl 過去分詞：written也可說有三種：l 不定式：to write / write l -ing形式：writingl -ed形式：writtenII) 非謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài) 非謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí) 態(tài)語 態(tài)否定形式不定式一般時(shí)：to write進(jìn)行時(shí)：to be writing完成時(shí)：

31、to have written一般時(shí)：to be writtennot to write-ing形式一般時(shí)：writing完成時(shí)：having written一般時(shí)：being written完成時(shí)：having been writtennot writing-ed形式一般時(shí)：writtennot writtenIII) 不定式在句中的功能：功 能例 句1. 作主語：當(dāng)主語較長時(shí)，用it作形式主語To master a language is not an easy thing.To teach English is my favorite.It is necessary for you to

32、 have a good sleep before the test.2. 作賓語：l V + to dol adj + to dol V + wh-word + to doI like to help others if I can.Youd better go there now. I am afraid to go there.Have you decided where to go for a picnic?3. 作賓語補(bǔ)足語：l 一般的行為動(dòng)詞如want, ask, order使役動(dòng)詞如let, make, have （get例外）后的賓補(bǔ)用不帶to的不定式l 感官性動(dòng)詞如see,

33、watch, look at, find, hear, listen to, feel等后的賓補(bǔ)用不帶to的不定式We expect you to be with us.The doctor advised me to quit smoking.Father had my brother wash the car today.Mother got the boy to buy some salt.I heard him speak in the next room.(He was heard to speak in the next room.)The boss made him do the

34、 heavy work.(He was made to do the heavy work.)4. 作表語What I should do is to finish the task soon.The most urgent thing is to see a doctor.5. 作定語：通常放在被修飾詞的后面I have no desire to travel. (have sth to do)He is always the last one to leave the office. (被修飾詞前有序數(shù)詞)He is the best one to do the job. (被修飾詞前有最

35、高級(jí))6. 作狀語：可表示原因、目的和結(jié)果I am glad to see you. （原因）He got up early to catch the first bus. （目的）He was too tired to walk. （結(jié)果）IV) -ing形式在句中的功能：功 能例 句1. 作主語 Making experiment is one way of learning.Being invited to the party is a great honor for me.2. 作賓語：l V + doingl prep. + doingl 短語動(dòng)詞+doingHe suggested

36、 having a meeting at once.He left the room without being noticed.He decided to give up smoking.3. 作賓語補(bǔ)足語：l 感官性動(dòng)詞如see, watch, look at, find, hear, listen to, feell 使役動(dòng)詞have, get, keep, leavel 比較感官性動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后補(bǔ)足語的不同形式When I got home, I saw him watching TV.You cant have / get your son studying the whole d

37、ay.They kept the fire burning to make the room warm.Dont leave the tap water running.4. 作表語My job is training new workers.5. 作定語：-ing形式單獨(dú)作定語時(shí)，通常為前置定語，-ing形式短語作定語時(shí)，通常為后置定語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句Ive tried every way to comfort the crying girl.What an exciting football game!The man speaking at the meeting is our gen

38、eral manager.(=The man who is speaking at the meeting is our general manager.)6. 作狀語，可表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、伴隨和結(jié)果，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句 Notice: 此種用法，前后主語一定要一致Seeing me come to her, she stood up. （時(shí)間狀語）Having been shown around the library, we were taken to the lab.（時(shí)間狀語）Having finished the work, he went home. （時(shí)間狀語）Being i

39、ll, he couldnt go to work. （原因狀語）Having enough time, I can do the work better. （條件狀語）The students went out of the classroom, talking and laughing. （伴隨狀語）The war broke out, killing many people. （預(yù)料中的結(jié)果狀語）V) 不定式to do和-ing形式的比較：l 有些動(dòng)詞或詞組后只能用-ing形式作賓語，而不能用不定式，如： admit，advise, avoid, appreciate, consider

40、, enjoy, escape, finish, keep, mind, miss, postpone, practise, propose, resist, risk, suggest, give up, put off, cant help, feel like等。 介詞后用-ing形式，但be about to do sth例外 It is no use / good doing sth, have difficulty / trouble doing sth, spend / waste time doing sth, there is no point (in) doing sth,

41、 it is waste of time / money doing sthl 有些動(dòng)詞后只能用不定式作賓語，而不能用-ing形式，如：want, agree, choose, decide, hope, wish, plan, prepare, refuse, manage, promise, offer等l 有些動(dòng)詞后面即可用不定式，也可用-ing形式，意思幾乎無差別，如：like, start, begin, continuel 有些動(dòng)詞后面即可用不定式，也可用-ing形式，但意思不同，如：remember, forget, regret, mean, try, stop, go on,

42、 prefere.g. He has forgotten to meet her. 他忘了要去見她。e.g. He has forgotten meeting her last year. 他忘了去年曾見過她。e.g. We regret to inform you that your application has not been successful.e.g. I regretted mentioning it.e.g. I mean to go and nothing can stop me.e.g. His words meant putting off the meeting.l

43、有些短語中的to為介詞，不是不定式。be used to, look forward to, be devoted to, be dedicated toExercises:1. I didnt begin reading / to read until she came.2. After reading the text, the teacher went on to explain the new words.3. He said nothing but went on working.4. They stopped to take a few pictures.5. They stopp

44、ed taking pictures and had a rest.6. I remember turning the lights off before we came out.7. We should get him to see a doctor.8. She is always the first student to hand in the homework.9. Turning around, she saw Tom crying.10. He knocked at the door loudly, trying to wake up his wife.11. When he go

45、t the news, he felt like laughing.12. Police are advising fans without tickets to stay away.13. Having answered all the letters he received, he felt happy.14. Having been questioned for 30 minutes, he was very angry.15. The sun shines in the sky, sending out amounts of light and heat.VI) -ed形式在句中的功能

46、：功 能例 句1. 作賓補(bǔ)l 感官性動(dòng)詞l 使役動(dòng)詞There was a person who saw the man killed.They had never heard English spoken before.If you want to speak, you must make yourself understood.We had the photos taken when we visited Paris.He kept the door locked when he was away.2. 作定語：l 前置定語l 后置定語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句Once I have made

47、a considered decision, I will not change mymind.The store sells used books.He likes reading the novels written by Dickens.He ate up the cake made by his mother.3. 作狀語，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句Notice: 此種用法，前后主語一定要一致Seen from the distance, the mountain looks like an elephant.Given more time, I can do the work better.

48、Seriously injured, Allen was rushed to the hospital.We went home exhausted.Unless asked to answer the question, you shouldnt speak in class.-ing形式和-ed形式的區(qū)別：l -ing形式表示主動(dòng)，-ed形式表示被動(dòng)l -ing形式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，-ed形式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成Notice: 做練習(xí)時(shí)要分清楚謂語動(dòng)詞和非謂語動(dòng)詞。Exercises:1. The cars parking in the fire lane will be ticketed.2

49、. The rice growing in this area is a special kind.3. I got to know him while working in the company.4. Being so excited, I couldnt fall asleep.5. Cold rain was falling, mixed with snow.6. Dont let me catch you doing that again.7. It is a pay-day and they are waiting to be paid.8. The old house needs

50、 painting / to be painted.9. He has always meant to get his hair cut.10. I remember being taken to the zoo by my father when I was little.11. When he woke up, he found himself lying in the hospital.12. The manager promised to keep me informed of how our business was going on.13. I prefer watching TV

51、 at home to seeing a film at the cinema.14. It is a wonderful place for anyone interested in the exhibition.15. The building being built now will be our new library.VII) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：As the boy was ill, he couldnt go to school.Being ill, the boy couldnt go to school.As his mother was ill, the boy couldnt

52、go to school.His mother being ill, the boy couldnt go to school.邏輯主語 + -ing / -ed / having done / having been doneExercises:1. Since that was the case, we couldnt follow your advice. That being the case, we2. When our visitors arrived, we turned off the TV. Our visitors arriving, we3. If all things

53、were considered, the house was a good buy. All things considered, the4. As his wife was away, he had to the housework. His wife being away, he5. After she had finished the shopping, she went home. Having finished shopping, she6. Because he hadnt heard from his parents for a long time, he was worried

54、 about them. Not having hearing from his parents for a long time, he7. When we were given a map, we found our way easily. Given a map, we8. After he was told what to do next, he went out. Having been told what to do next, heV. 形容詞和副詞 1形容詞的順序 教材P.35 2enough的同法 3else的用法 4可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞 教材P36 5the more., th

55、e more句型VI 代詞1. 名詞性物主代詞和形容詞性物主代詞的區(qū)別 教材P392. no, no one, none 和none of 教材P403. each, every和all 教材P414. both of, either of和neither of 教材P425. 不定代詞和形容詞連用時(shí)，形容詞應(yīng)放在其后面 教材P42VII. 從句（主從復(fù)合句）I) 名詞性從句 1主語從句l 整個(gè)句子作主語1) 用疑問詞2) 用thatl It作形式主語for sb和 of sb的區(qū)別 2賓語從句l 形式賓語 3表語從句 4同位語從句II）定語從句：先行詞、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞l 先行詞為人時(shí)：who(that), whom(that), whose; 作賓語時(shí)可省略l 先行詞為物時(shí)：which和that; 作賓語時(shí)可省略l 用that的情況：1） 先行詞中有最高級(jí)2） 先行詞中有序數(shù)詞3） 先行詞中有不定代詞l 用which的情況1） 在介詞后，先行詞又為物