初中英語動詞用法學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)

1、初中英語動詞用法學(xué)習(xí)指導(dǎo)17(動詞語態(tài) )音樂教育被動語態(tài)動詞語態(tài)分類：英語教學(xué)第二章動詞語態(tài)一、動詞語態(tài)的定義及分類語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式，它用來表示句中主語同謂語動詞之間的關(guān)系。英語有兩種語態(tài)， 主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)， 主動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動詞動作的執(zhí)行者，被動語態(tài)表示主語是謂語動詞動作的承受者。例如：1.I have repaired the radio. 我修好了收音機(jī)。 （主動語態(tài)）The radio has been repaired. 收音機(jī)被修好了。 （被動語態(tài)）2.The students cleaned the classroom. 學(xué)生們打掃了教室。 （主動語態(tài)）The c

2、lassroom was cleaned by the students. 教室被學(xué)生們打掃了。 （被動語態(tài)）3.They will build some buildings in two years.兩年后他們將要建一些大樓。（主動語態(tài)）Some buildings will be built in two years.兩年后將要建一些大樓。（被動語態(tài)）二、被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成：動詞被動語態(tài)由 “助動詞 be +動詞過去分詞” 構(gòu)成， 它有各種時態(tài)的變化，動詞被動語態(tài)的時態(tài)變化是通過助動詞 be 的時態(tài)變化來完成的。初中階段我們重點(diǎn)掌握一般現(xiàn)在時、一般過去時及情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成及用法， 并對其

3、他時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成及用法有大致的了解。一般現(xiàn)在時被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：am(is, are)+ 動詞過去分詞一般過去時被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：was(were)+ 動詞過去分詞一般將來被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：will be+ 動詞過去分詞過去將來時被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：would + 動詞過去分詞32現(xiàn)在完成時被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：have/has been+動詞過去分詞過去完成時被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：had been+動詞過去分詞現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：am/is/are+being+ 動詞過去分詞過去進(jìn)行時被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：was/were+動詞過去分詞情態(tài)動詞被動語態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動詞+be+動詞過去分詞 (情態(tài)動詞有時態(tài)變化)三、主動語態(tài)變成

4、被動語態(tài)的方法1.將主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)應(yīng)注意以下三個方面：將主動語態(tài)的賓語改為被動語態(tài)的主語；將主動語態(tài)的謂語動詞改為“ be過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)；將主動語態(tài)的主語改為介詞 by 之后的賓語，放在謂語動詞之后（有時可省略） 。Imadethe cakeslast night.The cakeswere madeby melast night.2.含直接賓語和間接賓語的主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)時有兩種情況：的主語，直接賓語仍保留原位；把直接賓語改為主動語態(tài)的主語，詞 to 或 for。如：把間接賓語改為被動語態(tài)此時，間接賓語前要加介 He gave the boy an apple The boy wa

5、s given an apple （或 An apple was given to the boy ） Her father bought her a present She was bought a present by her father（或 A present was bought for her by her father ）3.不帶 to 的動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語的主動語態(tài)，改為被動語態(tài)時不定式前要加to。如：They watched the children sing that morning The children were watched to sing that morn

6、ing 4.帶復(fù)合賓語的動詞在改為被動語態(tài)時，一般把主動語態(tài)的賓語改為主語，賓語補(bǔ)足語在被動語態(tài)中作主語補(bǔ)足語。如：We call him Xiao Wang He is called Xiao Wang He33cut his hair short His hair was cut short They told him to help me He was told to help me 5.短語動詞是不可分割的整體，改為被動語態(tài)時要保持其完整性，介詞或副詞不可遺漏。如：We must take good care of the young trees The young trees mus

7、t be taken good care of 6.含有賓語從句的主動結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍咏Y(jié)構(gòu)時，通常用 it 作為被動結(jié)構(gòu)的先行主語，從句放在句子后面；也可采用另一種形式?？梢赃@樣轉(zhuǎn)換為被動結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞有know ， say， believe，find ， think ， report 等。如：People believe that he is ill It is believed that he is ill （或： He is believed to be ill ）四被動語態(tài)改為主動語態(tài)的方法：被動語態(tài)中介詞 by 后的賓語改為主動語態(tài)中的主語 （或按題意要求確定主語） ，按照這個主語的人稱和數(shù)

8、以及原來的時態(tài)把謂語動詞形式由被動語態(tài)改為主動語態(tài)。 注意在主動語態(tài)中有的動詞要求不帶 to 的動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，此時要把被動語態(tài)中的 to 去掉。被動語態(tài)的主語用來作主動語態(tài)的賓語。如：History is made by the people The people make history 五、被動語態(tài)的應(yīng)用1.不知道誰是謂語動詞動作的執(zhí)行者時，或者沒有必要說出誰是執(zhí)行者時。 The glass was broken last night. 玻璃昨天被打破了。 His bike has been stolen. 他的自行車被偷了。 He was asked to go there o

9、nce more. 他被要求再去那兒一次。 The bag was put into the box. 袋子放在了箱子里。2.為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動作的承受者時。 The plan has been sent to the headmaster. 計劃已經(jīng)送給校長了。34 克林頓被選為美國總統(tǒng)。 Five people were hurt in the explosion. 五個人在這次爆炸中受傷。 A new building was set up in a short time. 新大樓短期就建成了。3.被動語態(tài)也可以說出動作的執(zhí)行者，構(gòu)成如下：動作承受者+ be + 過去分詞+ by + 動作

10、執(zhí)行者。 The picture was praised by everybody. 照片得到了大家的好評。 The classroom was cleaned by us.教室被我們打掃過。 The bridge was built by workers from Shanxi. 這座橋是山西的工人建的。 The little boy was found by the police. 小孩被警察找到了。注：不能用于被動語態(tài)的情況某些表示 “靜態(tài)” 的及物動詞 （表示狀態(tài)而不是動作， 而且常常是不可用于進(jìn)行時態(tài)的動詞）如 have，fit ，suit ，hold（容納），cost， suffe

11、r，last（持續(xù)）等不能用于被動語態(tài)。如： They have a nice car他們有一輛漂亮的汽車。My shoes don't fit me 我的鞋不合適。My brain can't hold so much information at one time我的腦子一下子記不住這么多資料。How much What does it cost ？這值多少錢？Our holiday lasts 10days 我們的假期有十天。This food will last （them）（ for） 3days這食物足夠（他們） （吃）三天。動詞 leave（離開）， enter（

12、進(jìn)入）， join （參加）不35可用于被動語態(tài)。如：The car left the road and hit a tree 車子離開了道路，撞上了樹。某些及物動詞可作不及物動詞用，特別是后加副詞（如well ， easily 等）時。主動語態(tài)有被動含義，這類動詞常見的有sell，write ， wear， wash，cook，open，close，lock ，read，record， act，break， catch， cut， clean，drive ，draw， let， open， write ， wash， wear 等等。如：His new novel is selling we

13、ll 他的新小說很暢銷。The cloth washes well 這布很耐洗。This material won't wear 這種材料不耐穿。His play won't act 他的戲劇不會上演。The window won't shut 這窗關(guān)不上。The door won't open 這 門 打 不 開 。The door won't lock 這門鎖不上。This poem reads well 這首詩讀來很好。 feel ， look ，appear， sound， taste， smell 等由實(shí)意動詞演變而來的系動詞，后接形容詞作表語

14、，不可用于被動語態(tài)。如：Tell me ifyou feel cold 你要是感到冷就告訴我。You're looking veryunhappy what'sthematter ？ 你 看 來 很 不 高 興 怎 么 回 事 兒 ？The soup tastes wonderful 這湯味道好極了。Those roses smell beautiful 那些玫瑰好聞極了。She appears to be friendly她看上去很友好。 賓 語 是 不 定 式 或 動 詞 的 -ing形 式 時 ， 不 可 用 于 被 動 語 態(tài) 。 如 ：Peter hoped to m

15、eet her彼得希望遇見她。Mr Smith enjoyed seeing his daughter 史密斯先生喜歡看他的女兒。賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時，不可用于被動語態(tài)。如：36She can dress herself她可以自己穿衣服。We could hardly see each other in the fog 在霧中我們彼此幾乎看不見。賓語是同源賓語時，不可用于被動語態(tài)。如：They live a happy life 他們過著幸福的生活。The girl dreamed a sweet dream 那女孩做了個甜美的夢。賓語帶有與主語有照應(yīng)關(guān)系的物主代詞時，不可用于被動語態(tài)。

16、如：The old man broke his （ the old man's） legs那老人把自己的腿弄斷了。The girl shook her （ the girl's ） head那女孩搖了搖頭。第三章動詞非謂語形式顧名思義， 非者不也， 動詞非謂語形式 (也稱非限定動詞 )在句子中不單獨(dú)用作謂語 ,不隨句子主語的人稱和數(shù)的變化而變化 ,但它可以用作其他句子成份。 動詞非謂語形式有三種 ,它們是 :動詞不定式、動名詞和分詞,在初中階段，我們主要學(xué)習(xí)動詞不定式及動名詞的部分用法。第一節(jié)動詞不定式to+動詞原形表示動詞不定式，不定式做主語一般表示具體的某次動作。to+ 動

17、詞原形構(gòu)成動詞不定式，不定式在句子中可作主語、賓語、表語、狀語、賓語補(bǔ)足語等。一、動詞不定式作主語不定式做主語一般表示具體的某次動作，動詞不定式做主語時往往用形式主語it 代替，而把真正的主語動詞不定式放在句末。例如：1.To give is better than to receive.(It s better to give than to receive.) 給比拿好。 (分析： give 是一個動詞，在句子中要做謂語，但在“給比拿好”這個句子中，給要做主語，而動詞不能做主語，所以這時應(yīng)把動詞轉(zhuǎn)化成它的非謂語形式，用動詞不定式做主語。)2.To learn English well is

18、 very easy.(It s easy to learn English well.) 學(xué)好英語是容易的。3.To ride a horse is very interesting.(It s interesting to ride a horse.) 騎馬是很有趣的。4.To laugh is better than to cry.(It s better to laugh is better than to cry.) 笑比哭好。注 1： It takes somebody some time to do something句型中動詞38不定式作主語。例句：To go to schoo

19、l by bike takes me ten minutes every day.(It takes me ten minutes by bike every day.)每天騎自行車上學(xué)校花費(fèi)我 10 分鐘的時間。注 2. 當(dāng)不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時，不能用形式主語代替。例句：(對 )To see is to believe.百聞不如一見。(錯 )It is to believe to see.注 3.It s for sb to do sth 與 It s of sb to do sth的區(qū)別。例句：It's very kind of you to help us.

20、他幫助我們，他真好。 It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學(xué)兩門外語是很難的。forsb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點(diǎn)，表示客觀形式的形容詞，如easy, hard, difficult,interesting, impossible 等。例句：It s very nice for me to talk to you like this.It s very interesting for him to do this kind thing.of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格， 品德，表示主觀感情或態(tài)度的形容詞， 如 g

21、ood, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right ， rude, brave, stupid, silly, selfish 等。例句 :It was silly of us to believe him.我們真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything.他不給他們?nèi)魏螙|西，這顯得太自私了。for 與 of 的辨別方法：用介詞后面的代詞作主語， 用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語， 造個句子。 如果道理上通順用of，不通則用 for 。如：It s very kind of you to help

22、 others(You are kind. 通順，所以應(yīng)用of) 。It s very hard for him to be the best in his class. ( He is hard. 人是困難的， 不通，因此應(yīng)用 for 。)二、動詞不定式作賓語39動詞不定式做賓語常常用在下列動詞的后面，如want, need, begin, start, agree, plan, refuse,hope, decide, promise, pretend, afford, manger, intend 等。例句：1.I want to take some books to the libra

23、ry. 我想把一些書帶到圖書館。2.They need to plant some trees around the lake.他們需要在湖邊種樹。3.She started to climb the hill at once. 她立刻開始爬山。4.I decide to do my homework at night. 我決定晚上做作業(yè)。5.He hopes to be a soldier when she grows up.我希望長大后當(dāng)兵。注：動詞不定式作賓語后接形容詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語時，常常用形式賓語it代替，而把真正的主語動詞不定式放在句末。例句：1.He find it too har

24、d to get to sleep. 他發(fā)現(xiàn)入睡很難。2.iI find it important to learn English well.我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)好英語很重要。3.I think it necessary for us to learn to wait. 我認(rèn)為對我們來說學(xué)會等待很有必要。三、動詞不定式作表語動詞不定式作表語時，一般放在系動詞be, seem的后面。不定式作表語常表示將來的動作，主語常常是表示意向、打算、計劃的詞，如wish, idea, task, job 等 . 例句：1.My job is to feed the animals. 我的工作是飼養(yǎng)動物。2.His w

25、ork is to sell computers to other countries. 他的工作是把電腦賣給其他國家。3.His uncle seems to be very happy.他的叔叔看起開很高興。4.It seems to rain.天好象要下雨了。5.My wish is to be a doctor. 我的愿望是當(dāng)醫(yī)生。四、動詞不定式作狀語1.動詞不定式作狀語表原因40例句： I am sorry to hear that. She is very happy to see her husband. How glad he is to visit China again!2

26、. 動詞不定式作狀語表結(jié)果動詞不定式作狀語表結(jié)果時常用于 too to , enough to 句型中，并與 sothat句型相換用。例句： He is too weak to lift the heavy box. He is old enough to go to school.在肯定句中，enough to句型與so that句型相換用。例句： He is so strong that he can move the box.He is strong enough to move the box. She runs so fast that she can catch up with t

27、he boy.She runs fast enough to catch up with the boy.當(dāng) so that句型中主句與從句中主語不一致在換成enough to句型時， 常用 for 連接動詞不定式的邏輯主語，同時省略動詞不定式的邏輯賓語，因?yàn)閑nough to連接的是一個簡單句，這一點(diǎn)和漢語習(xí)慣一致。例句：The box is so light that I can move it away.The box is light enough for me to move away. The boy ran so slowly that the girl could catch

28、up with him.The boy ran slowly enough for the girl to catch up with.在否定句中， too to, enough to 句型與 so that句型三者相換用。在換成 enough to句型時一是變成否定形式，二是把句中的形容詞或副詞變成它的反義詞。例句： He runs so slowly that he can t catch up with the girl. He runs too slowly to catch up with the girl.He doesn t run quicklynoughe catch up

29、with the girl. She is so young that he can t go to school.She is too young to go to school.41 She runs so fast that he can t catch up with her. She runs too fast for him to catch up with.She doesn t run slowly enough for himto catch up with. The box is so heavy that he can t lift it. The box is too

30、heavy for him to lift.The box isn t light enough for him to lift.3.動詞不定式作狀語表目的動詞不定式作狀語表目的時，常常與for 連接的表示目的的介詞短語相換用。例句： I will go to the shop to buy a pen.I will go to the shop for a pen. She went home to have breakfast.She went home for breakfast. They landed on the island to get some bananas.They la

31、nded on the island for some bananas. He went out to walk.He went out for a walk.We ll go to the airport to meet the foreigners.We ll go to the airport for meeting the foreigners. They tried their best to do their homework. The old man was in the city to visit his daughter.What was the old man in thi

32、s city to do? He is standing there to wait for his wife.What is he standing there to do?We can t afford to buy tickts to the concert.五、動詞不定式作定語1.由 only, first, last, next,序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級修飾的名詞常用不定式作定語。例句： The best time to come to China is in spring or autumn. Mr Dong is always the first one to arrive at t

33、he office and the last one to leave.42 He is the third one to get to the top of the mountain. He is only the student to study carelessly in his class.2、不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后,動詞不定式與所修飾的名詞是邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。例句： I have a lot of work to do. （ do a lot of work ）我有一些作業(yè)要做。 Can you give me something to eat.(eat somethin

34、g) 你能給我一些東西吃嗎？I have a book to read.(read a book) 我有一本書要讀。He has a story to tell me.(tell me a story) 他有一個故事要給我講。 There will be a house to live in. 將要有個房間住。 （特別注意的是在不定式與其修飾的名詞有動賓關(guān)系時， 要根據(jù)句子的需要在不定式后加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~， 這個介詞的選用取決于被修飾的名詞或不定式本身的要求。 ） She is a very good person to work with. 她是個能夠一起工作的人。This is an impo

35、rtant topic to talk about. 這是個可以討論的重要的題目。3、不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后,動詞不定式與所修飾的名詞是修飾與被修飾的關(guān)系。例句： I have a chance to meet the foreigners. 我有一個見外國人的機(jī)會。There is no time to think. 沒有時間考慮。There was no time to enter the center of the city. 沒有時間進(jìn)入市中心。 There is no time to open the present box. 沒有時間打開禮品盒。六、動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足

36、語動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語有以下三種情況1.必須帶 to 的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，常用于下列動詞的賓語的后面。43advise， allow ， believe， drive， guess， hire， invite, like,order, , report, suppose, tell, think,trust, warn, ask,get, would like, etc. 例句： The tiger ordered the monkey to bring him some foodto eat. Tell her to run quickly. The teacher likes his stu

37、dents to study hard. She would like his husband to cook.We ask them to be careful.2.可帶 to 也可不帶to 的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，常用于help 的賓語的后面，例句： They help the farmers to pick apples.They help the farmers pick apples. She often helps her mother to do housework.She often helps her mother do housework.3.省略 to 的不定式作賓補(bǔ)，常用于使動

38、詞或感官動詞賓語的后面。使動詞： let, have, make感官動詞： hear, look at, listen to, feel, watch, notice, see, etc. 例句： Let me have a look. Nothing makes me stop studying . I often hear him sing outside. This afternoon I watched them play football. I saw the monkey climb the tall tree very quickly.注：省略to 的動詞不定式在變成被動語態(tài)時，

39、省略的to 要還原。例句：He makes the baby cry.(變成被動語態(tài))The baby was made to cry.七、幾個慣用的動詞不定式1.be afraid to do sth 害怕干某事442.be sure to do 確定干某事3.be pleased to do 干某事高興4.be happy to do 干某事高興5.be ready to do 準(zhǔn)備干某事八、省略to 的動詞不定式1.why not+ 動詞原形，為什么不，表達(dá)一種建議。2.had better+動詞原形，最好干某事，否定式had better not+ 動詞原形 .3.由 and, or

40、和 than 連接的兩個不定式，第二個to 可以省去：Have you anything to be taken to your sister He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out.九、動詞不定式的否定式動詞不定式的否定形式是在動詞不定式的前面加not。例句：1.He tried not to be late.2.It s good not to laugh at others.3.The teacher told his students not to waste ti

41、me.4.Tell him not to shut the window.5.Let him not open the window.6.He made the baby not cry.十、疑問詞加動詞不定式疑問詞 who, what, which, when, where, whether, how或疑問詞短語后可接不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語，在句中作主語、賓語、表語等。如：1.When to leave for Shanghai has not been decided yet. 什么時候動身去上海還沒有被決定。（主語）2.Mr. Smith didn't know whether t

42、o leave or stay there. 史密斯先生不知道是離開還是留在那里。（賓語）3.I asked my teacher how to learn English well.我問我的英語老師怎樣學(xué)好英語。（賓語）454.The question was when to have the meeting. 問題是什么時候開會。 （表語）疑問詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，均可轉(zhuǎn)換為相應(yīng)的從句形式。例句：1.How we can make our English class interesting is very important.How to make our English class intere

43、sting is veryimportant.2.I didn t decide which coat I should buy.I didn t decide which coat to buy.3.Could you tell me whose pen I can use.Could you tell me whose pen to use.4.I want to know what I should say.I want to know what to say.第二節(jié)動名詞動名詞由動詞 +ing 構(gòu)成，否定形式為 not dong, 具有動詞的意思和名詞的用法，在句中作主語、賓語、表語和

44、定語。1. 作主語。動名詞和不定式都可以作主語， 動名詞作主語表示一般或抽象的多次性行為， 不定式作主語往往表示具體的或一次性的動作。1)動名詞作主語，用于句首。例句： Seeing is believing. Living in the country is more interesting than in the city. Staying in cages is not good for animals. Picking apples is better than having classes.區(qū)別：Playing with fire is dangerous.（泛指玩火）To play

45、 with fire will be dangerous.（指一具體動作）2)動名詞在“ It is useless/ nice/ good/ interesting 等形容詞 + doing ”結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語 , it 為形式主語。例句： It is good playing chess after supper. 晚飯后弈棋挺好。It is useless speaking.光說是沒有用的。3)動名詞在“ It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time/ a good pleasure 等名詞 + doing ” 結(jié)構(gòu)中作主語， it 為形式主語。例

46、句： It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters. 寫信給他不妥，他從來不回信。It is no use your complaining; the company won t do anything about it. 抱怨是沒有用的，公司是不會管的。2作表語。例句： Her job is teaching.47 Her job is washing ， cleaning and taking care of the children.3作賓語。1)有些動詞后面要求跟動名詞作賓語,不跟動詞不定式。常這樣用的動詞有：admit

47、承認(rèn)；excuse 原諒； postpone 拖延 ； anticipate 期望； fancy 想象； practise 練習(xí)； appreciate欣賞； finish完成； prevent 防止； avoid 避免； forbid 禁止； propose 建議； consider 考慮； forgive寬恕； recollect 回憶； delay 耽擱； imagine 想象； resent 厭惡； deny 否認(rèn)； involve涉及；resist 抵制； detest 厭惡； keep 保留； risk 冒險； dislike討厭； mind在意； save挽救； dread 害怕

48、； miss 錯過； suggest 建議； enjoy 喜歡；pardon 原諒；understand 理解；escape 逃避； permit 允許。例句： When did you finish picking the apples? They often practise shooting . Do you enjoy playing basketball. Do you mind opening the window?2）有些動詞短語后也要求跟動名詞作賓語。常這樣用的動詞短語有：cant stand 忍不??；can t help 忍不??；feel like想，欲； give up 放

49、棄；put off推遲。例句： They can t help jumping. He felt like eating.Please give up smoking.3）動名詞常跟在介詞或介詞短語后做賓語。常這樣用的介詞短語有： look forward to, object to, keep on, see about, take to 等。例句： After picking the apples, they felt very tired.thanks for, instead of,They went away without saying anything.They cleaned the floor instead of watching TV.Thanks for asking me to your party.4）在“have difficulty (trouble, problem, a hard time, fun, a48good time) (+in) +動名詞；be busy (in) +動名詞； waste time (in) +動名詞； lost time (in) +動名詞； There is no point (in) + 動名詞； spend some tim