高中英語(yǔ)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用法詳解及練習(xí)(含答案詳解)

1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（一）動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞(現(xiàn)在分詞，過(guò)去分詞)和動(dòng)名詞統(tǒng)稱為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞?，F(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)將現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞合為一大類叫作v + ing形式。這些動(dòng)詞的形式不能在句中單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)用，因而沒有語(yǔ)法主語(yǔ)。但可以有邏輯主語(yǔ)。由于沒有語(yǔ)法主語(yǔ)，也就不受人稱和數(shù)的限定，因?yàn)椴皇侵^語(yǔ)，也就沒有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)，但這些詞仍能表示動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)，所以仍有表示與其他動(dòng)詞相對(duì)時(shí)間關(guān)系的形式。由于與其它詞有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，因此也有表示主、被動(dòng)的形式，同時(shí)也有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，一起構(gòu)成非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的短語(yǔ)(動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)，分詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ))。動(dòng)詞不定式、過(guò)去分詞及v-ing形式在句中均不能作謂語(yǔ)用，所以叫做非

2、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。（一）動(dòng)詞不定式： 動(dòng)詞不定式由“to+ 動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成，如：to study, to play，動(dòng)詞不定式雖然不能作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用，但仍留著動(dòng)詞的特征，它可以帶有所需要的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)而構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)，如：to study hard, to play table tennis。 1、動(dòng)詞不定式的形式變化：動(dòng)詞不定式有下列時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式變化。 不定式一般式完成式進(jìn)行式完成進(jìn)行式主動(dòng)to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building被動(dòng)to be buildto have been build2、動(dòng)詞不定式的基本用法：動(dòng)詞不定

3、式能起名詞、形容詞和副詞的作用，可在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)用，如： （1）作主語(yǔ)：To help each other is good.（動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般可用it作形式主語(yǔ)，而將作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式置于句末，如：It is good to help each other. （2）作表語(yǔ)：My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 動(dòng)詞不定式在系動(dòng)詞be之后作表語(yǔ)，與表示將來(lái)時(shí)的be + 動(dòng)詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有所區(qū)別，如：Our plan is to set up another middle school f

4、or the peasants children.我們的計(jì)劃是給農(nóng)民子弟再成立一所中學(xué)。（句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為is，動(dòng)詞不定式to set up 為表語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)為plan，但plan并不是動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)詞不定式 to set up所表示的動(dòng)作不是主語(yǔ)plan產(chǎn)生的。）We are to set up another middle school for the peasants children.我們將為農(nóng)民的子弟再成立一所中學(xué)。（句中的are to set up整個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)為句中謂語(yǔ)，主語(yǔ)為we，同時(shí)也是動(dòng)詞不定式to set up所表示的動(dòng)作的邏輯主語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)詞不定式to set up所表示

5、的動(dòng)作是由we產(chǎn)生的）。 （3）作賓語(yǔ)：作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，如：She wishes to be a musician.；作某些形容詞的賓語(yǔ)：可以有動(dòng)詞不定式為賓語(yǔ)的形容詞一般有g(shù)lad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.；動(dòng)詞不定式一般不作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，但動(dòng)詞不定式之前如有疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)，就可作介詞的賓語(yǔ)，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next? （4）作賓

6、語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如：Tell the children not to play on the street. 如果句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式須將to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street. （5）動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作賓語(yǔ)，如帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，須先用it作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將該動(dòng)詞不定式后置，如：I dont think it right to do it that way. （6）作定語(yǔ)：動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，須位于被其修飾的名詞或代詞之后，如：Is thi

7、s the best way to help him? 和定語(yǔ)用的動(dòng)詞不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞，不定式后面就要用必要的介詞，如：He is the man to depend on. 如果被不定式修飾的名詞為place, time, way，不定式后面的介詞，習(xí)慣上可以省去，如：The old man is looking for a quiet place to live. （7）作狀語(yǔ)：動(dòng)詞不定式可以作下列的狀語(yǔ)：目的狀語(yǔ)： Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order

8、to或so as to（以便或?yàn)榱耍?，但?yīng)注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 將表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可強(qiáng)調(diào)目的的作用，如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)：They lived to see the liberation of their home town.他們活到親眼見到了他們家鄉(xiāng)的解放。too +

9、形容詞或副詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式，表示“足能”的結(jié)果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now. 3、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式：由for + 名詞（或代詞賓格）+ 動(dòng)詞不定式即構(gòu)成復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞不定式。其中for本身無(wú)意義。for后面的名詞或代詞是不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)，這種不定式在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)，如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 當(dāng)作表語(yǔ)用的形容詞表示不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或特征時(shí)，就用介詞of而不用for引出不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)

10、，這些形容詞一般有g(shù)ood, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day. 4、疑問(wèn)詞 + 動(dòng)詞不定式：疑問(wèn)代詞和疑問(wèn)副詞后可加動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem. 5、動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式：動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式是由not + 動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成，如：Its w

11、rong of you not to attend the meeting. 6、動(dòng)詞不定式的時(shí)態(tài)形式所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系：（1）一般式：動(dòng)詞不定式一般式所表示的動(dòng)作是和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，但在多數(shù)情況下，是在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生，如：We decided to plant more trees this spring.（其后），They often watch us play table tennis.（同時(shí)）；（2）完成式：動(dòng)詞不定式完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，如：I am sorry to have kept you waiting.（3）進(jìn)行式：動(dòng)詞

12、不定式進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中，而且與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in. 7、動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)用法：如果動(dòng)詞不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)為這個(gè)不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般就用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式，如：What is to be done next hasnt been decided yet.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（二）動(dòng)詞-ing形式（二）-ing形式：動(dòng)詞的-ing形式也是一種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。-ing形式仍保留有動(dòng)詞的特征，可以帶有 其所需要的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)而構(gòu)成-ing短語(yǔ)。 1、-

13、ing的形式：-ing有一般式和完成式。及物動(dòng)詞的-ing還有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而不及物動(dòng)詞的-ing則沒有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。現(xiàn)在以及物動(dòng)詞make 和不及物動(dòng)詞go為例，將其-ing各種形式列表如下：動(dòng)詞-ing及物動(dòng)詞make不及物動(dòng)詞go主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一般式makingbeing madegoing完成式having madehaving been madehaving gone2、-ing形式的基本用法。 （1）作主語(yǔ)：Seeing is believing.百聞不如一見。Talking is easier than doing. ing作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果其結(jié) 構(gòu)較長(zhǎng)，可用it作形式主

14、語(yǔ)，而將作主語(yǔ)的-ing后置。如：It isnt much good writing to them again. Its no use waiting here. （2）作表語(yǔ)：Her job is washing and cooking. My hobby is collecting stamps. （3）作賓語(yǔ)：作及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。She likes drawing very much.；作某些短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。 Mary is thinking of going back to New York.； do+限定詞（my, some, any, the等）+ -ing，表示“做事”之意，如：

15、We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Will you do any shopping on Saturday this afternoon? 作介詞的賓語(yǔ)：Her sister is good at learning physics.；作形容詞worth, busy等的賓語(yǔ)：This book is well worth reading. ing作賓語(yǔ)帶有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用it作為形式賓語(yǔ)，而將作賓語(yǔ)的-ing后置，如：We found it no good talking like that. Do you think it nec

16、essary trying again? （4）作定語(yǔ)：The sleeping child is only five years old. Do you know the man standing at the gate? 注：-ing形式作定語(yǔ)用時(shí)，如果-ing只是一個(gè)單詞，就位于其修飾的名詞之前，如果是-ing短語(yǔ)，就位于其修飾的名詞之后，-ing作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，被-ing所修飾的名詞就是該-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)。另外，-ing作定語(yǔ)用時(shí)，其動(dòng)作和句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的，如果不是同時(shí)進(jìn)行的，就不能用-ing作定語(yǔ)，要使用定語(yǔ)從句，如：The girl who wrote a lett

17、er there yesterday can speak English very well. （5）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. 注：當(dāng)-ing在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足 語(yǔ)用時(shí)，句中賓語(yǔ)就是這個(gè)-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)，可以帶有這種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。 （6）作狀語(yǔ)：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：Seeing Tom, I couldnt help thinking of his brother. 分詞在句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其前一般可加when或wh

18、ile，如：When crossing street, you must be careful. 原因狀語(yǔ)：Being ill, he didnt go to school yesterday. 方式或伴隨狀語(yǔ)：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty. 3、主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing完成式的基本用法。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，一般在句中作時(shí)間或原因狀語(yǔ)用。句中的主語(yǔ)是它的邏輯主語(yǔ)，并且是它所表示的動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，如：Having answered the letter, she went on to rea

19、d an English novel. 4、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing一般式的基本用法。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing一般式所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)正在進(jìn)行中的被動(dòng)動(dòng)作，而且這個(gè)被動(dòng)動(dòng)作也是和句中謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生的。它一般在句中作定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)用。如：The truck being repaired there is ours. 5、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing完成式的基本用法。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)-ing完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，在句中一般作狀語(yǔ)用。如：Having been shown the lab, we were taken to see the library. 6、-ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。在-ing前加物

20、主代詞或名詞所有格即構(gòu)成-ing的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。其中的物主代詞或名詞所有格為-ing的邏輯主語(yǔ)。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，如：Your smoking and drinking too much will do harm to your health. 但在口語(yǔ)中，這種結(jié)構(gòu)如作賓語(yǔ)用，其中的物主代詞常用人稱代詞的賓格，名詞的所有格常用名詞的普通格代替，如：She insisted on Peters (or Peter)going there first. 7、-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，表示一個(gè)比較抽象或泛指的動(dòng)作時(shí)多用-ing形式。表示一個(gè)具體

21、某一次的動(dòng)作時(shí)，多用動(dòng)詞不定式，如：Our job is making steel. She likes playing the piano, but she doesnt want to play it today. 8、-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。-ing形式作定語(yǔ)用時(shí)，其動(dòng)作一般與句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生，而動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，其動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后。如：The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well./I have three letters to write. 9、-

22、ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。（1）不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，其動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后，如：I have told them to come again tomorrow.（2）在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)，表示其動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中，而用不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)動(dòng)作的過(guò)程，如：I hear her singing in the room.我聽見她正在屋里唱歌。 I hear her sing in the room.我聽見她在屋里唱過(guò)歌。 10、-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。-ing形式

23、在句作狀語(yǔ)表示時(shí)間、原因、方式或伴隨情況，而動(dòng)詞不定式一般式在句中作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般是作目的或結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，如：Not receiving his letter, I wrote to him again./ I looked into the window to see what was going on inside. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（三）過(guò)去分詞( 三）過(guò)去分詞： 1、過(guò)去分詞的基本用法：過(guò)去分詞只有一種形式，也沒有主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，它所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)被動(dòng)的或是已完成的動(dòng)作。過(guò)去分詞在句中也可用作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)等成分。過(guò)去分詞在句中作某種成分時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般為該分詞所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者，如： （

24、1）作定語(yǔ)：過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果這個(gè)分詞是一個(gè)單詞，就位于其修飾的名詞之前，如果是分詞短語(yǔ)，就位于其修飾的名詞之后。被過(guò)去分詞所修飾的名詞，就是該分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)，如：The stolen car was found by the police last week. （2）作表語(yǔ)：過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，表示其邏輯主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句中的主語(yǔ)，如：The glass is broken.這個(gè)玻璃杯是破的。 注：過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，和動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)相似，但兩者表達(dá)的意義不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.這個(gè)玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破

25、的。作表語(yǔ)用的過(guò)去分詞在許多詞典中已列為形容詞，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。 （3）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，句中的賓語(yǔ)就是其邏輯主語(yǔ)，如：

26、When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注：動(dòng)詞have后的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)如為過(guò)去分詞，常表示該分詞所表示的動(dòng)作是由別人來(lái)執(zhí)行的而不是句中主語(yǔ)自己來(lái)執(zhí)行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找別人）把我的自行車給修了。 （4）作狀語(yǔ)：過(guò)去分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句，該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般都是主句的主語(yǔ)，是過(guò)去分詞所表示意義的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。為了使作狀語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞意義更加明確，常在分詞前加when, if, while, though, as等連詞

27、，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是該結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)，是give的邏輯賓語(yǔ)。） 獨(dú)立主格：上述-ing和過(guò)去分詞的用法中，-ing和過(guò)去分詞在句中均有邏輯主語(yǔ)，但有時(shí)它們也能有 自己的獨(dú)立的主語(yǔ)，這種獨(dú)立的主語(yǔ)，一般為名詞或代詞，位于其前之前，和-ing或過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格。獨(dú)立主格在句中一般只作狀語(yǔ)用，而-ing和過(guò)去分詞作用的形式，則要根

28、據(jù)它們所表示的動(dòng)作和句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間關(guān)系而定。至于獨(dú)立主格中是使用-ing或是過(guò)去分詞，則要根據(jù)它們的主語(yǔ)和其所表示的動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)被動(dòng)關(guān)系而定，如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. 注：The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest. 獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的being或having been?？墒∪?，如：The meeting (being) over, all left the room. 作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)?？捎脀ith短語(yǔ)來(lái)代替，如：She read the letter

29、, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks. 2、-ing形式與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別： （1）語(yǔ)態(tài)不同：-ing形式表示主動(dòng)概念，及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演說(shuō)；the inspired audience受鼓舞的聽眾。 （2）時(shí)間關(guān)系不同：現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作一般是正在進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作，而過(guò)去分詞所表示的動(dòng)作，往往是已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，如：The changing world正在發(fā)生的世界；the changed worl

30、d已經(jīng)起了變化的世界。易錯(cuò)易混點(diǎn) 1疑問(wèn)詞 動(dòng)詞不定式：疑問(wèn)代詞和疑問(wèn)副詞后可加動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)，在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem. 2動(dòng)詞不定式的否定式：由not 動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成. 3v.-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。 v-ing形式：表示抽象或泛指的動(dòng)作。 不定式：表示具體某一次的動(dòng)作。 She likes playing the piano, but she doesnt want to play it today. 4v.-ing形

31、式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。 v-ing形式：動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。 不定式：動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后。 eg. The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well. I have three letters to write. 5v.-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)的區(qū)別。 (1)不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，其動(dòng)作一般發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后， 如：I have told them to come again tomorrow. (2)在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果

32、用v.-ing形式作賓補(bǔ)，表示其動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行中，而 用不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)動(dòng)作的過(guò)程， 如：I hear her singing in the room. 我聽見她正在屋里唱歌。 I hear her sing in the room. 我聽見她在屋里唱過(guò)歌。6v.-ing形式與動(dòng)詞不定式在句中作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別。 v-ing形式：表示時(shí)間、原因、方式或伴隨情況。 不定式：作目的或結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。 7v.-ing形式與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別： (1)語(yǔ)態(tài)不同：v.-ing形式表示主動(dòng)概念，及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)概念。 an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演說(shuō)； the

33、 inspired audience受鼓舞的聽眾 (2)時(shí)間關(guān)系不同：現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作一般是正在進(jìn)行中的動(dòng)作，而過(guò)去分詞所表示 的動(dòng)作，往往是已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作，如： the changing world正在變化的世界 the changed world已經(jīng)變化了的世界 8獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：有時(shí)v.-ing和過(guò)去分詞在句中也有自己的獨(dú)立的主語(yǔ)，這種獨(dú)立的主語(yǔ) 一般為名詞或代詞，和v.-ing還有過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。該結(jié)構(gòu)在句中一般只作狀語(yǔ)。 獨(dú)立主格中是使用v.-ing還是過(guò)去分詞，則要根據(jù)它們的主語(yǔ)和其所表示的動(dòng)作的主動(dòng)或被 動(dòng)關(guān)系來(lái)定，如：The bell ringing, we all

34、 stopped talking. 注意：獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中的being或having been?？墒∪ィ纾?The meeting_(being)_over, all left the room. 作伴隨狀語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)?？捎脀ith短語(yǔ)來(lái)代替， 如： She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks. She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.非謂語(yǔ)的解題步驟或思路（1） 先判斷空格部分所需的是主句，從句還是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。 獨(dú)立的句子， 從句或非謂語(yǔ) 獨(dú)立的句子 加句號(hào)，分號(hào)或破折

35、號(hào)的話，后再加一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子。 獨(dú)立的句子，（逗號(hào)） 有and,but, so 等詞 加獨(dú)立的句子。 （2）再根據(jù)主句的主語(yǔ)，來(lái)判斷主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)； （3）接下來(lái)再判斷時(shí)態(tài)， （4）如果是否定的話，not一定要放在非謂語(yǔ)的前面 （5）一定不要忘記主語(yǔ)一致的原則，如果不一致的話，要把非謂語(yǔ)的獨(dú)立主語(yǔ)加上。非謂語(yǔ)常見的位置，或在句子中所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞?（1） 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)， + 主句 或者是 主句， 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ) 這時(shí)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)起到狀語(yǔ)的作用 例如： influenced by the growing interest in nature, more people enjoy outdaoor

36、activities. 在這種情況下，首先,找出主句的主語(yǔ)，然后以主句的主語(yǔ)為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，來(lái)判斷非謂 語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，如果已有的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)不一致，還要 考慮獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，也就是把非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的自己的主語(yǔ)加上去： 例如： All flights having been cancelled , they decided to take the train. 其次,把非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主句的動(dòng)詞比較，看是否同時(shí)發(fā)生還是有明顯的先后。 （2） 跟在介詞，動(dòng)詞或某些形容詞的后面固定搭配 只接動(dòng)詞-ing形式而不接不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有： admit 承認(rèn) appreciate 感激 avoid

37、避免 put off 推遲 keep 保持 consider 考慮 delay/ postpone 耽擱 dislike 嫌惡 resist 抵制 mention 提及 enjoy 喜歡 escape 避免 excuse 原諒 practice 練習(xí) mind介意 fancy想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成 risk 冒險(xiǎn) include 包括 forgive 原諒 give up 放棄 suggest 建議 miss 逃過(guò) imagine 想象 cant help 情不自禁 involve 需要 cant stand 無(wú)法忍受 understand 理解 常見的帶介詞to

38、的短語(yǔ)： be used to 習(xí)慣 be related to 與有關(guān) get down to 著手做 contribute to 貢獻(xiàn) put ones mind to 全神貫注于 give rise to 引起 be equal to 勝任 devote oneself to 獻(xiàn)身于 lead to 導(dǎo)致 be opposed to 反對(duì) look forward to 盼望 object to 反對(duì)stick to 堅(jiān)持 pay attention to 注意（3） 介詞后一定要加動(dòng)詞的-ing 形式； （4） 跟在名詞后面做定語(yǔ)時(shí)， 一般不用having done/ having b

39、een done 結(jié)構(gòu) （5） 放在句首做主語(yǔ) ， 一般用動(dòng)詞的ing 和to do 特殊的非謂語(yǔ)短語(yǔ) Generally speaking 一般來(lái)說(shuō) Considering . 考慮到，鑒于 Time/weather permitting 時(shí)間、天氣允許的話 Taking into account 考慮到 Taking into consideration 考慮到 Provided 假如 Providing假如 Suppose假如 Supposing假如 Judging from/ by根據(jù)判斷 Given sth 假如，如果；鑒于，考慮到 Given that假如，如果；鑒于，考慮到 in

40、cluding sth (sth included)包括某事非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞基礎(chǔ)練習(xí)1. He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting 2. When youre learning to drive, _ a good teacher makes a big difference. A. have B. having C. and have D. and having 3. I felt it a gre

41、at honor _ to speak to you. A. to ask B. asking C. to be asked D. having asked 4. I would love _ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone 5. Before you decide to leave your job, _ the effect it will have on your family

42、. A. consider B. considering C. to consider D. considered 6. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying 7. It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. A. it what to do

43、 with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it 8. Anyone _ bags, boxes, or whatever, was stopped by the police. A. seen carry B. seen carrying C. saw to carry D. saw carrying 9. Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _ some schools for poor children. A. set up B. s

44、etting up C. have set up D. having set up 10. The discovery of new evidence led to _. A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught 11. She looks forward every spring to _ the flower-lined garden. A. visit B. paying a visit C. walk in D. walking in

45、 12. To test eggs, _ them in a bowl of water: if they float theyre bad, if they sink theyre good. A. put B. putting C. to put D. to be putting 13. “Where is David?” “He is upstairs _ ready to go out.” A. to get B. getting C. to be getting D. having got 14. “Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg

46、every day?” “_ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.” A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. to be getting 15. He was reading his book, completely _ to the world. A. lost B. losing C. to lose D. to have lost 16. We looked everywhere for the keys, but they are nowhere _. A. to find B. to have f

47、ound C. to be found D. being found 17. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not do 18. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen. A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked 19. Finding her car sto

48、len, _. A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searching thoroughly C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help 20. “How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?” “The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers.” A.

49、 to solving, making B. to solving, made C. to solve, making D. to solve, made 21. “What do you think made Mary so upset?” “_ her new bike.” A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing 22. The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C.

50、 beginning D. begun 23. Though _ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 24. Tony was very unhappy for _ to the party. A. having not been invited B. not having invited C. having not invited D. not having been invited 25. Though I have oft

51、en heard this song _. I have never heard you _ it. A. being sung, sang B. sang, singing C. sung, sing D. to be sung, to sing 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞提高練習(xí)1. The great hall was crowded with many people, _ many children _on their parents lap A. including; seated B. including; seating C. included; sat D. included; sitting

52、 2. Its said that the Olympic Games _ in Beijing in 2008 will cover more events than any other Olympics did. A. holding B. to be held C. held D. to be holding 3. _ for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water. A. Being no rain B. There was no rain C. To be no rain D. There

53、 being no rain 4. Yesterday a street-beggar bought a lottery ticket purposelessly, _ him a millionaire overnight. A. making B. makes C. to make D. made 5. In the face of the big fire in October in California, many people in the fire-stricken areas moved out _. A. to escape burning B. to escape being

54、 burned C. escaping burned D. escaping from burning 6. Taking this medicine, if _, will of course do good to his health. A. continued B. to continue C. continues D. continuing 7. The little boy still needs the _ 20 dollars to do with some things _. A. remaining; remained to be settled B. remaining;

55、remaining to be settled C. remained; remained to settle D. remained; remaining to settle 8. _ his age, the little boy read quite well. A. Considering B. Considered C. Consider D. Having considered 9. _ from the appearance, it is very peaceful; but in fact, a war will break out soon. A. Judged B. Judging C. Having judged D. To judge 10. Tom enjo