優(yōu)質(zhì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)概論術(shù)語(yǔ)

1、胡壯麟語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程術(shù)語(yǔ)表第一章phonology音系學(xué) grammar語(yǔ)法學(xué) morphology 形態(tài)學(xué) syntax句法學(xué) lexicology 詞匯學(xué) general linguistics 普通語(yǔ)言學(xué) theoretical linguistics 理論語(yǔ)言學(xué) historical linguistics 歷史語(yǔ)言學(xué) descriptive linguistics 描寫語(yǔ)言學(xué) empirical linguistics 經(jīng)驗(yàn)語(yǔ)言學(xué) dialectology 方言學(xué) anthropology 人類學(xué) stylistics 文體學(xué) signifier 能指 signified 所指 morp

2、hs形素 morphotactics語(yǔ)素結(jié)構(gòu)學(xué)/形態(tài)配列學(xué) syntactic categories 句法范疇 syntactic classes句法類別序列 sub-structure彳氐層結(jié)構(gòu) super-structure 上層結(jié)構(gòu) open syllable 開音節(jié) closed syllable 閉音節(jié) checked syllable 成阻音節(jié) rank等級(jí) level層次ding-dong theory/nativistic theory 本能論 sing-song theory 卩昌歌說(shuō) yo-he-ho theory勞動(dòng)喊聲說(shuō) pooh-pooh theory 感嘆說(shuō)ta-t

3、a theory 模仿說(shuō)animal cry theory/bow-wow theory 模聲說(shuō)Prague school布拉格學(xué)派Bilateral opposition 雙邊對(duì)立Mutilateral opposition 多邊對(duì)立 Proportional opposition 咅E分對(duì)立Isolated opposition 孤立對(duì)立Private opposition 表缺對(duì)立Graded opposition 漸次對(duì)立Equipollent opposition 均等對(duì)立 Neutralizable opposition 可中立對(duì)立Constant opposition 恒定對(duì)立

4、Systemic-functional grammar 系統(tǒng)功能語(yǔ)法 Meaning potential 意義潛勢(shì)Conversational implicature 會(huì)話含義 Deictics指示詞Presupposition 預(yù)設(shè)Speech acts言語(yǔ)行為Discourse analysis 話語(yǔ)分析Contetualism 語(yǔ)境論P(yáng)hatic communion 寒暄交談Metalanguage 原語(yǔ)言Applied linguistics 應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)Nominalism唯名學(xué)派Psychosomatics 身學(xué)第二章trachea/windpipe 氣管tip舌尖blade舌葉/舌

5、面front舌前部center舌中部top舌頂back舌后部dorsum舌背root舌跟pharynx喉/咽腔laryngeals 喉音laryngealization 喉化音vocal cords 聲帶vocal tract 聲腔initiator啟動(dòng)部分pulmonic airstream mechanism 肺氣流機(jī)制 glottalic airstream mechanism 喉氣流機(jī)制 velaric airstream mechanism 腭氣流機(jī)制 Adam sapple 喉結(jié)Voiceless sound 清音Voiceless consonant 請(qǐng)輔音Voiced soun

6、d 濁音Voiced consonant 濁輔音Glottal stop 喉塞音Breath state呼吸狀態(tài)Voice state帶音狀態(tài)Whisper state耳語(yǔ)狀態(tài)Closed state圭寸閉狀態(tài)Alveolar ride齒齦隆骨Dorsum舌背Ejective呼氣音Glottalised stop 喉塞音Impossive 內(nèi)爆破音Click/ingressive 吸氣音Segmental phonology 音段音系學(xué)Segmental phonemes 音段音位Suprasegmental 超音段Non-segmental 非音段Plurisegmental 復(fù)音段Synt

7、hetic language 綜合型語(yǔ)言Diacritic mark 附加符號(hào)Broad transcription 寬式標(biāo)音Narrow transcription 窄式標(biāo)音Orthoepy正音法Orthography 正字法Etymology 詞源Active articulator積極發(fā)音器官M(fèi)ovable speech organ 能動(dòng)發(fā)音器官Passive articulator消極發(fā)音器官Immovable speech organ不能動(dòng)發(fā)音器官Lateral 邊音Approximant j,w無(wú)摩擦延續(xù)音Resonant共鳴音Central approximant 中央無(wú)摩擦延續(xù)

8、音Lateral approximant 邊無(wú)摩擦延續(xù)音Unilateral consonant 單邊輔音Bilateral consonant 雙邊輔音Non-lateral 非邊音Trill r顫音 trilled consonant 顫輔音 rolled consonant 滾輔音Labal-velar唇化軟腭音Interdental 齒間音Post-dental 后齒音Apico-alveolar舌尖齒齦音Dorso-alveolar舌背齒齦音Palato-alveolar 后齒齦音Palato-alveolar 腭齒齦音Dorso-palatal 舌背腭音Pre-palatal 前腭

9、音Post-palatal 后腭音Velarization軟腭音化Voicing濁音化Devoicing清音化Pure vowel純?cè)鬌iphthong 二合元音Triphthong 三合元音Diphthongization 二合元音化Monophthongization 單元音化Centring diphthong 央二合元音Closing diphthong 閉二合元音Narrow diphthong 窄二合元音Wide diphthong 寬二合元音Phonetic similarity 語(yǔ)音相似性Free variant自 由變體Free variation 自 由變異Contigu

10、ous assimilation 臨近同化 Juxtapostional assimilation 鄰接同化 Regressive assimilation 逆同化 Anticipatory assimilation 先行同化 Progressive assimilation 順同化 Reciprocal assimilation 互相同化 Coalescent assimilation 融合同化 Partial assimilation 部分同化 Epenthesis 插音Primary stress 主重音Secondary stress 次重音Weak stress 弱重音Stress

11、group 重音群Sentence stress 句子重音Contrastive stress 對(duì)比重音Lexical stress 詞匯重音Word stress 詞重音Lexical tone詞匯聲調(diào)Nuclear tone核心聲調(diào)Tonetics聲調(diào)學(xué)Intonation contour語(yǔ)調(diào)升降曲線Tone units 聲調(diào)單位Intonology 語(yǔ)調(diào)學(xué)Multilevel phonology 多層次音系學(xué) Monosyllabic word 多音節(jié)詞 Polysyllabic word 單音節(jié)次Maximal onset principle 最大節(jié)首輔音原貝U第三章詞匯liaison

12、 連音contracted form 縮寫形式frequency count 詞頻統(tǒng)計(jì)a unit of vocabulary 詞匯單位a lexical item 詞條a lexeme 詞位hierarchy層次性lexicogrammar 詞匯語(yǔ)法morpheme 語(yǔ)素nonomorphemic words 單語(yǔ)素詞polymorphemic words 多語(yǔ)素詞relative uninterruptibility 相對(duì)連續(xù)性a minimum free form 最小自由形式the maximum free form最大自由形式variable words 可變?cè)~invariable

13、words 不變?cè)~paradigm聚合體grammatical words(function words)語(yǔ)法詞 /功能詞lexical words(content words)詞匯詞 / 實(shí)義詞closed-class words 圭寸閉類詞opened-class words 開放類詞word class 詞類particles 小品詞pro-form代詞形式 pro-adjective(so)代形容詞 pro-verb(do/did)代副詞 pro-adverb(so)代動(dòng)詞 pro-locative(there)代處所詞/代方位詞 determiners 限定詞predetermine

14、rs 前置限定詞 central determiners 中置限定詞 post determiners 后置限定詞 ordinal number 序數(shù)詞 cardinal number 基數(shù)詞morpheme 詞素 morphology 形態(tài)學(xué) free morpheme 自由詞素 bound morpheme黍占著詞素 root詞根affix詞綴stem詞干root morpheme詞根語(yǔ)素prefix前綴infix中綴suffix后綴bound root morpheme 黏著詞根詞素 inflectional affix 屈折詞綴 derivational affix 派生詞綴 infl

15、ectional morphemes 屈折語(yǔ)素 derivational morphemes 派生語(yǔ)素 word-formation 構(gòu)詞 compound復(fù)合詞endocentric compound 向心復(fù)合詞exocentric compound 離心復(fù)合詞nominal endocentric compound 名詞性向心復(fù)合詞 adjective endocentric compound 形容詞性向心復(fù)合詞 verbal compound動(dòng)詞性復(fù)合詞synthetic compound綜合性復(fù)合詞derivation 派生詞morpheme 語(yǔ)素phoneme 音位morphonol

16、ogy 形態(tài)語(yǔ)音學(xué)morphophomemics 形態(tài)音位學(xué)morphemic structure 語(yǔ)素結(jié)構(gòu)phonological structure 音素結(jié)構(gòu)monosyllabic 單音節(jié)polysyllabic 多音節(jié)phonological conditioned 音位的限制morphological conditioned 形態(tài)的限制 coinage/invention 新創(chuàng)詞語(yǔ)blending混成法abbreviation 縮寫法acronym首字母縮寫法back-formation逆序造次/逆構(gòu)詞法analogical creation 類比構(gòu)詞法borrowing借詞法loa

17、n word 借詞loanblend混合借詞loanshift轉(zhuǎn)移借詞 loan translation 翻譯借詞loss脫落 addition 添加metathesis 換位assimilation 同化contact assimilation 接觸性同化contiguous assimilation 臨近性同化theory of least effort 省力理論non- contiguous assimilation 非臨近性同化distant assimilation 遠(yuǎn)距離同化classes)morpho-syntactic change 形態(tài)-句法變化 morphological

18、change 形態(tài)變化 syntactical change 句法變化 finite element 有定成分 semantic change 語(yǔ)義變化 multisemous 多種意義 broadening詞義擴(kuò)大 narrowing詞義縮小 meaning shift詞義轉(zhuǎn)移 class shift詞性變換 folk etymology 俗詞源 orthographic change 拼寫的變化 conversion變換/變碼 domain范圍/領(lǐng)域 meaning shift意義轉(zhuǎn)移 split infinitives 分裂不定式(She was told to regularly ca

19、lque仿造詞語(yǔ) clipping截?cái)喾?metanalysis 再分化 finiteness 定式proximate(this)近指代詞 obviative(that)遠(yuǎn)指代詞 non-productivity/unproductive非多產(chǎn)性semiotics符號(hào)學(xué)paradigmatic relations 聚合關(guān)系 associative relations 聯(lián)想關(guān)系 syntagmatic relations 組合關(guān)系 sequential relations 序列關(guān)系 logogram 語(yǔ)標(biāo) register 語(yǔ)域passive vocabulary 消極詞匯 lexis/voca

20、bulary 詞匯表第四章句法number 數(shù)gender 性case 格nominative 主格vocative 呼格accusative 兵格genitive 屬格dative與格ablative 離格tense 時(shí)aspect 體perfective 完成體imperfective 未完成體concord/agreement 致關(guān)系/協(xié)同關(guān)系government 支配關(guān)系the governor 支配者the governed被支配者signified 能指signifier所扌旨syntagmatic relationship 組合關(guān)系paradigmatic relationshi

21、p 聚合關(guān)系associative relationship 聯(lián)想關(guān)系animate noun有生名詞the two axes兩根坐標(biāo)坐標(biāo)軸immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法linear structure 線性結(jié)構(gòu)hierarchical structure 層級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)construction 結(jié)構(gòu)體constituent 成分substituability 替換性labeled tree diagram 標(biāo)簽樹形圖endocentric/headed construction 向心結(jié)構(gòu) / 中心結(jié)構(gòu)exoc

22、entric construction 離心結(jié)構(gòu)subordinate construction 主從結(jié)構(gòu)coordinate construction 并歹U結(jié)構(gòu)recapitulation 再現(xiàn)the declarative 陳述句the interrogative 疑問(wèn)句dative movement 與格移位morph-phonemic rule 形態(tài)音位規(guī)貝Uconstituent morphemes 成分規(guī)貝Uaffix hopping詞綴越位nominalization 名物化object-deletion 賓語(yǔ)刪除subject-deletion 主語(yǔ)刪除categories

23、語(yǔ)類lexicon 詞庫(kù)temporal subject 表時(shí)間的主語(yǔ)syntactic limitation 句法限制standard theory 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論trace theory語(yǔ)跡理論the same index帶同標(biāo)志government 管轄binding 約束a rule system 規(guī)則系統(tǒng)a principle system 原貝U系統(tǒng)constituent command(C-command for short)成分統(tǒng)制plain English普通英語(yǔ)anaphor照應(yīng)語(yǔ)pronominal 指代語(yǔ)r-expression(referential-expression)

24、 指稱語(yǔ)INFL(inflection)形態(tài)變化reciprocals(each other)相互代詞accessible subject 可及主語(yǔ)local domain局部語(yǔ)域binding domain 約束語(yǔ)域logophoricity主人公視角CS(computational system)計(jì)算系統(tǒng)Merger合并move移動(dòng) theme主位rheme述位empty subject 空主語(yǔ)objective order 客觀順序subjective order 主觀順序actual sentence division 實(shí)義句子切分法functional sentence perspe

25、ctive 功能句子觀communicative dynamism (CD)交際動(dòng)力bipartition 二分法tripartite classification 三分法representative function 表達(dá)功能expressive function 表情功能appellative/vocative function 稱呼功能conative function 意欲功能poetic function 詩(shī)學(xué)功能ideational function 概念功能interpersonal function 人際功能textual function 語(yǔ)篇功能transitivity 及

26、物性actor動(dòng)作者mood system語(yǔ)氣系統(tǒng)the finite verbal operator 限定部分residue剩余部分indicative 直陳語(yǔ)氣imperative祈使語(yǔ)氣mental-process(a process of sensing)心理過(guò)程(感覺過(guò)程) relational process(a process of being)關(guān)系過(guò)程(屬性過(guò)程) verbal process(a process of saying)言語(yǔ)過(guò)程(講話過(guò)程) existential process 生存過(guò)程第四章句法number 數(shù)gender 性case 格nominative

27、主格vocative 呼格accusative 兵格genitive 屬格dative與格ablative 離格tense 時(shí)aspect 體perfective 完成體imperfective 未完成體 concord/agreement 一致關(guān)系/協(xié)同關(guān)系 government 支配關(guān)系the governor 支配者the governed被支配者signified 能指signifier所扌旨syntagmatic relationship 組合關(guān)系 paradigmatic relationship 聚合關(guān)系 associative relationship 聯(lián)想關(guān)系 animate

28、 noun有生名詞 the two axes兩根坐標(biāo)坐標(biāo)軸immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis for short)直接成分分析法 linear structure 線性結(jié)構(gòu)hierarchical structure 層級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)construction 結(jié)構(gòu)體constituent 成分substituability 替換性labeled tree diagram 標(biāo)簽樹形圖endocentric/headed construction 向心結(jié)構(gòu) / 中心結(jié)構(gòu)exocentric construction 離心結(jié)構(gòu)subordinate cons

29、truction 主從結(jié)構(gòu)coordinate construction 并歹U結(jié)構(gòu)recapitulation 再現(xiàn)the declarative 陳述句the interrogative 疑問(wèn)句dative movement 與格移位morph-phonemic rule 形態(tài)音位規(guī)貝Uconstituent morphemes 成分規(guī)貝Uaffix hopping詞綴越位nominalization 名物化object-deletion 賓語(yǔ)刪除subject-deletion 主語(yǔ)刪除categories 語(yǔ)類lexicon 詞庫(kù)temporal subject 表時(shí)間的主語(yǔ)synta

30、ctic limitation 句法限制standard theory 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論trace theory語(yǔ)跡理論the same index帶同標(biāo)志 government 管轄binding 約束a rule system 規(guī)則系統(tǒng)a principle system 原貝U系統(tǒng)constituent command(C-command for short)成分統(tǒng)制plain English普通英語(yǔ)anaphor照應(yīng)語(yǔ)pronominal 指代語(yǔ)r-expression(referential-expression) 指稱語(yǔ)INFL(inflection)形態(tài)變化reciprocals(eac

31、h other)相互代詞accessible subject 可及主語(yǔ)local domain局部語(yǔ)域binding domain 約束語(yǔ)域logophoricity主人公視角CS(computational system)計(jì)算系統(tǒng)=derivational procedure 推導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)Merger合并move移動(dòng)theme主位rheme述位empty subject 空主語(yǔ)objective order 客觀順序subjective order 主觀順序actual sentence division 實(shí)義句子切分法functional sentence perspective 功能句子觀c

32、ommunicative dynamism (CD)交際動(dòng)力 bipartition 二分法tripartite classification 三分法representative function 表達(dá)功能expressive function 表情功能appellative/vocative function 稱呼功能conative function 意欲功能poetic function 詩(shī)學(xué)功能ideational function 概念功能interpersonal function 人際功能textual function 語(yǔ)篇功能transitivity 及物性actor動(dòng)作者m

33、ood system語(yǔ)氣系統(tǒng)the finite verbal operator 限定部分residue剩余部分indicative 直陳語(yǔ)氣imperative祈使語(yǔ)氣mental-process(a process of sensing)心理過(guò)程(感覺過(guò)程) relational process(a process of being)關(guān)系過(guò)程(屬性過(guò)程) verbal process(a process of saying)言語(yǔ)過(guò)程(講話過(guò)程) existential process 生存過(guò)程empiricism經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義(洛克，白板說(shuō))rationalism 理性主義(笛卡爾)mental

34、ism心靈主義new empiricism 新經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義(Bloomfield)priori先天綜合判斷(康德 Kant)Cartesian linguistics笛卡爾語(yǔ)言學(xué)派Syntactic structure (SS)早期轉(zhuǎn)換句法時(shí)期Standard theory (ST)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論時(shí)期Extended Standard theory (EST)擴(kuò)展的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論Revised Standard theory(REST)擴(kuò)展的休正標(biāo)準(zhǔn)理論The theory of government and binding (GB theory)管轄和約束理論時(shí)期(管約論)Minimalist progra

35、m (MP)最簡(jiǎn)方案時(shí)期Structural description 結(jié)構(gòu)描寫式Performance system 應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)Modular theory 模塊理論Spell-out 拼寫Language faculty語(yǔ)言機(jī)制/官能Mental organ心智器官Knowledge of language 語(yǔ)言知識(shí)Meaning potential 意義潛勢(shì)Context culture 文化語(yǔ)境Field語(yǔ)場(chǎng)Tenor語(yǔ)旨Mode語(yǔ)式pivot words 軸心詞mental construct 心理構(gòu)念theoretical cognitive psychology 理論認(rèn)知心理學(xué)psy

36、chological faculty 心理官能autosyn/autogram/autoknow 語(yǔ)法自主(arbitrariness 任意性,systemacity 系統(tǒng)性,self-containedness 自足性) typological functionalism 類型學(xué)功能主義extreme functionalism極端的功能主義external functionalism 夕卜部功能主義integrative functionalism 一體化功能注主義exceptional case marking 例外格標(biāo)記specifier標(biāo)定成分fall-category maximal projection 全語(yǔ)類的最大投射 two-segment category 兩節(jié)語(yǔ)類 complement domain 補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)區(qū)域 minimal domain 最小區(qū)域 internal domain 內(nèi)部區(qū)域 checking domain 檢驗(yàn)區(qū)域 sisterhood姐妹關(guān)系 minimizing chain link 最小語(yǔ)鏈聯(lián)結(jié) representational system 表達(dá)系統(tǒng) strict cyclic princ