大學英語語法知識

1、第一章 根本句型1句子成分1主語 ：表示句子所說為何人或何物，可由名詞詞組、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式短語 、動詞 -ing 形式短語和名詞從句等充當。A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life.The farmer plowed his field.He enjoys camping in the mountains.To translate this ideal into reality needs hard work.Living in that island country for three months was an unf

2、orgettable experience for me.Two will be enough.Whether we ll go depends on the weather.That they failed in their attempt is entirelyunderstandable.2謂語 ：說明主語做什么或是什么，由動詞充當， 須與主語保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。動詞的性質(zhì)決定其是否 必須跟主語補語、賓語、賓語補語以及狀語等后續(xù)成分。I may be wrong.I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant She looked sad and discou

3、raged.We have to do something for them.People s standards of living are going up steadily. He watched horrified by the terrible accident.She left the room angry and frustrated.We have long been hoping to visit your country.It was proposed that he cultural relations between the two countries be expan

4、ded.He is called Little Tiger.、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、分詞、動名詞、不定式What nationality is he?Seventy- four! You don looktit.His hair has gone white.Time is pressing. Let s hurry up.For many years he remained single.3表語 ：說明主語是什么或怎么樣，可由名詞詞組 語、副詞、介詞短語、詞組、從句等充當。He still remained a hero in people s minds.That s something w

5、e have always to keep in mind. She was the first to learn about it.Her first job had been selling computers.We must be off now.The thing for her to have done was to have run away from her home, but she never did.All I could do was send him a telegram.The proof of the pudding is in the eating.She fel

6、t at ease and confident in the future.They are twice the size of chickens.That would be a great weight off my mind.4賓語 ：表示動作行為的對象，由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞或其他東西、動名詞短語 ，不 定式短語 、復合結(jié)構(gòu)、從句等充當。I enjoyed working with you.You will find the pain easing up in a few hours.Hope to see you again. I ll get it stamped.Sho

7、w your passports, please!- How many do you need? - We need two.They didn t promise him anything definite.They carried the seriously wounded.See that everything is ready by half past ten.Did you write down what she said?介詞賓語：介詞不能在句中獨立充當一個成分，而需和一個名詞或與之相當?shù)臇|西構(gòu)成介詞短語，來 在句中充當一個成分。和介詞構(gòu)成短語的那個局部稱為介詞賓語。能充當介詞賓語

8、的主要有名詞、代詞、動名詞短語 、由連接代副詞引起的從句或不定式短語。It s going to be windy tomorrow according to the weather forecast.How much luggage can I take with me? She is fond of skating.I m thinking of how we can fulfil the task ahead of time. He gave a lesson on how to improve soil.5賓語補語 ：用來補充說明賓語，可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式短語、動詞

9、-ing 形式以及動詞 -ed 形式等充當。6定語：用來修飾名詞或代詞，由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞或名詞所有格、分詞短語、不定式短語、介詞短語、副詞、從句等充當。He gave a vivid description of the battle. We belong to the third world.His words moved everyone present.Our government tries in every way to satisfy our need. Our two hundred thousand auto workers are out on strike. Th

10、ey are to send a government trade delegation to China.What s your government s policy towards these countries?Do you know the number of foreign guests coming to the party?Their aim is to find ways to satisfy the peasants dem-yainedldin“g ltaoncdhtaonhgieghlo- wyielding land.Those under 18 must not c

11、arry weight above 10.25 kilograms.They should have told us if there was anything up.This is the only reference book there is on thesubject.7狀語：用來修飾動詞、形容詞或副詞，表示謂語的時間、地點、方式、目的、程度，通常由副詞短語 、介詞短語、不定式短語 、分詞短語 、形容詞、詞組、復合結(jié)構(gòu)、從句等充當。有時，還可用名詞充 當。Theoretical ly you re right, but things may not work like that in

12、fact.Shes ldified.this out of kindness.They all rushed over, eager to help. She jumped ten feet.When I was ill she nursed me day and night.We have been sitting here hours waiting for you.They did everything they could to save the worker Please fill in the card giving all the information required. Co

13、mpared to many women, she was indeed very fortunate.That being the case, well have to reconsider the whole thiWnge. did it only because we had to.2根本句型1主系表 此句型中動詞為聯(lián)系動詞：A. be 動詞B. 表示“變得，成為的動詞： become, come, get, go, grow, run, turn, fall, etc.C. 表示“保持某一狀態(tài)的動詞： continue, hold, keep, remain, stay, stand

14、, etc.D. 表示“看起來，好象的動詞： appear, look, seem, etc.E. 表示“感官的動詞： feel, smell, sound, taste, etc.I am a student.Tom s wish has come true.The weather turned cold.The weather continued warm.The house appears large.Your sentence sounds right.2主謂該句型中動詞為不及物動詞，不帶賓語。The girl smiles.3主謂賓 該句型中動詞為及物動詞，帶賓語。She is pr

15、etty.The river grows wider.The milk remained fresh for a week.John stood loyal to his friend.Your sister seemed unwell.The apple tastes sour.The birds are flying in the sky.The boy plays football very well.They speak English.4主謂間賓 人直賓 物 雙賓語 該句型中動詞為及物動詞，帶賓語。Ann gave her daughter a beautiful doll. The

16、 mother will buy the girl a dress. 間接賓語后移時，必須在它的前面加to, for等介詞。強調(diào)間接賓語是動作的接受者用to 給；強調(diào)間接賓語是動作的受益者用for 為。 直接賓語為代詞時，必須緊跟在動詞后面。She posted it for Jack.Mary gave it to me.5主謂賓賓補 復合賓語 該句型中動詞為及物動詞，帶賓語。 常用的這類動詞有： believe, hold, call, consider, find, hear, make, name, elect, select, appoint, vote, etc. The pres

17、ents made the children happy.The teacher asked us to write a composition yesterday.6There 謂主There is a book on the table.In the valley there lies a river.There is a book and two pens on the table. 該句型中動詞為兩類A. be動詞的相應形式There had bee n a leak in the chemical container before it exploded.There must be

18、peaceful answers to the world Tlpeoblienasg arage across the street.There was half a tan kful of petrol in the car yesterday.There have always bee n wars in the world.There will be no problem about it.B. 不及物動詞，如： exist, lie, live, remain, stand, etc.There sta nds a house on the top of the hill. 此句型中

19、，假設(shè)主語不止一個，根據(jù)“就近一致原那么處理主謂一致關(guān)系。There is a pen and two books on the desk.There are two books and a pen on the desk. 此句型中，主語為非限定性主語，即主語前不可用the, this, that, these, those, all, every等詞修飾。 此句型中不能使用表示“有、“擁有含義的have。There are thirty students in the classroom.不能說 :There have thirty students in the classroom.注：

20、 主謂一致：謂語動詞在人稱、數(shù)上必須與主語保持一致。第二章動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)第一節(jié)時態(tài)1英語一共有十六個時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時現(xiàn)在進行時現(xiàn)在完成時現(xiàn)在完成進行時一般過去時過去進行時過去完成時過去完成進行時般將來時將來進行時將來完成時將來完成進行時般過去將來時過去將來進行時過去將來完成時過去將來完成進行時2.謂語動詞的形式 以do為例1 一般時態(tài)：do一般現(xiàn)在時用動詞原形，但第三人稱單數(shù)后要加詞尾-s;A .在詞尾加-的規(guī)那么情況加法例詞一般情況加-sreads, writes, says以-ch, -sh, -s, -x, -o 結(jié)尾的詞加-esteaches, washes, guesses, fix

21、es, goes以“輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加estry tries, carry carriesB. be和have有特殊的三人稱形式：be is, have has. 一般過去時用動詞的過去式； 一般將來時用shall或will加動詞原形； 一般過去將來時用should或would加動詞原形。2進行時態(tài)： be doing 現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成情況加 法例詞一般情況加-nggogoing, study study ing以字母e結(jié)尾的詞去e力口 -nglive living, move moving (但 being)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾又 只有一個輔音字母將末尾的輔音字 母雙寫，再加-

22、ingpla npla nnin g,get gett ing, sit sitt ing, beginbeginning (但 opening, backing)以字母r結(jié)尾，前面只有一個 元音字母，且末音節(jié)重讀雙寫r,再加-ingpreferpreferri ng, refer referring (但 appear-appearing)少數(shù)動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞為不規(guī)那么變化diedyin g, lie lying, tie tying; hoe hoe ing, toe toe ing, dye dye ing; panic pan ick ing, pic ni c-pic nicking;

23、 age agei ng; etc.3完成時態(tài)：have done規(guī)那么動詞的過去式與過去分詞變化規(guī)那么如下表：情況加法例詞一般情況加-edwantwan ted,expect expected以字母e結(jié)尾的詞加-dlive lived,以“輔音字母+y 結(jié)尾的詞變y為i再加-edtrytried, study studied 但:stayed以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾又只 有一個輔音字母將末尾的輔音字 母雙寫，再加-edpla npla nn ed,permit permitted;但 opened, backed以字母r結(jié)尾，前面只有一個 元音字母，且末音節(jié)重讀雙寫r,再加-edpreferp

24、referred,referreferred但 appear-appeared不規(guī)那么動詞：此類變化須特別記憶。不規(guī)那么動詞的過去式與過去分詞見本章附錄arise, arose, arisen; awake, awoke/awaked, awoken/awaked; be, was/were, been; beat, beat, beaten; bear生， bore, borne/born用于被動語態(tài) ；bear負，帶,bore, borne; become, became, become; begin,bega n, begu n; bet, bet/betted, bet/betted;

25、 etc.4 完成進行時態(tài)： have bee n doing以write為例，具體的時態(tài)形式為:一般時態(tài)進仃時態(tài)元成時態(tài)完成進行時態(tài)現(xiàn)在write/ writesam/ are/ is writ inghas/ have writte nhas/have bee n writ ing過去wrotewas/were writ inghad writte nhad been writing將來shall /will writeshall/will be writ ingshall/will have writte nshall/will have bee n writ ing過去將來should

26、/would writeshould/would be writi ngshould/would have writte nshould/wouldhavebeen writing3. 具體時態(tài)1) 一般現(xiàn)在時 構(gòu)成及句式變化：借助be動詞的適當形式或助動詞do, does構(gòu)成各種句式。 特殊疑問句的構(gòu)成：特殊疑問詞+助動詞+句子其他成分。但對主語提問時例外，直接把主語換為疑問詞即可。She decided to retire that win ter.Whe n did she decide to retire? Who decided to retire that win ter? 用法A

27、. 表示現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常性和習慣性的動作；They raise ducks as a sideli ne. It seldom snows here.We always care for each other and help each other.B. 表示現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)；She is always ready to help others. I major in En glish.C. 表示普遍真理、格言等；The moon moves around the earth.He loves sports.Peru shares a border with Chile.Actions speak l

28、ouder tha n words.D. 在引用書面材料時，用say, teach, stress等詞，且常用一般現(xiàn)在時。Shakespeare says, “ All the world is a stage. Chaucer writes that love is blind.The book teaches us to honour our pare nts.E. 用于解說、舞臺說明、戲劇性描繪等；Henry takes the ball forward quickly and pushes the ball to Smart. Now Smart gathers the ball.F.

29、 表將來意義：表示一個按規(guī)定、時刻表、方案或安排要發(fā)生的情況，常用于表出發(fā)、開始、來往等的動詞，如：go, come, start, leave, return, arrive, etc.并常與表將來時間的副詞連用。I leave for Shan ghai on Sun day.They start on their trip tomorrow.時間或條件狀語從句中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時表示一般將來時的意義。Tell her about that when she comes. If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.2一般過去時 構(gòu)成及句式變化 : 借

30、助 be 動詞的適當形式或助動詞 did 構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法A. 表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)，或表示過去的習慣性動作。Who put forward the suggestion? She often came to help us.B. 有些情況，發(fā)生的時間不很清楚，但實際上是過去發(fā)生的，應當用過去時態(tài)。I was glad to get your letter. I didn knotw you were so busy.I thought you were out. What did you say?C. 在談到已死人的情況時多用過去時。Lao She was a great wri

31、ter. My grandmother was kind to us.3一般將來時 構(gòu)成及句式變化 : 借助助動詞 will, shall 構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法A. 表示將要發(fā)生的動作或情況。When will you be able to give us an answer? Will you be busy tonight? They will have to be careful in doing the work. I will/shall arrive tomorrow.B. 在以I或we作主語的問句中，一般用shall，表示征求對方的意見或詢問情況。Which book shall

32、 I read first?Where shall we meet?Shall we have any classes tomorrow?Shall I be able to find them there?C. 一般將來時有時可用來表示一種傾向或習慣性動作。A drowning man will catch at a straw.Crops will die without water.Whenever he has time, he will come and see us.Boys will be boys.D. 將來時的否認形式可以表示“不能 ，“沒法。t come out.This

33、machine won t work.Whats the matter with the pen? The ink wonE. 在時間或條件狀語從句中，一般不能用將來時態(tài)，而用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)代替。They will fight till they win complete victory.I ll let you have the book when Im through.I ll be round to see you if I have time tomorrow. I ll come unless it rains.Next time I go there, Ill ask them abou

34、t it. 可以表示將要發(fā)生的動作或情況的其他結(jié)構(gòu)和時態(tài)A. be going to + 動詞原形a. 表示打算、準備做的事或即將發(fā)生或表示有跡象預示一定要發(fā)生的事。We are going to put up a building here.She is going to have a baby.Look! It s going to rain.b. 與一般將來時的區(qū)別：一般將來時具有臨時性、客觀性的特征； be going to 結(jié)構(gòu)具有方案性、主觀性的 特征。It s raining. We will stop here.Tomorrow will be Wednesday.We are

35、 going to visit my aunt this Sunday.I am going to study hard this semester.B. be to + 動詞原形 : 表示按方案安排要發(fā)生的事或用來征求對方意見， 也可以表示說話者的意志 如指示、 命令、禁止等 。When is the factory to go into production?There s to be an investigation.You are to do your homework before you watch TV.Am I to go on with the work?You are no

36、t to tell him anything about our plans.C. be about to + 動詞原形：表示即將做某事。We re about to leave.He is about to retire.D. be on/ at the point of 將近/就要 的時候；接近，靠近一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連用 be around/ round the corner 即將來臨，將臨；在轉(zhuǎn)彎處She was on/at the point of leaving when I arrived.Christmas is just around the corner.The p

37、ost office is just around the corner.E. 一般現(xiàn)在時 見一般現(xiàn)在時的用法 F. 現(xiàn)在進行時 見現(xiàn)在進行時的用法 4現(xiàn)在進行時 構(gòu)成及句式變化 : 借助 be 動詞的適當形式構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法A. 表示現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在這一階段正在進行的動作。They re making preparations for it. How are you getting on with the work?B. 可用來表示將來意義，表示按方案安排要發(fā)生的事。僅限于少量動詞，如： go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, stay, have, e

38、tc. 且常帶有一個表示未來時間的狀語。We are leaving on Friday. Are you going anywhere tomorrow? 與一般現(xiàn)在時的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在進行時強調(diào)暫時性，而一般現(xiàn)在時強調(diào)經(jīng)常性、長期性。They always go out on Sundays, but this Sunday they are staying at home. 需要注意的問題A. 表狀態(tài)和感覺的動詞一般不能用于進行時態(tài)，女口： believe, belong, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, need,prefer, realize,

39、remember, see, seem, suppose, understand, think 認為，have 有，etc.Do you see anyone over there?I hear someone singing.He looks well today.What do you think of it?如果這些詞詞義轉(zhuǎn)變后，能表示一個正在進行的動作，就能夠用于進行時態(tài)。Are you seeing someone off?They are hearing an English talk.We are having breakfast.They were having a walk.

40、What are you thinking about?He is looking after his little sister.B. 表示無法持續(xù)動作的動詞，一般不宜用于進行時態(tài)，但有些可以用于這個時態(tài)表示重復、即將等。He is jumping up and down.The train is arriving.The old man is dying.5過去進行時 構(gòu)成及句式變化 : 借助 be 動詞的適當形式構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法：表示過去某個時刻候正在進行的動作。 而一般過去時常表示一個完成的動作。 I was reading a novel last night.I read a

41、novel last night.6將來進行時 構(gòu)成及句式變化 : 借助助動詞 will, shall 構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法：主要表示將來某時刻正在進行的動作；在口語中，常用此時態(tài)表示預計即將發(fā)生或勢必要發(fā)生 的動作。ll be seeing a friend off.Come on. We ll be having supper in a minute. I won t be free Friday morning. I7現(xiàn)在完成時 構(gòu)成及句式變化：借助助動詞have, has構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法A. 表示到現(xiàn)在為止的這一時期中發(fā)生的情況在時間上與現(xiàn)在有密切聯(lián)系。How many pages

42、 have you covered today?The province has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history.B. 表示對現(xiàn)狀有影響的某一已發(fā)生的動作在后果上與現(xiàn)在有密切聯(lián)系。I have seen the film many times.The delegation has already left.She has had a good education.I have been to the library.He has gone to the library. 與一般過去時比擬A. 單純談一個過去的動作或一

43、件過去的事情，不涉及它對現(xiàn)在的影響時，常用一般過去時；假設(shè)談一件已發(fā)生的事時不考慮它是什么時候發(fā)生的， 接可見的，有時是間接的，不明顯的 He bought a house ten years ago.What did she say about it?B. 當有一個表示過去某時的狀語如：而主要考慮它對現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果或影響此結(jié)果或影響有時是直，那么多用現(xiàn)在完成時。He has bought a house.What have I said to make you so angry?a minute ago, just now, yesterday, last year, etc. 時，多用一般

44、過去so far, up till now, recently, these days, this week, this時；當有一個表示到現(xiàn)在為止的這段時間的狀語(如：morning, etc. )時，多用現(xiàn)在完成時。I saw her a minute ago. So far we ve only discussed the first five paragraphs.Up till now we have planted over 19,000 fruit trees. Just now Tom came to see you.We haven t had much rain this s

45、ummer.We ve had two classes this morning. just now不用于現(xiàn)在完成時；假設(shè)用于過去時，表示方才，剛剛；假設(shè)用于現(xiàn)在時，表示現(xiàn)在，目前；假設(shè)用于將來時，表示“立刻 。He left just now.Im free just now. Ill join you just now.8) 過去完成時 構(gòu)成及句式變化 : 借助助動詞 had 構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法A. 表示過去某時前已發(fā)生的動作或情況。B. 過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài)，表示“過去的過去 ，只有在與過去某時或某動作相比擬時才用到它。They fulfilled the plan earlie

46、r than they had expected.By the end of that year he had already collected more than 1,000 foreign stamps.When we got there the football match had already started.C. 在包含 when, as soon as, before, after, until, now that 等連詞的復合句中，如果主句謂語與從句謂語表示 的過去動作是在不同時間發(fā)生，那么，先發(fā)生的動作通常需用過去完成時。但如果兩個動作緊接著發(fā)生， 特別是在包含 befor

47、e, after 的復合句中，常常不用過去完成時，而用過去時。When I woke up it had already stopped raining.The machine went better after it had been oiled.Just before I left Guangzhou, I sent them a telegram.When he entered the room, he found them sitting together singing.D. intend, hope, plan, mean, think, want 等動詞的過去完成時可用來表示一個

48、本打算做而沒有做的動作。We had hoped to catch the 9:30 train, but found it was gone.9) 將來完成時 構(gòu)成及句式變化 : 借助助動詞 will, shall 構(gòu)成各種句式。 用法：表示將來某一時間之前已完成的動作，并往往對將來某一時間造成影響或產(chǎn)生后果。它常與by弓丨導的狀語連用， 女口： by this time next year, by that time, by tomorrow noon, by the end of October; before long, before lunch, etc.I shall have f

49、inished the book before lunch.You needn t hurry me. I will have finished it by the time you are ready.4. 時態(tài)的照應1一般情況 某些從句如賓語從句、主語從句、表語從句、同位語從句以及作表語用的sorry, afraid, glad, worried,certain, uncertain, sure 等形容詞后的從句中的動詞時態(tài)，常要受主句中謂語動詞時態(tài)的影響。A. 當主要謂語用的是現(xiàn)在或?qū)頃r態(tài)時，這類從句中的動詞時態(tài)不受影響。It s reported that a new railway

50、 is going to be built there next year.Will you tell us how you managed to overcome the difficulties?B. 當主要謂語用的是過去時態(tài)時，這類從句中的動詞時態(tài)就要作相應的調(diào)整，以求兩局部中的時態(tài)一致。I didn t know you were already ahead of us.c.f. You are ahead of us.She said her father had been a taxi driver.c.f.She said:“ My father was a taxi drive

51、r.We hadnt expected that you would come so early.She said she was in Grade Four when the war broke out. We were informed that Smith had left two hours before.C. 當賓語從句的謂語表示一個人或東西的經(jīng)常性的特點或永恒真理時，可保持原來的時態(tài)。This proved once again that the earth is round.Did he say that the train leaves at 5:30?The teacher

52、said that the Yellow River is the second largest river in China. 其他類型的狀語從句和定語從句中的謂語一般都不受主句謂語動詞的影響，而根據(jù)本身意思的需要選 擇時態(tài)。2) 有時兩種時態(tài)都可以用She regretted that she (had) abandoned the plan. I was sorry I (had) missed the lecture.第二節(jié) 語 態(tài)1定義 ：語態(tài)是動詞的一種形式，用以表示主語和謂語之間的關(guān)系。2分類1) 主動語態(tài) ：表示主語是動作的執(zhí)行者。2)被動語態(tài) ：表示主語是動作的承受者。3被動

53、語態(tài)1) 構(gòu)成 “ be的適當形式 +及物動詞的過去分詞(be done )You won t be allowed to take so much luggage with you.Swift progress has also been made in culture and education.What s done cannot be undone.The conference was held in August. 口語中常用“ get 的適當形式 + 及物動詞的過去分詞Hundreds of people get killed every year by traffic on th

54、e roads.The boy got hurt on his way to school. 相當于及物動詞的一些短語動詞也有被動語態(tài)Many interesting experiments are carried out in our laboratory.2) 主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)把主動語態(tài)句子中的賓語用作被動語態(tài)句子中的主語，然后跟上be 的適當形式和及物動詞的過去分詞，之后再跟上句子的其他成分。主動語態(tài)句子中的主語可由介詞by 引出，放在被動語態(tài)句子的后部。3) 被動語態(tài)的用法 不知道或沒有必要說明動作的執(zhí)行者是誰時；Such books are written for children.We haven t been told about it. 動作的承受者是談話的中心時；The store is run by the trade union.The song was composed by a student. 出于禮貌等考慮不愿說出動作的執(zhí)行者是誰時；You are requested to give a performance.It is generally considered not advisable to act that way