定語從句詳解

1、.定語從句（AttributiveClauses）一：定義 (AttributiveClauses)：在復合句中，由關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引導的，用作定語來修飾主句的某個名詞或代詞（先行詞）或者整個句子的形容詞性從句（定語從句），一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。定語從句三要素：先行詞，關系詞和從句1） 先行詞：被定語從句修飾的詞2） 關系詞：引導定語從句，代替先行詞在從句中充當成分的詞3） 從句：既然為句，就有人稱，時態(tài)，數的變化。二：關系詞：關系代詞和關系副詞關系代詞：who（指人），whom，whose，that，which，as；在從句中做主語，賓語，或定語，指人或物關系副詞：wh

2、en（時間），where（地點），why（原因）；在從句中依次做時間，地點，原因狀語，可以用介詞（in，on，for，during等）+ which替換補充1：人稱代詞：指直接指代人或者事物的代詞人稱單復數主格賓格第一人稱單數IMe復數WeUs第二人稱單數YouYou復數YouYou第三人稱單數He she itHim her it復數TheyThem補充2：物主代詞：表示所有關系的代詞叫做物主代詞，也叫人稱代詞的所有格形容詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞中文意思第一人稱單數Mymine我的第二人稱單數Youryours你的；你們的第三人稱單數（性別）His her itsHis hers its他

3、的；她的；它的第一人稱復數ourours我們的第二人稱復數youryours你們的第三人稱復數theirtheirs他們的歸納表格（1） 關系代詞指人指物主語賓語ThatYes（）yes（）yes（）yes（）Whoyes（）no（）yes（）yes（）Whomyes（）no（）no（）yes（）WhichNo（）yes（）yes（）yes（）歸納表格（2） 關系代詞主語賓語定語指人Who thatWhom（優(yōu)） that whoWhose（of whom）指物That whichThat whichWhose（of which）指人和物thatthatwhose歸納表格（3） 關系代詞關系代

4、詞指示（替代）對象句中（成分）作用限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句that人 物主 賓（）（）which物主 賓（）（）who人 主 賓（）（）whom人賓（）（）whose人 物定（）（）歸納表格（4） 關系副詞關系副詞先行詞句中成分限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句when時間時間狀語（）（）where地點地點狀語（）（）why原因原因狀語（）（）3：具體用法及實例關系代詞1）Who：who在從句中主要作主語，在非正式語體里who還可以作從句中的賓語，但不能放在介詞后（1）主語分解：The man is a teacher. The man is speaking in the classroo

5、m.合并：The man who is speaking in the classroom is a teacher（2）賓語分解：The man is my friend. You met the man in the street just now.合并：The man who（whom）you met in the street just now（可后置） is my friend.（3）概括He is the man who wants to see you.He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday.2）Whom：在從句中作賓語，可放在

6、介詞后（1）賓語分解：The woman is a doctor. They want to visit the woman.合并： The woman whom they wanted to visit is a doctor.（2）概括He is the man （whom） I saw in the park yesterday.小結：Who whom 都可在定語從句中充當賓語成分，但whom作為賓語，較為正式；而who作為賓語使用時，常用語非正式語中；二者若同時出現而且充當相同成分，whom優(yōu)先。3） Whose：用來指人或物，（只能用作定語， 若指物，相當于名詞所有格，可以同of w

7、hich互換）。（1）定語分解：The teacher praised Lilei. His English is the best in our class.合并：The teacher praised Lilei, whose English is the best in our class. 分解：The house is mine. The window of the house is broken.合并：1）The house whose window is broken is mine. Whose = the houses（whose相當于先行詞的所有格）2）The house

8、the window of which is broken is mine.3）The house of which the window is broken is mine.4) which：指物，在從句中作主語或賓語，可放介詞后（1）主語分解：Basketball is a game. Basketball is liked by most boys合并：Basketball is a game which is liked by most boys.（2）賓語分解：We visited the farm yesterday. The Farm is located in the subu

9、rb of Beijing.合并：The Farm (which) we visited yesterday is located in the suburb of Beijing.（3）概括They needed a plant which didnt need as much water as rice.5）that：多用來指物，有時也可以用來指人；在從句中作主語或賓語；指物的時候多用that，也可用which。（1）常規(guī)用法：Its a question that (which) needs careful consideration.（指物，作主語。）Who is the man th

10、at is reading a magazine under the tree? （指人，作主語。）The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Toms sister. （指物，作賓語） （2）特殊用法：以下情況只能用that1. 先行詞為all , everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代詞時。eg: All (that) she lacked was training.2. 先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時eg: This is the best film that I have ever seen.3. 先行詞被序數詞和th

11、e last修飾時eg: This is the first play that I have seen since I came here.4. 先行詞中既有人又有物，人物并存時eg: They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.5.先行詞被 every some no all any little much 等修飾時eg: I have read all the books that you lend me.6.先行詞被the only, the very, the same ,the last

12、修飾時eg: He is the only worker that was praised by the boss in the meeting yesterday.7.主句中已經有who 或者 which 時eg: Who is the student that is standing in the classroom.eg: Which is the machine that we used last Sunday.小結：關系代詞That和which 在指物時，通常情況下，可以互換；某些情況（如上）只能用that；而某些情況（如下）不能用1:引導非限制性定語從句時2:在定語從句中，作介詞的

13、賓語，而介詞又置于其前時，不能用that；通常介詞也會放到選項中，以增加難度；而在固定短語中，介詞是不能提前的。eg: This is the boy with whom he talked.eg: This is the book on which she spent 10 dollars.eg: The man whom/who you spoke to is a scientist.eg: The man to whom/who you spoke is a scientist. （）eg: The city that/which he lives in is far away.eg:

14、The city in that/which he lives is far away. （）eg: Is this the book you are looking for?eg: The old man whom I am looking after is better.關系副詞6）When：先行詞是時間，在句中充當時間狀語eg: I remember the day when I first met her.eg: The time when we got together finally came7）Where:先行詞是地點，在劇中充當地點狀語eg: China is the coun

15、try where I was born.eg: The housewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.8）Why：先行詞是reason，在句中充當原因狀語eg: Can you tell me the reason why you lost the basketball game.eg: Idontknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.小結：關系副詞引導的從句可以由“介詞+關系代詞”引導的從句替換 (1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is

16、not clear. (2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up. (3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born.小結：關系代詞和關系副詞關系代詞在定語從句中做主語，賓語和定語；關系副詞在定語從句中作狀語。四：種類1） 限制性定語從句eg: Teachers who are kind are popular with the stude

17、nts.eg: The town where I live is beautiful.2） 非限制性定語從句eg: Mr Wang, who is kind, is popular with the students.eg: Linyi, where I live, is beautiful.eg: My dictionary, which I bought last year is very popular with students.eg: This novel, which I have read three times, is very interesting.3） 區(qū)別（1） 限制性

18、定語從句是先行詞不可或缺的部分，如若去掉，主句意思往往不明確；而非限制性從句是先行詞的附加說明，即便去掉，也不會影響主句的意思，與主句之間通常用逗號分開。（2） 當先行詞是專有名詞或被物主代詞或指示代詞所修飾時（皆有表強調之意味），其后定語從句通常是非限制性的。（3） 在限制性定語從句中，關系詞可以省略（作賓語時）；而在非限制性從句中，關系詞不可省略（4） 非限制性定語從句可將整個主句作為先行詞，進行修飾，此時謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數；而限制性定語從句一般只能用來修飾先行詞，其多為單詞或詞組。eg: China is a great country with splendid history,

19、 which is known to everyone. eg: As is known to everyone, China is a great country with splendid history.（5） As和which都可以引導非限制性定語從句，as一般放在句首或句中，位置靈活從句為被動時，常用as；which一般放在句尾，從句為主動時，常用which;（6） 固定搭配，如such, as, the same后只能用as；eg: This is the same pen as I lost.eg: This is the same pen that I lost.eg: Thi

20、s is such an interesting book as we all like.eg: This is so interesting a book as we all like.eg: This is such an interesting book as we all like it.eg: This is so interesting a book as we all like it.五：如何選用定語從句的關系詞1） 判斷是定語從句還是其他從句；2） 其次，如若是定語從句，分清限制性還是非限制性，找準主句和從句；3） 確定主句的先行詞，是詞（指人還是指物，關乎先行詞的判斷）還是句

21、（關乎限制性和非限制性的判斷），進行關系詞的初步選擇；4） 把先行詞帶回定語從句，看其在定語從句中做什么語法成分（主語，賓語，定語，狀語）進行關系詞的再次判斷：若先行詞在從句中做主語，賓語或定語，則選擇關系代詞；若在從句中做狀語，則選擇關系副詞；5） 如果先行詞前有特殊修飾語或者固定搭配，以及特殊用法，則按部就班；6） 關系詞如果在從句中擔當主語，則根據先行詞判斷從句的謂語單復數（有時需要根據從句謂語單復數，進行先行詞選擇）；作賓語，則需注意先行詞同從句謂語動詞的搭配，是否需要相關介詞。Englishisalanguagesharedbyseveraldiversecultures,_uses

22、itdifferently.A.allofwhichB.eachofwhichC.allofthemD.eachofthem六：定語從句的誤區(qū)（易犯錯誤）1） 混淆定語從句與并列句以及強調句例：1. He has two children, and both of _ are abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who2. He has two children, both of _ are abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who3. He has two children, both of _ being abroad.

23、A. them B. which C. whom D. who1. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that2. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that3. He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated

24、 into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that判斷：4. He is such a good teacher as we all respect him.5. As is known to us all that China is a developing country.6）結合上下句語意Where did you find the professor who made the speech yesterday?It was in the hall _ the students often have a meeting.A. wh

25、ere B. which C. that D. when2）混淆關系代詞與關系副詞：先行詞時表示時間地點原因的名詞時，不一定就要用關系副詞，此種情況請看下面：This is the factory where I want to work.This is the factory that I want to visit.The reason why he cant come is that he is ill.The reason that he put forth is very important.1. This is the room _I lived ten years ago.A. that B. where C. who D. what2. This is the room _I lived in ten years ago.A. that B. where C. who D. what3. This is the room _I bought ten ye