研究生學術(shù)英語翻譯Word版

1、傳播優(yōu)秀Word版文檔 ，希望對您有幫助，可雙擊去除！Definition定義An academic essay,also called a research article,differs from an ordinary essay in that it consists of the review of previous studies on a particular topic and ones own research.In most cases it is a kind of documented report from the writers first-hand acquisi

2、tion,synthesis and interpretation of information,data and findings.A typical academic essay includes five parts,namely,abstract,introduction,body,conclusion and reference.一個學術(shù)論文，也被稱為一個研究文章，不同于普通的文章，它由一個特定主題的對前人研究的回顧和自己的研究組成。在大多數(shù)情況下，它是一個信息綜合、數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)果都由作家第一手采集和解釋的書面報告。一個典型的學術(shù)論文包括五個部分，即，摘要，介紹，主體，結(jié)論和參考文獻。T

3、wo types of research paper兩種類型的研究論文There are two major kinds of academic paper:primary research paper and secondary research paper.A primary research paper is the study of a subject through firsthand investigation,involving presenting original ideas and information on your own.In most cases you need

4、 to conduct a survey or an experiment original ideas to obtain new findings.Hence it is sometimes called “survey-or-experiment-based research”.A secondary research paper,however,involves gathering and analyzing the research findings from other peoples research.To illustrate your argument,you need to

5、 borrow and use evidence and findings available on the topic in the library or on the Internet.Hence it is sometimes called”library-or-Internet-based research”.學術(shù)論文主要有兩大類：初次研究和二次研究。初次研究是通過實地調(diào)查研究對象的一門學科，需要提出您自己的獨到的見解和信息。在大多數(shù)情況下，你需要做一個調(diào)查或有創(chuàng)意的實驗獲得新的發(fā)現(xiàn)。因此，初次研究有時也叫“調(diào)查或?qū)嶒炑芯俊?。二次研究的論文，但是，包括從其他人的研究中收集和分析研究結(jié)果

6、。為了說明你的論點，你需要在圖書館或在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上發(fā)現(xiàn)相關主題的可借鑒和使用的證據(jù)。因此，二次研究有時被稱為“圖書館或互聯(lián)網(wǎng)基礎研究”。 Writing an introduction寫一個介紹The introduction section is the start of a research article and its main purpose is to give a clear picture of what the article is about and what the attitude of the author is.An introduction usually inclu

7、des the following elements:引言部分是一篇研究論文的開始，其主要目的是對文章的內(nèi)容和作者的態(tài)度作一個清晰的概述，介紹通常包括以下幾個方面：1) Introduce the topic or problem with which the research essay is concerned.2) Give a clear definition of the topic and of the related key terms.3) Provide the relevant background information/context of the topic.4) R

8、eview the previous related studies and point out their limitation if necessary.5) State the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.6) Introduce the theoretical perspectives the essay might use.7) Justify your choice of the topic or give the reasons for your research.8) Explain how the essay wi

9、ll be organized(the outline of the essay).1） 介紹研究論文所關注的有關話題或問題。 2） 給出了一個主題和相關的關鍵術(shù)語的明確的定義。 3） 提供相關的背景信息/話題背景。 4） 回顧以前的相關研究，如果必要的話，并指出其局限性。 5） 介紹了本文可能使用的理論觀點。 6） 介紹了本文可能使用的理論觀點。 7） 說明你的主題的選擇或你的研究的原因。 8）解釋文章將如何組織（論文的提綱）。 Of course not all research papers must contain all these elements.A primary resear

10、ch essay,for example,differs from a secondary research one in that the literature review of the latter should be general as you will give more details in the body section where previous findings will be used to support your arguments.However,the introduction section usually goes from the general to

11、the specific.It starts with the information of the topic in the broad context and then narrows down to the information more specifically related to the length of the paper and requirements of different journals(or conferences).當然不是所有的論文必須包含所有這些元素。例如一個初次的研究論文，不同于二次的研究，后者的文獻綜述你一般應該是在以前的研究結(jié)果將被用來支持你的論點的

12、主體部分會給更多的細節(jié)。 然而，緒論部分通常是從一般到特殊，首先是大背景下的主題信息，然后縮小信息到更具體的相關論文和期刊（或會議）要求的不同的長度。 Stating the purpose of writing the essay is important.Its function is to make sure the readers know what you are trying to achieve by writing this essay.This includes establishing the topic and explaining what you will do wi

13、th the topic,for example:說明寫文章的目的是很重要的。它的功能是要確保讀者知道你試圖通過寫這篇文章來達到什么目的。這包括建立這個主題，并解釋你將在這一主題做什么，例如： 1) This essay will focus on the most common use of keyhole surgery which is as an intervention in cases of colon cancer in Hong Kong.2) The purpose of this essay is to examine the impact on Shanghai of t

14、he commercial application of maglev trains.3) The goal of this essay is to examine the effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of teenagers.1） 這篇文章將集中在最常見的用途為香港結(jié)腸癌患者的干預的鎖孔手術(shù)上。 2） 這篇文章的目的是研究磁懸浮列車對上海的商業(yè)應用的影響。 3）這篇文章的目的是研究經(jīng)常性消費快餐對青少年健康的影響。Hence the common format for making the stateme

15、nt of purpose:因此，制定目的聲明的通用格式：Writing the body of a secondary research essay寫二級研究論文的正文 Definition定義The body section is the major part of an essay.Its structure varies from essay to essay.The structure of a secondary research essay will be simpler as you do not have to conduct an experiment or survey

16、of your own or carry out an empirical study.What you do is to use recent findings and data available on the Internet to illustrate your ideas.Hence the steps are:正文部分是文章的主要部分。不同文章論述的結(jié)構(gòu)不同。二次論文的結(jié)構(gòu)會由于你沒有進行自己的實驗或調(diào)查或進行實證研究而變得簡單。你要做的是使用在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的最近的調(diào)查結(jié)果和數(shù)據(jù)來說明你的觀點。因此，步驟是：1) Evaluate all source materials you ha

17、ve gathered;2) Design the structure or organization of you essay according to research questions,such as cause and effect,or comparison and contrast;3) Arrange the arguments in a logical order according to the chosen structure;4) Select and organize source materials to illustrate the ideas of the to

18、pic sentences respectively.1） 評估你收集的所有源材料； 2） 根據(jù)研究問題，如因果、對比、對比等研究問題，設計出論文的結(jié)構(gòu)或組織形式； 3）根據(jù)所選擇的結(jié)構(gòu)安排邏輯順序； 4）選擇和組織源材料，分別說明主題句的思想。Although secondary research is to use information and findings available to illustrate your ideas,it does not mean your essay lacks creative ideas.Description and introduction o

19、f previous findings are only part of the essay,and your essay entails your point of view based on the description and analysis of previous studies.In order to develop a position,you need to think critically about the ideas and findings of the source materials you have gathered,select the most approp

20、riate evidence to support your point of view and,most importantly,add you contribution.For example,offering a new classification(a new approach)or a new effect(or a new cause,a new advantage)is the contribution you may make to the study of a certain subject.雖然二次的研究是利用信息和結(jié)果來說明你的想法，但這并不意味著你的文章缺乏創(chuàng)意。描述和

21、介紹以往的研究結(jié)果，只是論文的一部分，你的論文是在描述和分析前人研究的基礎上表達你的觀點。為了選擇一個合適的角度，你需要批判性地思考你收集的源材料的想法和結(jié)果，選擇支持你的觀點的最適當?shù)淖C據(jù)，最重要的是，提出自己的看法。例如，提供了一種新的分類方法（新方法）或一個新的效果（或一個新的事業(yè)，新的優(yōu)勢）是您可能對某一學科的研究的貢獻。When writing a secondary research essay,you should especially beware of falling into a trap of plagiarism as the quoting and paraphras

22、e are more frequent in such type of essay.Remember that a secondary research essay does not mean that you simply piece together the findings of previous studies without your own things. 寫一個二次研究論文時，你應該特別當心掉入抄襲陷阱由于這種類型的文章的更加頻繁的引用和釋義。記住一個二次研究的文章并不意味著你沒有自己的東西只是拼湊了以前的研究結(jié)果。 Organizations組織結(jié)構(gòu)Body structure

23、s vary from paper to paper as a secondary research paper generally lacks an empirical study which entails the method and statistic analysis.The following are some of the common types of organization.，由于一個二級研究論文一般缺乏一個需要方法和統(tǒng)計分析的實證研究，不同文章的組織結(jié)構(gòu)不同。以下是一些常見的類型的組織結(jié)構(gòu)。 A. Effect analysisThe structure of effec

24、t analysis may be used to analyze the effects of a certain phenomenon such as global warming,nuclear radiation,the use of genetically modified organisms and so on.A. 效應分析 效應分析的結(jié)構(gòu)可以用來分析某一現(xiàn)象如全球變暖、核輻射、利用轉(zhuǎn)基因生物等的影響。 B.Cause analysisTo analyze the causes for a phenomenon such as earthquakes,climate change

25、s,sleep deprivation and breast cancer,you may use the body structure of causal analysis.B.原因分析 分析地震、氣候變化、失眠和乳腺癌等現(xiàn)象的原因，可以采用因果分析的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。 C.Pro-and-con analysisThe structure may be used to weigh both advantages and disadvantages of a technology such as GM food,nanotechnology,artificial intelligence,synth

26、etical biology,Web3.0 and so -and-con分析 該結(jié)構(gòu)可以用來權(quán)衡如轉(zhuǎn)基因食品、納米技術(shù)、人工智能、生物綜合，Web3.0等的優(yōu)點和技術(shù)缺點。 D.Comparison analysisTo compare and contrast two subjects such as computers and human brains,or organic food an traditional food,you may either use the subject-to-subject body structure or the point-to-po

27、int body structure.D.比較分析 比較和對比如計算機和人類的大腦，或有機食品和傳統(tǒng)食品兩個主題，你可以使用主題-主題或點-點結(jié)構(gòu)。 A short essay might use a single type of the above organization.As long essay,however,may combine several types according to the purpose of the essay.Whatever organization is used,a thesis statement-the main idea of your essa

28、y,and several topic sentences which support the thesis from different angles are essential to ensure the coherence and logic of your essay.The following is the outline of a secondary research essay.一篇短文，可以使用一個單一類型的上述組織。但是長的文章，可以根據(jù)論文結(jié)合幾種類型。無論使用什么組織類型，一個陳述你文章的主要觀點，和作為支撐的從不同的角度來保證你的文章連貫性和邏輯幾個主題句都是必須的。以

29、下是一個二次研究論文的要點。 Writing the body of a primary research essay寫初次研究論文的正文As a primary essay involves empirical studies based on a certain experiment or survey,it should present evidence with data and analysis in a format that can be replicated by others.Hence the body part will be composed of two sectio

30、ns:Methods and Results.作為一個涉及到一個特定的實驗或調(diào)查的基礎上的實證研究的初次的文章，它應該列出可以被他人復制的數(shù)據(jù)和分析的證據(jù)。因此，正文部分將由兩部分組成：方法和結(jié)果。 Methods section方法部分The methods sections,which is a detailed breakdown of the experiment or survey,usually answers these questions:1) What are your research questions?2) How is your research carried ou

31、t?3) How is your data collected?4) How are your results obtained?方法部分是一個實驗或調(diào)查的分解步驟的詳細介紹，通?；卮疬@些問題： 1） 你的研究問題是什么？ 2） 你的研究是如何進行的？ 3） 你的數(shù)據(jù)是如何收集的？ 4）你的結(jié)果如何？ Therefore you must make all the following clear to the readers:1) subjects of the experiment(How were they chosen?);2) the materials(What equipment

32、or tools were used?Where and in what condition was the experiment conducted?);3) the procedure(How did you design your study and what steps did you follow when the data were collected?)4) the criteria(What criteria are used for selecting subject?);5) The survey(How the questionnaire is designed and

33、administered?How are the samples or respondents chosen?And how the interview is conducted-by telephone or door to door?);6) Statistical analysis(How were statistics analyzed?).因此，你必須讓所有的讀者明白： 1） 實驗的主題（他們是如何選擇的？）； 2） 材料（使用什么設備或工具？在什么條件下進行實驗？）； 3） 程序（你是如何設計你的研究的，你在收集數(shù)據(jù)的時候遵循了什么步驟？） 4）標準（用于選擇主題的標準是什么？）；

34、 5） 調(diào)查（調(diào)查問卷是如何設計和管理的？樣本或受訪者如何選擇？以及如何進行面試是通過電話或當面？）； 6）統(tǒng)計分析（如何統(tǒng)計分析？）。 The significance is:knowing how the data are collected helps the readers evaluate the validity and reliability of your results and your conclusion.One rule for a properly written method section is that:“Enough information must be g

35、iven so that the experiment could be reproduced by a competent colleague(Day,1988)”.這么做的意義是：知道如何收集數(shù)據(jù)幫助讀者評價你的結(jié)果和你的結(jié)論的可靠性和正確的書。寫法的一個原則是：“必須給出足夠信息確保實驗可被同行復制(Day,1988)”。 There are many methods to carry out a similar experiment or survey.Hence you must make clear the reasons why you chose a particular me

36、thod or procedure.If the method for the investigation is innovative,you should describe it in details.If the method has been previously used in other research,you should cite the work of the original researchers.開展類似的實驗或調(diào)查的方法有很多，因此你必須弄清楚你為什么選擇了一種特定的方法或過程。如果調(diào)查的方法是創(chuàng)新的，你應該詳細描述。如果方法以前已經(jīng)在其他的研究中被使用，你應該引用原

37、來的研究者的工作。Results section結(jié)果部分The results section describes the statistical results and the findings of the research,which directly answers your research questions.It deals with the facts rather than the opinions.The opinions such as evaluation and commentary should be saved in the discussion section.

38、結(jié)果表明直接回答你的研究問題研究的統(tǒng)計結(jié)果和結(jié)論。它交流的是事實而不是觀點。評價和評價等觀點應該放在討論部分。 The results section is written in a concise and well-organized manner and is often short.It include:1) an overview of the experiment or a summary of the findings;2) Detailed presentation of the representative data and/or graphic and their locat

39、ing and/or analysis;3) Detailed presentation of the findings.用一個簡潔和組織良好的形式書寫的結(jié)果部分，往往是短的。它包括： 1） 實驗的概述或調(diào)查結(jié)果的總結(jié)； 2） 有代表性的數(shù)據(jù)和/或圖形和它們的定位和/或分析的詳細介紹； 3）調(diào)查結(jié)果的詳細介紹。When giving an overview of the experiment,you may briefly explain how and why data have been produced,but should not repeat the details provided

40、 in the method section.You can present findings in different ways:stating the facts;comparing and contrasting;analyzing cause and effect;illustrating with graphic aids,ect.進行試驗總結(jié)時，你可以簡單地解釋數(shù)據(jù)產(chǎn)生的原因和方式，但不應重復在方法部分提供的細節(jié)。你可以以不同的方式呈現(xiàn)結(jié)果：陳述事實；比較；分析原因和影響；以圖示等。 Statistical results are usually presented in text

41、s,plus graphic aids such as tables,graphs,charts,drawings,photographs,ect(which are usually placed at the attached appendixes if they interrupt ones reading).The findings of an experiment are usually presented in the past tense.Describing graphic aids and generalizations concluded from the research

42、should use the present tense.統(tǒng)計結(jié)果通常呈現(xiàn)在文本中，加如表、圖、圖表、圖紙、照片圖示等表格（通常放置在所附的附件中，如果它們會打斷閱讀）。一個實驗的結(jié)果通常都是過去時了。描述圖形和概括得出的研究結(jié)果使用現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。Writing a discussion or/and conclusion撰寫討論或/和結(jié)論The discussion and the conclusion can be either written separately or combined into one section.As the final part of the essay,it c

43、an serve a number of functions:討論和結(jié)論可以單獨或組合成一個部分。作為文章的最后一部分，它可以起到一些作用： 1) to summarize the main ideas or key findings in the essay;2) To make some comments on the findings;3) To compare your results with previous results;4) To explain unexpected results;5) To explore possible implications;6) To poin

44、t out its limitations of the work covered by your essay;7) To mention further research that might be required.1） 總結(jié)文章的主要思想或主要研究成果； 2） 對調(diào)查結(jié)果發(fā)表評論； 3） 將你的結(jié)果與以前的結(jié)果進行比較； 4） 解釋意想不到的結(jié)果； 5） 探討可能產(chǎn)生的影響； 6） 指出你的文章所涵蓋的工作的局限性； 7）提到可能是必需的進一步的研究。Separately,discussion section discusses the issues arising from findi

45、ngs and limitations of your research whereas conclusion section includes a summary of main findings,implications,recommendations,possibilities for further research.另外，討論部分討論了從你的研究中產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果和局限性，而結(jié)論部分包括一個對主要研究結(jié)果，影響，建議，進一步研究的可能性的總結(jié)。Now look at the following example:現(xiàn)在看下面的例子：This study provide further evid

46、ence that in addition to short-term merits,content based language instruction has long-term benefits that impact students future academic performance.A content-linked ESL curriculum is a model of instruction that meets the linguistic and academic needs of college ESL students.It enhances cross-curri

47、cular academic achievement in both language and discipline courses and promotes academic growth and success over time.這項研究提供了進一步的證據(jù)表明，除了短期的優(yōu)點，基于語言教學的內(nèi)容有一個長期效益，可以影響學生未來的學術(shù)表現(xiàn)。與ESL內(nèi)容有關的課程是一個滿足高校學生的語言和學術(shù)需求的教學模式。它增強了在語言和專業(yè)課程上跨學科的學術(shù)成就，促進學術(shù)成就隨著時間而增長和成功。 Writing an abstract摘要寫作An abstract,compared after you

48、r research paper is finished and placed before the main text,is a condensed summary of the papers key information.The main purpose is to enable the readers to be informed of the basic content and chief results of your paper quickly and accurately.An effective abstract summarizes the main points of t

49、he investigation,including:在你的論文完成后寫作的放在正文前的摘要是論文的關鍵信息的概括。主要目的是使讀者快速準確地了解你論文的基本內(nèi)容和論文的主要結(jié)果。有效的摘要概述了調(diào)查的要點，包括：1) the statement of the problem;2) The purpose or objective of the study;3) The methods or brief description of the experiment;4) The important data or results of any statistical analysis;5) Th

50、e chief findings;6) The principal conclusions or recommendations.1） 問題的陳述； 2） 研究的目的或目標； 3） 實驗方法或?qū)嶒灪喴f明； 4） 統(tǒng)計分析的結(jié)果或重要數(shù)據(jù)； 5）主要調(diào)查結(jié)果； 6）主要結(jié)論或建議。 Economy of words,however,is important.The length of an abstract varies according to the length of the paper and requirements of different journals(Generally 2

51、00 words should be a sensible maximum).It uses s single paragraph.Generally speaking,the opening and concluding statements are written in the present or the present perfect tense,while the methods and results are expressed in the past tense.然而，詞匯的經(jīng)濟性是很重要的，一個摘要的長度根據(jù)不同的期刊的長度和不同的要求而變化（一般來說最多200個詞應該是可接受

52、的），它使用的是單一的段落。 一般來說，開篇和總結(jié)性陳述都是用現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)，而方法和結(jié)果是用過去時態(tài)表達的。Writing a reference list寫參考列表Citations-whether you have copied directly(quoted)or rewritten using your own words(paraphrasing)-should be indicated clearly in the reference list,the purpose of which is to provide readers with more details of so

53、urces you have used in the essay.Hence every reference in the text must have a matching entry in the reference list which include information about the author,title,publisher.There are different kinds of styles.But whichever one you adopt,some rules should be followed:引用無論你是直接復制（引用）還是用自己的話改寫（意譯）都應該在

54、參考文獻列表中明確表示出，其目的是為讀者提供您使用的文章來源的更多細節(jié)。因此，在文本的參考文獻列表中每一個引用必須包括作者，標題，出版社.引用有不同的風格。但無論你采取哪種都應遵循以下的一些原則： 1) place the reference list after the last section of the essay.2) Do not include sources which have not been cited in the text of the essay.3) Start each item in the list at the left margin.If an item

55、 extends to more than one line,indent the additional lines.4) Use the last or family name and initials(not full names)for all authors.5) Arrange the items in the alphabetical order of authors family names.1） 將參考書目放在文章的最后一節(jié)后。 2） 不要包括在文章正文中沒有被引用的來源。 3） 從左邊邊緣開始每個引用。如果引用擴展到不止一行，縮進其他行。 4） 所有作者使用最近一個或家族的名

56、字和縮寫（不是完整的名字）。 5）安排一個按作者的姓氏的字母順序排列的條項。 The following are examples of Referencea CBE style,used in all scientific disciplines related to experimental and observational science(including but not limited to physical science,mathematics,and life sciences).The order of the CBE N-Y system is:Author A,Year.Title of work.Edition.Place of publication:Publisher name.Number of pages p.以下是參考的例子 CBE風格，用于與實驗和觀測的科學相關的所有科學學科（包括但不限于物理科學，數(shù)學，科學和生命科學），CBE N-Y系統(tǒng)的順序是：作者，年份，文章的標題，編輯，出版社的地址，出版社名稱。頁碼 Academic writing style學術(shù)論文的寫作風格 The style of academic writing is quite different from that of an E