技能策略系列之(1)四法五招攻克閱讀理解

1、技能策略系列之一四法五招攻克閱讀理解 一、閱讀理解解題方法一、閱讀理解解題方法1. 正選法與排除法正選法與排除法正選法即根據(jù)所讀材料內(nèi)容從正面選擇最佳答案。如果在正選法即根據(jù)所讀材料內(nèi)容從正面選擇最佳答案。如果在有些情況下從正面選擇答案有困難有些情況下從正面選擇答案有困難, 考生則可以考慮選用排除考生則可以考慮選用排除法。對(duì)于那些不合情理或荒謬的選項(xiàng)、與短文內(nèi)容相反的選項(xiàng)、法。對(duì)于那些不合情理或荒謬的選項(xiàng)、與短文內(nèi)容相反的選項(xiàng)、與短文內(nèi)容不相關(guān)的選項(xiàng)、雖在短文中出現(xiàn)但答非所問的選項(xiàng)與短文內(nèi)容不相關(guān)的選項(xiàng)、雖在短文中出現(xiàn)但答非所問的選項(xiàng), 以及不是問題的主要因素的選項(xiàng)等以及不是問題的主要因素的選

2、項(xiàng)等, 都可以采用排除法都可以采用排除法, 如如2014年重慶卷年重慶卷: The idea of being able to walk on water has long interested humans greatly. Sadly, biological facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing without artificial aidwe simply weigh too much, and all our mass pushes down through our relatively small feet, resulti

3、ng in a lot of pressure that makes us sink. Walking on water hasnt become a reality mainly because humans _ . A. are not interested in itB. have biological limitationsC. have not invented proper toolsD. are afraid to make an attempt【解析解析】選選B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。此題可采用正選法。根據(jù)第一段。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。此題可采用正選法。根據(jù)第一段中的中的Sadly, biolog

4、ical facts prevent us ever accomplishing such a thing. . . 可知可知, 水上行走不能實(shí)現(xiàn)是由人體的局限性造成的。水上行走不能實(shí)現(xiàn)是由人體的局限性造成的。2. 定位法與跳讀法定位法與跳讀法定位法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息直接從原文中找到定位法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息直接從原文中找到相應(yīng)的句子相應(yīng)的句子(即定位即定位), 然后進(jìn)行比較和分析然后進(jìn)行比較和分析(尤其要注意一些同尤其要注意一些同義轉(zhuǎn)換義轉(zhuǎn)換), 從而找出正確答案。跳讀法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供從而找出正確答案。跳讀法即根據(jù)題干和選項(xiàng)所提供的信息跳讀原文的信息跳讀原文, 并找

5、到相關(guān)的句子并找到相關(guān)的句子(有時(shí)可能是幾個(gè)句子有時(shí)可能是幾個(gè)句子)或或段落段落, 然后進(jìn)行分析和推理等然后進(jìn)行分析和推理等, 從而找出正確答案從而找出正確答案, 如如2013年大年大綱版全國(guó)卷綱版全國(guó)卷: . . . Soon, groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University, and later from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital eac

6、h summer to perform theatre by little-known writers of plays in small church halls to the people of Edinburgh. Today the “Fringe”, once less recognized, has far outgrown the festival with around 1, 500 performances of theatre, music and dance on every one of the 21 days it lasts. And yet as early as

7、 1959, with only 19 theatre groups performing, some said it was getting too big. . . . Who joined the “Fringe” after it appeared? A. Popular writers. B. University students. C. Artists from around the world. D. Performers of music and dance. 【解析解析】選選B。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由于本題的答案處于文章的中間。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。由于本題的答案處于文章的中間部分部分, 考

8、生完全可以運(yùn)用考生完全可以運(yùn)用“跳讀法跳讀法”和和“定位法定位法”。此題題干。此題題干中的中的Fringe為關(guān)鍵詞為關(guān)鍵詞, 根據(jù)這一單詞根據(jù)這一單詞, 可以迅速定位到出現(xiàn)這一可以迅速定位到出現(xiàn)這一單詞的段落單詞的段落, 再根據(jù)文中的再根據(jù)文中的Soon, groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University. . . 可知答案為可知答案為B項(xiàng)。項(xiàng)。3. 畫圖與列表法畫圖與列表法 畫圖與列表法就是以時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件因果或列舉等為線畫圖與列表法就是以時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件因果或列舉等為線索索, 找出關(guān)鍵詞語找出關(guān)鍵詞語, 勾畫出一幅完整、清晰的關(guān)于文

9、章主題和細(xì)勾畫出一幅完整、清晰的關(guān)于文章主題和細(xì)節(jié)的圖的方法節(jié)的圖的方法, 如如2012年江西高考年江西高考: . . . Yet some people wonder if the revolution in travel has gone too far. A price has been paid, they say, for the conquest (征服征服)of time and distance. Travel is something to be enjoyed, not endured(忍受忍受). The boat offers leisure and time enou

10、gh to appreciate the ever-changing sights and sounds of a journey. A journey by train also has a special charm about it. Lakes and forests and wild, open plains sweeping past your carriage window create a grand view in which time and distance mean nothing. On board a plane, however, there is just th

11、e blank blue of the sky filling the narrow windows of the airplane. The soft lighting, in-flight films and gentle music make up the only world you know, and the hours progress slowly. . . How does the writer support the underlined statement in Paragraph 2? A. By giving instructions. B. By analyzing

12、cause and effect. C. By following the order of time. D. By giving examples. 【解析解析】選選D。邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)題。在畫線句子的后面。邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)題。在畫線句子的后面, 作者提到作者提到: 坐坐船和坐火車旅游能看到沿途的景色船和坐火車旅游能看到沿途的景色, 能聽到聲音能聽到聲音, 而坐飛機(jī)旅游而坐飛機(jī)旅游只能透過窗子看到藍(lán)天。此處可畫圖如下只能透過窗子看到藍(lán)天。此處可畫圖如下: by boat Travel. . . by train by plane由以上這些可以得知由以上這些可以得知: 這是通過舉例的方式來說明旅游方式不這是通

13、過舉例的方式來說明旅游方式不同同, 給人帶來的享受也有所不同。故給人帶來的享受也有所不同。故D項(xiàng)項(xiàng)“通過舉例子的方式通過舉例子的方式”正確。正確。4. 概括法與推理法概括法與推理法 概括法指根據(jù)所讀材料概括文章主題、要點(diǎn)、標(biāo)題和中心概括法指根據(jù)所讀材料概括文章主題、要點(diǎn)、標(biāo)題和中心思想等思想等; 而推理法則指根據(jù)所讀材料的字面意思而推理法則指根據(jù)所讀材料的字面意思, 通過語篇的通過語篇的邏輯關(guān)系以及各個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)的信息和暗示邏輯關(guān)系以及各個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)的信息和暗示, 推敲作者的態(tài)度推敲作者的態(tài)度, 理解文理解文章的寓意章的寓意, 悟出作者的悟出作者的“言外之意言外之意”和和“弦外之音弦外之音”。考生在?？忌?/p>

14、在運(yùn)用推理法時(shí)首先要吃透文章的字面意思運(yùn)用推理法時(shí)首先要吃透文章的字面意思, 從字里行間捕捉有從字里行間捕捉有用的提示和線索用的提示和線索; 然后再對(duì)文字的表面信息進(jìn)行挖掘和加工然后再對(duì)文字的表面信息進(jìn)行挖掘和加工, 由表及里由表及里, 由淺入深由淺入深, 從具體到抽象從具體到抽象, 從特殊到一般從特殊到一般, 通過分析、通過分析、綜合和判斷等思維活動(dòng)對(duì)文章進(jìn)行深層處理以及合乎邏輯的推綜合和判斷等思維活動(dòng)對(duì)文章進(jìn)行深層處理以及合乎邏輯的推理理, 如如2013年大綱版全國(guó)卷年大綱版全國(guó)卷: . . . A paid administrator was first employed only in

15、 1971, and today there are eight administrators working all year round and the number rises to 150 during August itself. In 2004 there were 200 places housing 1, 695 shows by over 600 different groups from 50 different countries. More than 1. 25 million tickets were sold. We may learn from the text

16、that Edinburgh Festival _ . A. has become a non-official eventB. has gone beyond an art festivalC. gives shows all year roundD. keeps growing rapidly【解析解析】選選D。推理判斷題。此題可通過。推理判斷題。此題可通過“推理法推理法”進(jìn)行解答。進(jìn)行解答。推理重在通過文章字里行間的表述推理重在通過文章字里行間的表述, 悟出其悟出其“弦外之音弦外之音”, 根據(jù)根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可知文章內(nèi)容可知A項(xiàng)屬于項(xiàng)屬于“無中生有無中生有”, 文中根本未提到文中根本未提到;

17、 B項(xiàng)為項(xiàng)為錯(cuò)誤改寫錯(cuò)誤改寫, 根據(jù)原文倒數(shù)第二段中的根據(jù)原文倒數(shù)第二段中的. . . performances of theatre, music and dance. . . 可以驗(yàn)證可以驗(yàn)證; C項(xiàng)中項(xiàng)中all year round文文中未提及中未提及; D項(xiàng)為正確答案。根據(jù)文中最后一段的表述項(xiàng)為正確答案。根據(jù)文中最后一段的表述In 2004 there were 200 places housing 1, 695 shows by over 600 different groups from 50 different countries. More than 1. 25 million

18、 tickets were sold. 可以推測(cè)出可以推測(cè)出: 愛丁堡藝術(shù)節(jié)發(fā)展得非愛丁堡藝術(shù)節(jié)發(fā)展得非常迅速常迅速, 故故D項(xiàng)正確。項(xiàng)正確。二、閱讀理解突破策略二、閱讀理解突破策略1. 帶著問題帶著問題, 速讀全文速讀全文首先要掌握問題的類型首先要掌握問題的類型, 分清是客觀信息題還是主觀判斷分清是客觀信息題還是主觀判斷題。其次題。其次, 了解試題題干以及各個(gè)選項(xiàng)所包含的信息了解試題題干以及各個(gè)選項(xiàng)所包含的信息, 然后有針然后有針對(duì)性地對(duì)文章進(jìn)行掃讀對(duì)性地對(duì)文章進(jìn)行掃讀, 對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位對(duì)有關(guān)信息進(jìn)行快速定位, 再將相關(guān)信再將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行整合、甄別、分析、對(duì)比息進(jìn)行整合、甄別、分析、

19、對(duì)比, 有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng)有根有據(jù)地排除干擾項(xiàng), 選出選出正確答案正確答案, 如如2012年全國(guó)卷年全國(guó)卷: Cold weather can be hard on pets, just like it can be hard on people. Sometimes owners forget that their pets are just as used to the warm shelter(住所住所)as they are. Some owners will leave their animals outside for a long period of time, thinkin

20、g that all animals are used to living outdoors. This can put their pets in danger of serious illness. There are things you can do to keep your animal warm and safe. . . What do we learn about pets from Paragraph 1? A. They are often forgotten by their owners. B. They are used to living outdoors. C.

21、They build their own shelters. D. They like to stay in warm places. 【解析解析】選選D。推理判斷題。題干中明顯提示是第一段的內(nèi)容。推理判斷題。題干中明顯提示是第一段的內(nèi)容, 所以我們直接帶著問題回讀文章所以我們直接帶著問題回讀文章, 找到信息進(jìn)行判斷就行了。找到信息進(jìn)行判斷就行了。第一段告訴我們第一段告訴我們their pets are just as used to the warm shelter as they are。如果你想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為它們習(xí)慣于住在戶外。如果你想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為它們習(xí)慣于住在戶外, 會(huì)使會(huì)使它們有生病的危險(xiǎn)

22、?？梢娝鼈冇猩〉奈ｋU(xiǎn)?？梢? 它們喜歡住在溫暖的地方。故選它們喜歡住在溫暖的地方。故選D。2. 找準(zhǔn)主題句找準(zhǔn)主題句, 確定中心思想確定中心思想每篇文章均講述一個(gè)主題每篇文章均講述一個(gè)主題, 不管它有幾個(gè)段落不管它有幾個(gè)段落, 它們都圍繞它們都圍繞著一個(gè)中心思想。確定了中心思想著一個(gè)中心思想。確定了中心思想, 即抓住了關(guān)鍵。隨后搜尋即抓住了關(guān)鍵。隨后搜尋關(guān)鍵詞、主題句關(guān)鍵詞、主題句, 捕捉時(shí)空、順序、情節(jié)、人物、觀點(diǎn)捕捉時(shí)空、順序、情節(jié)、人物、觀點(diǎn), 并且理并且理清文章脈絡(luò)清文章脈絡(luò), 把握語篇實(shí)質(zhì)。速讀全文對(duì)于主旨大意題的解決把握語篇實(shí)質(zhì)。速讀全文對(duì)于主旨大意題的解決尤其有效尤其有效, 能

23、快速抓住主干能快速抓住主干, 確定好答案確定好答案, 如如2013年北京卷年北京卷: The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century B. C. , painters followed Alexander the Great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century, his so

24、ld-out readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain(抱怨抱怨)about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film-stars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do. What is the main idea of Paragraph 3? A. Great heroes of the past were general

25、ly admired. B. The problem faced by celebrities has a long history. C. Well-known actors are usually targets of tabloids. D. Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers. 【解析解析】選選B。段落大意題。本段第一句話。段落大意題。本段第一句話The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. 是本段的主題是本段的主題句句, 由此判斷本

26、段主要講述名人面臨的這個(gè)問題由來已久。由此判斷本段主要講述名人面臨的這個(gè)問題由來已久。3. 精準(zhǔn)推理精準(zhǔn)推理, 深層理解深層理解深層理解主要包括歸納概括題深層理解主要包括歸納概括題(歸納中心思想、加標(biāo)題等歸納中心思想、加標(biāo)題等)和推理判斷題和推理判斷題, 是閱讀理解中的難點(diǎn)。深層理解是一種創(chuàng)造性是閱讀理解中的難點(diǎn)。深層理解是一種創(chuàng)造性的思維活動(dòng)。它必須忠實(shí)于原文的思維活動(dòng)。它必須忠實(shí)于原文; 要以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索要以文章提供的事實(shí)和線索為依據(jù)為依據(jù), 立足已知推斷未知立足已知推斷未知, 不能憑空想象不能憑空想象, 隨意揣測(cè)隨意揣測(cè); 它要求它要求讀者對(duì)文字的表面信息進(jìn)行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理

27、讀者對(duì)文字的表面信息進(jìn)行分析、挖掘和邏輯推理, 不能就事不能就事論事論事, 以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思以偏概全。只有吃透文章的字面意思, 推理才有前提和基推理才有前提和基礎(chǔ)礎(chǔ), 如如2013年大綱版全國(guó)卷年大綱版全國(guó)卷: The oldest and most common source(來源來源)of renewable energy known to man, biomass is one of the most important forms of energy production in the United States and elsewhere. Since such a

28、wide variety of biomass materials is everywhere -from trees and grasses to agricultural and city-life wastes -biomass promises to play a continuing role in providing power and heat for millions of people around the world. . . . Where does the text probably come from? A. A research plan. B. A science

29、 magazine. C. A book review. D. A business report. 【解析解析】選選B。推理判斷題。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容。推理判斷題。根據(jù)全文內(nèi)容, 尤其是文章第一尤其是文章第一段的表述可知這是一篇有關(guān)生物能的科普類文章段的表述可知這是一篇有關(guān)生物能的科普類文章, 故其應(yīng)該選故其應(yīng)該選自科學(xué)雜志自科學(xué)雜志, B項(xiàng)正確。項(xiàng)正確。4. 猜詞悟義猜詞悟義, 清除閱讀障礙清除閱讀障礙在做閱讀理解題時(shí)在做閱讀理解題時(shí), 常常會(huì)遇到不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞、看不懂的常常會(huì)遇到不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞、看不懂的句子等。這時(shí)考生不要緊張句子等。這時(shí)考生不要緊張, 而應(yīng)運(yùn)用學(xué)過的語言知識(shí)而應(yīng)運(yùn)用學(xué)過的語言知識(shí)

30、, 通過邏通過邏輯思維輯思維, 去推斷出此單詞和整個(gè)句子的含義。我們要學(xué)會(huì)去推斷出此單詞和整個(gè)句子的含義。我們要學(xué)會(huì)“順順藤摸瓜藤摸瓜”, 通過構(gòu)詞、語法、定義、同位、對(duì)比、因果、常識(shí)、通過構(gòu)詞、語法、定義、同位、對(duì)比、因果、常識(shí)、上下文等線索確定詞義、句意上下文等線索確定詞義、句意, 如如2014年湖北卷年湖北卷: The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who

31、were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching. This mismatch between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals, something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things. . . . Whic

32、h best illustrates the “mismatch” mentioned in Paragraph 4? A. Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning. B. Some baboons are shy but active in social activities. C. Some baboons observe others but dont follow them. D. Some baboons perform new tasks but dont concentrate. 【解析解析】選選C。詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四

33、段第一句得知這種。詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第四段第一句得知這種mismatch的行為應(yīng)在上文第三段已經(jīng)提及的行為應(yīng)在上文第三段已經(jīng)提及, 因此可以定位到第因此可以定位到第三段三段“The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching. ”所以答案選所以答案選C。5. 重疊選項(xiàng)重疊選項(xiàng), 定位答案定位答案通過題干返回原文通過題干返回原文, 判斷四個(gè)選項(xiàng)判斷四個(gè)選項(xiàng), 抓住選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)

34、鍵詞抓住選項(xiàng)中的關(guān)鍵詞, 把選項(xiàng)定位到原文的某處比較把選項(xiàng)定位到原文的某處比較, 重疊選項(xiàng)重疊選項(xiàng), 選出答案。注意要有選出答案。注意要有選一個(gè)答案的理由和不選其余三個(gè)的理由。選一個(gè)答案的理由和不選其余三個(gè)的理由。正確答案的特征正確答案的特征: 正確答案經(jīng)常與中心思想有關(guān)。正確答案經(jīng)常與中心思想有關(guān)。正確答案的位置正確答案的位置, 最常見的三個(gè)位置是最常見的三個(gè)位置是: 段首段尾處、轉(zhuǎn)折段首段尾處、轉(zhuǎn)折處、因果處。處、因果處。正確答案經(jīng)常運(yùn)用的原則正確答案經(jīng)常運(yùn)用的原則: 同義替換、正話反說、反話正說。同義替換、正話反說、反話正說。從語氣角度來看從語氣角度來看, 正確答案中經(jīng)常含有不肯定的語氣詞和委正確答案中經(jīng)常含有不肯定的語氣詞和委婉表達(dá)的用詞。例如婉表達(dá)的用詞。例如: can, may, might, possible, not necessarily, some。正確答案經(jīng)常具有概括性、深刻性正確答案經(jīng)常具