UNIT1 NEVER GIVE IN NEVER, NEVER, NEVER

1、1 Unit One Never Give in Never, Never, Never 2 By the end of this unit, you are supposed to grasp the authors purpose of writing and make clear the structure of the whole passage. comprehend and paraphrase the useful or important expressions/sentences. learn the new words and structures, and use the

2、m freely in conversation and writing. Learn the unique rhetoric methods in the speech Do you know when and how World War II broke out? What else do you know about it? When did WWII end? During World War I, which countries were the main Allies(協(xié)約國）, and which the main Axis （同盟國）? 4 WWII It was a glob

3、al military conflict which involved a majority of the worlds nations, including all of the great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The war involved the mobilisation of over 100 million military personnel, making it the most widespread war in history. Ov

4、er 70 million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history. 5 The start of the war is generally held to be in September 1939 with the German invasion of Poland and subsequent declarations of war on Nazi Germany by the United Kingdom. 6 The Bl

5、itz was the sustained bombing of Britain by Nazi Germany between 7 September 1940 and 10 May 1941, during the Second World War. The Blitz hit many towns and cities across the country, but it began with the bombing of London for 76 consecutive nights. 7 8 WWII Influence The Soviet Union and the Unite

6、d States emerged from the war as the worlds leading powers. This set the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 45 years. Germany suffers a lot during and after the war. The United Nations was formed in the hope of preventing another such conflict. The self-determination spawned by the wa

7、r accelerated decolonisation movements in Asia and Africa, while Western Europe itself began moving toward integration. 9 Chamberlain -Appeasement was a British PM from May 1937 to May 1940. Chamberlain is best known for his appeasement foreign policy, and in particular for his signing of the Munich

8、 Agreement in 1938, conceding the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany. 10 Relations with the Soviet Union When Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, Winston Churchill, a vehement anti-Communist, famously stated: If Hitler were to invade Hell, I should find occasion to make a favorable re

9、ference to the Devil, regarding his policy toward Stalin. Soon, British supplies and tanks were flowing to help the Soviet Union 11 Whats Winston Churchills typical image? What do you know of Winston Churchill? Winston Churchill (1874-1965) a combination of soldier, w r i t e r , a r t i s t , a n d

10、 statesman, renowned for his courage, imagination, oratory and intellect. In world war II he served as Prime Minister of UK from 1940 to 1945 and played a leading role in the resistance against German domination of Europe. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 1874 24 January 1965) was

11、a British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War (WWII) and his success in leading his country from the brink of defeat to victory. 14 He served as Prime Minister twice (1940 1945 and 1951 1955) and is widely regarded as one of the great w

12、artime leaders. He is a noted statesman and orator, historian, writer, and an artist. To date, he is the only British prime minister to have received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and the first person to have been recognized as an honorary citizen of the United States. Winston Churchill was born to

13、 an aristocratic family, with renowned ancestors and a politician father. As a prolific writer, he wrote a novel, two biographies, three volumes of memoirs, and several histories in addition to his many newspaper articles. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 “for his mastery of hist

14、orical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values”. Inventor of “V “ Churchills Parrot A grand grand bird A piece of news about Churchill Cairo Conference The meeting was attended by President Franklin Roosevelt of the United States, Prime Ministe

15、r Winston Churchill of the United Kingdom, and Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China. This text is a speech made by Churchill when he visited Harrow School on Oct. 29,1941. In his speech he analyzed the world situation and how other countries looked at Britain and then called on the

16、 British people not to give in. He expressed his conviction that this nation was determined to fight for the victory of this great war. 21 While-reading questions Finish reading the text within 10minutes and answer the following questions 1. What did Churchill intend to do by making this speech? 2.H

17、ow did he organize the speech so as to achieve his purpose? 3. What do you think is the most striking feature in the use of language? 4. What other rhetorical features do you see in the speech which lend force and appeal to it? 5. What is the prevailing tone of the speech? 22 Part 1 (Paragraph 1): S

18、ome opening remarks, in which Churchill summarized the events that had happened since his last visit to Harrow. Part 2 (Paragraphs 2 5): The body of the speech, in which Churchill drew the lessons to be learned from the past year. Part 3 (Paragraphs 6 8): The concluding part, in which, by changing a

19、 word in the additional verse of the school song, Churchill expressed his conviction that the entire nation was blessed with the chance to display its courage to the full in what was, as he elsewhere put it, its finest hour. 23 Opening Remarks: Paragraph 1 Never Give in, Never, Never, Never Winston

20、Churchill Almost a year has passed since I came down here at your Head Masters kind invitation in order to cheer myself and cheer the hearts of a few of my friends by singing some of our own songs. The ten months that have passed have seen very terrible catastrophic events in the world ups and downs

21、, misfortunes but can anyone sitting here this afternoon, this October afternoon, not feel deeply thankful for what has happened in the time that has passed and for the very great improvement in the position of our country and of our home? Why, when I was here last time we were quite alone, desperat

22、ely alone, and we had been so for five or six months. We were poorly armed. We are not so poorly armed today; but then we were very poorly armed. We had the unmeasured menace of the enemy and their air attack still beating upon us, and you yourselves had had experience of this attack; and I expect y

23、ou are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull with nothing particular turning up! Consider What was Churchills intention of singing some of their songs? How did Churchill present the mighty enemy, would that be discouraging? Highlights: Para.1 What effect is achieved by repea

24、ting “we were poorly armed”? How does Churchill convey his understanding and compassion toward his audience? Harrow School（哈羅公學）（哈羅公學） Set up by a farmer in 1572 one of a very few schools still specializing in providing a high quality boarding school education for boys Its long line of famous alumni

25、 include eight former Prime Ministers(including Churchill, Bal dwin, Peel, and Palmerston), numerous foreign statesmen, former and current members of both houses of the UK Parliament, two Kings and several other members of various royal families 27 Harrow School, commonly known simply as Harrow, is

26、an English independent school for boys situated in the town of Harrow, in north- west London. The school has an enrollment of approximately 830 boys spread across twelve boarding houses, all of whom board full-time. It remains one of the four all-boys, full-boarding schools in Britain 28 School trad

27、itions Uniform Boys at Harrow have two uniforms. Everyday dress, worn to most lessons, consists of a white shirt, black silk tie, light grey trousers 29 An alternative uniform, Sunday dress, worn Sunday and for more formal engagements, consists of something similar to morning dress; a black tailcoat

28、, dark grey pinstriped trousers, a black waistcoat, a black tie, and a white shirt. 30 Practices Every new boy who enters the school is given a two-week period of time called grace when he is not fully subject to all school rules and is shown the ropes by an assigned boy in the year above called a S

29、hepherd. When this period of time ends the boy sits the new boys test which tests general knowledge of the schools traditions. Some time later all new boys also sing a solo in front of their house at a house songs, officially ending their time as a new boy. All boys are required to wear their hats w

30、hen going to or from lessons and to cap all teachers (also known as beaks) who pass them which is done by the boy raising his forefinger to the brim of his hat. Those who do not follow these rules are punished. 31 作為哈羅畢業(yè)生的作為哈羅畢業(yè)生的“哈羅仔哈羅仔”(Harrovians)，就是這樣一個閃亮的名字。哈，就是這樣一個閃亮的名字。哈 羅仔里包含羅仔里包含7位英國前首相。不過實

31、際上，丘吉爾本人在哈羅的生涯并不開位英國前首相。不過實際上，丘吉爾本人在哈羅的生涯并不開 心，甚至可以說，對這位從小有些離經(jīng)叛道，有一個美國富家大小姐母親的心，甚至可以說，對這位從小有些離經(jīng)叛道，有一個美國富家大小姐母親的 名門子弟來說，哈羅公學的幾年歲月還頗為黑暗。名門子弟來說，哈羅公學的幾年歲月還頗為黑暗。 作為傳統(tǒng)名校，拉丁文考試是進入哈羅公學所必須的。但是丘吉爾的拉作為傳統(tǒng)名校，拉丁文考試是進入哈羅公學所必須的。但是丘吉爾的拉 丁文實在太差。他在自傳丁文實在太差。他在自傳我的早年生活我的早年生活里頗為里頗為“得意得意”地回憶：校長威地回憶：校長威 爾登博士對我的拉丁文作文寬宏大量，證明

32、他獨具慧眼，能判斷我全面的能爾登博士對我的拉丁文作文寬宏大量，證明他獨具慧眼，能判斷我全面的能 力，這非常難得。力，這非常難得。 這多少有些可笑，因為丘吉爾的拉丁文考試根本就是交了白卷，很難想這多少有些可笑，因為丘吉爾的拉丁文考試根本就是交了白卷，很難想 象，怎樣的老師會從白卷里發(fā)現(xiàn)什么慧根。丘吉爾之所以能夠進入哈羅，不象，怎樣的老師會從白卷里發(fā)現(xiàn)什么慧根。丘吉爾之所以能夠進入哈羅，不 是他自我吹噓的什么全面能力，而是基于父系丘吉爾家族是他自我吹噓的什么全面能力，而是基于父系丘吉爾家族(祖先馬爾波羅公祖先馬爾波羅公 爵是英國歷史上最偉大的軍事將領之一爵是英國歷史上最偉大的軍事將領之一)和母系美

33、國大富商這一難以讓人拒和母系美國大富商這一難以讓人拒 絕的超級顯赫家世。后來的歷史不斷證明，來自世界各地源源不斷靠家世走絕的超級顯赫家世。后來的歷史不斷證明，來自世界各地源源不斷靠家世走 后門進哈羅的權(quán)貴學生中，丘吉爾不是第一個，也不是最后一個。后門進哈羅的權(quán)貴學生中，丘吉爾不是第一個，也不是最后一個。 在哈羅讀書期間，丘吉爾的成績依然很差，特別是數(shù)學、拉丁文等，基在哈羅讀書期間，丘吉爾的成績依然很差，特別是數(shù)學、拉丁文等，基 本都是全校墊底。由于他生性頑皮叛逆，不時受到哈羅校規(guī)的本都是全校墊底。由于他生性頑皮叛逆，不時受到哈羅校規(guī)的“特別照顧特別照顧”。 不過他的英語和歷史成績卻非常的好，還

34、是全校的擊劍冠軍。不過他的英語和歷史成績卻非常的好，還是全校的擊劍冠軍。 32 和丘吉爾不太一樣，拜倫出身于一個貧窮 而破落的貴族家庭。但是由于這個家族本 身還是相當久遠和顯赫(拜倫10歲的時候就 繼承了世襲的爵位，以至于他的老師和校 長都需要稱呼這個孩子為“拜倫勛爵”)， 所以拜倫13歲時順利進入了與之地位相稱 的哈羅公學。 33 1905年，哈羅迎來了一位年輕羞澀、但精 干堅強的印度婆羅門子弟，他就是后來成 為印度國父的賈瓦哈拉爾 尼赫魯。和另外 一些同學和前輩一樣，尼赫魯也不喜歡哈 羅的生活，包括令人生厭的各種課程。而 且，由于出身于印度尊貴的婆羅門貴族家 庭，哈羅的生活對尼赫魯也顯得有

35、些艱苦。 比如他沒有隨身仆人伺候，學生在冬天必 須洗冷水澡，讓尼赫魯很不習慣。 34 學長制度(fagging system)起源于哈羅，曾長期流 行于英國的公學當中。主要指新入的學生必須服 侍高年級的學生，被他們視作奴仆。在英國中世 紀，“紳士”一詞是指負責伺候騎士的仆人，所 以相應的，公學里學生也被認為應該完成這種角 色轉(zhuǎn)換。伺候的具體內(nèi)容因?qū)W校而定，有些學校 里，低年級的學生需要為學長洗衣服、刷靴子和 做飯，有些學校只需要倒茶和在足球及板球比賽 中幫學長準備工具和跑腿。根據(jù)有些學生的回憶 錄，伊頓的學長制度里甚至包括在大冬天用身體 給學長暖拖鞋。 35 除了學長制外，體罰也是公學的重要象

36、征。體罰除了學長制外，體罰也是公學的重要象征。體罰 的方式五花八門，從不給吃飯到用棍子打。后來的方式五花八門，從不給吃飯到用棍子打。后來 還發(fā)展出鞭笞制，這又是哈羅的首創(chuàng)，丘吉爾等還發(fā)展出鞭笞制，這又是哈羅的首創(chuàng)，丘吉爾等 名人的屁股在哈羅期間都沒有少挨過鞭子。當然名人的屁股在哈羅期間都沒有少挨過鞭子。當然 無論是學長制還是體罰制，都已經(jīng)在近年廢除。無論是學長制還是體罰制，都已經(jīng)在近年廢除。 這些制度的產(chǎn)生都反映了英國傳統(tǒng)的教育觀念，這些制度的產(chǎn)生都反映了英國傳統(tǒng)的教育觀念， 即等級制度和尚武制度，特別是后者。大英帝國即等級制度和尚武制度，特別是后者。大英帝國 的基礎是建立在軍事勝利上的，所以

37、英國教育實的基礎是建立在軍事勝利上的，所以英國教育實 際上高度強調(diào)男性的陽剛之氣。際上高度強調(diào)男性的陽剛之氣。 Ups and downs Alternating periods of good and bad fortune or spirits. The organization has experienced its ups and downs since it was founded in 1999. Sitting beside the window, he recalled the ups and downs of his parenthood. the very improvem

38、ent: the better armament of the British forces and assistance from the U.S. At the beginning, of the Battle of Britain initiated by Germany on July 10, 1940, especially after the blitz of London, British military forces were poorly armed. Then they obtained military aids from the United States and i

39、mproved their armament. In addition, Britain was no longer alone in the war. In 1941, the United States began to involve itself in the war. On 7 July 1941, U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill met at Placentia Bay, off the coast of Newfoundland, and sign

40、ed the Atlantic Charter, a document outlining the Allied war aims. Unmeasured: limitless Measured Careful; restrained:仔細的；有分寸的： speak in measured words Regular in rhythm Speak in measured tone Menace: threat (intense than threat) the _ of nuclear war. A troublesome or annoying person: a nuisance Tha

41、t woman is a menace! She always plays with Johns emotion. Beat upon/on : (rain, wind, attack, etc) strike sb. Lull A relatively calm interval, as in a storm. To cause to sleep or rest; soothe or calm. lull a baby to sleep a lull in sales This is just the lull before the storm. Lullaby soft gentle so

42、ng sung to make a child go to sleep Serenade song or tune (suitable to be) sung or played at night, esp by a lover outside the window of the woman he loves Paraphrase there has been this long lull with nothing particular turning up! Britain has been in too long a period of stillness without taking a

43、ny particular action against the enemy! 44 Body of the Speech: Paragraphs 2-5 But we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is long and tough. It is generally said that the British are often better at the last. They do not expect to move from crisis to crisis; they do not

44、always expect that each day will bring up some noble chance of war; but when they very slowly make up their minds that the thing has to be done and the job put through and finished, then, even if it takes months if it takes years they do it. Another lesson I think we may take, just throwing our mind

45、s back to our meeting here ten months ago and now, is that appearances are often very deceptive, and as Kipling well says, we must “ . meet with Triumph and Disaster. And treat those two impostors just the same.” Highlights: Paras.2-3 Consider what are “short and sharp” and “ long and tough”? Whats

46、the most prominent character of the British according to Churchill? Highlights: Paras.2-3 Whats special about the last sentence of Para 2? Whats the difference between “They do it” and “they will do it”? (P2) What are the two lessons they should take? Why did Churchill quote Kipling as saying “treat

47、 those two imposters just the same?” But we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is long and tough. But we must learn to deal with difficulties and hardships of any kind, imminent or distant, temporary or long-lasting. 但是我們必須學會應付各種各樣的困難，暫時的 小困難，還是長期的大困難。 我們既要善打速決戰(zhàn)，也要能打持久

48、戰(zhàn)。 Better at the last. He laughs best who laughs last. Put through To bring to a successful end: To cause to undergo He put me through a lot of trouble put the project through on time Throwing our minds back to Recollecting， go back to Please throw your mind back to 1945, when people all over the wo

49、rld were engaged in a great and cruel war against the Fascists. 51 Deceive deceiver-deception deceptive Compare: Victory: the most general term “Victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory however long and hard the road may be; for without victory there is no survival” (Winston S.

50、Churchill). Triumph: a decisive victory The winning team returned home in triumph. The Archway of Triumph Rudyard Kipling ( 1865 1936) an English author and poet. Born in Bombay, British India (now Mumbai) he is best known for his works of fiction The Jungle Book Later in life Kipling came to be rec

51、ognized as a prophet of British imperialism. we must “meet with Triumph and Disaster. And treat those two imposters just the same.” we are sure to experience both Triumph and Disaster, and we must treat them as the same thing taking different appearance because they are essentially interchangeable.

52、54 You cannot tell from appearances how things will go. Sometimes imagination makes things out far worse than they are; yet without imagination not much can be done. Those people who are imaginative see many more dangers than perhaps exist; certainly many more will happen; but then they must also pr

53、ay to be given that extra courage to carry this far-reaching imagination. But for everyone, surely, what we have gone through in this period I am addressing myself to the school surely from this period of ten months this is the lesson: never give in, never give in, never, never, never, never in noth

54、ing, great or small, large or petty never give in except to convictions of honour and good sense. Never yield to force; never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy. We stood all alone a year ago, and to many countries it seemed that our account was closed, we were finished. All thi

55、s tradition of ours, our songs, our school history, this part of the history of this country, were gone and finished and liquidated. Highlights: Paras.4 Consider Whats the most prominent figure of speech? irony Whats wrong with over-imaginative people? What did other countries think of Britain a yea

56、r ago? Highlights: Paras.4 Parallelism and repetition Contrast Metaphor Our account was closed. Climax 層進法 A series of statements or ideas in an ascending order of rhetorical force or intensity. Anticlimax 突降法 make out 看出，辨認出；理解，了解；寫出，開出 He finally made it out. I could just make out a figure in the

57、darkness. Bill Gates made out a check for me for $10m. I cant make out what you want. He made out a strange toy. Imagination makes things out far worse What one imagines tends to be worse than reality 59 imaginative You are an imaginative person. Everything is imaginable. Now use your imagination, a

58、nd imagine there is an image of a chunk of gold, oooohh, too imaginary! 60 Pray to be given that extra courage to carry this far-reaching imagination Hope they have excessive courage to hold to their pessimism when the situation improves Far-reaching Having a wide range, influence, or effect: The es

59、tablishment of CPC is far-reaching. far-reaching plans for curriculum development Address make a speech, esp formally address sb as: use (a particular name or title) address oneself to sth He addressed the audience in an eloquent speech. Dont address me as Xiaojie. Im only a libarian. It is time we

60、addressed ourselves to the main item on the agenda. 62 Petty being minor or secondary significance or size; the term can suggest meanness of spirit: petty and childish behavior petty about money Petty bourgeoisie Conviction firm opinion or belief the convicting of a person for a crime Its my convict