定語從句初步整理

1、綜述中文名稱定語從句 / 形容詞性從句英文名稱attributive clauses定義在復(fù)合句中，用來修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。定語從句相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以又稱為形容詞性從句。被定語從句修飾的名詞，詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關(guān)系詞（關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞）引出。關(guān)系詞起連接作用，同時(shí)又在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分。分類限定性定語從句；非限定性定語從句； 鏈接名師點(diǎn)撥先行詞中文名稱先行詞英文名稱the antecedent定義顧名思義，在定語從句（及其引導(dǎo)詞）的前面，被定語從句修飾的詞就叫先行詞。先行詞常由名詞、名詞詞組或代詞充當(dāng)。舉例1. this is the

2、dog ( that) you bought two years ago. （the dog是先行詞。）2. the book i read last night is very interesting.（the book是先行詞。）關(guān)系代詞中文名稱關(guān)系代詞英文名稱relative pronouns定義關(guān)系代詞是關(guān)系詞的一種。引出定語從句的代詞，叫關(guān)系代詞。關(guān)系代詞通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞和定語從句之間，起連接的作用，同時(shí)又在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，有些情況可省略。例詞that, which, who, whom, whose等。用法關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的限定性定語從句；關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句關(guān)系詞先

3、行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系代詞who人主語do you know the woman who is talking with your teacher?whom, which和that在從句中作賓語時(shí)，?？梢允÷?，但介詞提前時(shí)后面關(guān)系代詞不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人賓語mr. green i高考資源網(wǎng)s the person with whom i am working.whose人，物定語i like those books whose topics are about science.the boy whose father works abroad is my classmate

4、. that人，物主語賓語a plane is a machine that can fly.he is the star (that) i want to see very much.which物主語賓語the bike (which) i gave you was worth $30.the picture which was about the earthquake was terrible.as人，物主語賓語he is such a person as is respected by all of us.this is the same key as i lost yesterday.

5、 as作賓語一般不省略注意事項(xiàng)1.關(guān)系代詞which和that 的區(qū)別that既可代表事物也可代表人，which只代表事物；它們在從句中作主語或賓語，that在從句中作賓語時(shí)?？墒÷源~，which在從句中作賓語也可以省略。 下列情況下，只用關(guān)系代詞which。在關(guān)系詞前面有介詞或逗號(hào)后面是非限定性定語從句時(shí)必用關(guān)系代詞which，其余大多用萬能的關(guān)系代詞that。記憶口訣：in which，(逗號(hào)) which； 其余都用萬能的that。例如：this is the classroom in which she learns to play soccer. （在關(guān)系詞前面有介詞in，只能用w

6、hich） in which= whereshe broke the window, which was a pity. （逗號(hào)后面是非限定性定語從句，只能用which）which修飾和補(bǔ)充說明前面整個(gè)句子，指她打碎窗戶這件事。注意：含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語look for, look after, take care of等一般不拆開使用。例如：this is the dog which/that i am looking for. （這里for不能提前）this is the house that/which she is looking for.（這里for不能提前）下列情況下，只用萬能的關(guān)系

7、代詞that。 （記憶聯(lián)想：無論是第一還是最后，最高還是最低，拿不定，怕重復(fù)時(shí)，就用萬能的that。）a. 先行詞是序數(shù)詞、the last、the only或被它們修飾時(shí)；（聯(lián)想：無論第一還是最后） 例如：i will never forget the first lesson (that) you gave me. 我將不會(huì)忘記你給我上的第一課。 b. 先行詞是最高級(jí)或被最高級(jí)修飾；（聯(lián)想：最高還是最低）例如：this is the best film that i have ever seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。 c. 先行詞為all, everything, anything,

8、 nothing, none 等不定代詞時(shí)或由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時(shí)； （聯(lián)想：拿不定）例如：all (that) she lacked was training. 她所缺乏的就是訓(xùn)練。d. 先行詞中既有人又有物時(shí)；（聯(lián)想：怕重復(fù)）例如：they were talking about the teachers and the schools that they had visited. 他們在談?wù)撍麄兯菰L的學(xué)校和老師。 e. 主句中含有who或which等特殊疑問句，為了避免重復(fù)時(shí)；（聯(lián)想：怕重復(fù)）例如：who is

9、the man that is standing there? 站在那里的那個(gè)男人是誰？which is the skirt that fits me most? 哪條是最適合我的裙子？f. 先行詞the first time, by the time, the time等后面的定語從句用that引導(dǎo)，可以省略。（聯(lián)想：怕重復(fù)時(shí)的“時(shí)”）例如：that was the first time i saw her. 那是我第一次看到她。by the time he arrived, you had left. 在他到達(dá)之前，你已經(jīng)離開了。the time they got together fin

10、ally came. 他們相聚的時(shí)間終于到了。3. which和as引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)的區(qū)別定語從句區(qū)別例句限制性定語從句中名詞前有such和the same修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用whichhe is not such a fool as he looks.dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定語從句中which引導(dǎo)的從句不能放在主句前，而as引導(dǎo)的從句則既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后或句子中間1. as is often the case, he came back home at midnight. 情況常常就是這樣，他

11、半夜回到了家。（as可放句首，which不能。）2. she saw her husband, as/which she had hoped. 如她所愿，她看到了她的丈夫。（as和which都可放主句后。）as和which都可以指代一個(gè)句子，但as有“正如”、“就像”之意，which則沒有此含義。1. he is a native speaker, as i know from his accent. 正如我從他的口音判斷的那樣，他講的是他的母語。(as指代一個(gè)句子，意為“正如”、“就像”)2. he has to stay at home, which he doesnt like. 他不得

12、不呆在家里，這是他不喜歡的。(which指代一個(gè)句子，沒有“正如”、“就像”)關(guān)系副詞中文名稱關(guān)系副詞英文名稱relative adverbs定義關(guān)系副詞是關(guān)系詞的一種。引出定語從句的副詞，叫關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系副詞通常出現(xiàn)在先行詞和定語從句之間，起連接的作用，同時(shí)又在定語從句中充當(dāng)句子成分，有些情況可省略。例詞where, when, why等。用法關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的限定性定語從句；關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句用法：關(guān)系詞先行詞句子成分例句備注關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語i will never forget the day when we met here.可用on whichwhere地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀

13、語this is the house where luxun was born.可用in whichwhy原因原因狀語i cant imagine the reason why he refused my offer.可用for which限定性和非限定性定語從句（一）限定性定語從句 中文名稱限定性定語從句 / 限制性定語從句英文名稱restrictive attributive clauses定義限定性定語從句是定語從句的一種，它對(duì)所修飾的先行詞有限定作用，使該詞的含義更準(zhǔn)確。限定性定語從句不能被省略，否則句意就不完整。這種從句和主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時(shí)不可用逗號(hào)分開。分類1. 關(guān)系代詞th

14、at, which, who, whom, whose引導(dǎo)的限定性定語從句；2. 關(guān)系副詞where, when, why引導(dǎo)的限定性定語從句；3. 準(zhǔn)關(guān)系詞as, than等引導(dǎo)的限定性定語從句。例句1. he brought home a box in which there was a dog. 先行詞 關(guān)系代詞 定語從句2. this is the bed where you should sleep.先行詞 關(guān)系副詞 定語從句3. the dog is a gift that his friends sends him. 先行詞 關(guān)系代詞 定語從句基本用法1. 關(guān)系代詞that, w

15、hich, who, whom, whose引導(dǎo)的限定性定語從句。這幾個(gè)代詞中，who指人；which指物；that指人或物（that做賓語能?。?；whom指人的賓格，常由who/that代替；whose相當(dāng)于形容詞，指人的或物的。例如：people found a dog which/that danced very well. 人們發(fā)現(xiàn)了一只跳舞很好的狗。(thatwhich這里指物，that做主語不能省)it is a lovely dog which(that) everyone loves. 它是一只人人喜歡的可愛的小狗。(thatwhich這里指物，that做賓語可省略) tom

16、is the person whom / who / (that) she follows. 湯姆是她一直跟著的人。(whom / who這里指人，that做賓語可省略)the dog helped the man whose car had broken down. 狗幫助了車壞的這個(gè)人。(“某人的”不能用which，只能用whose)please pass me the book whose cover is red. 請遞給我封面是紅色的那本書。(“某物的”可用which，也可用whose)（ whose cover = the cover of which = of which the

17、 cover ）2. 關(guān)系副詞where, when, why引導(dǎo)的限定性定語從句。和關(guān)系代詞一樣，關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起聯(lián)系作用，同時(shí)又在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定成分。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞可互換。 例如：this is the bed where/on which you should sleep. 這才是你應(yīng)該睡覺用的床。thats the reason why/for which she barks. 那才是她叫個(gè)不停的原因。i still remember the day whenon which i first came to the school. 我還記得第一次來這學(xué)校的那

18、天。beijing is the city wherein which he lived. 北京是他居住過的城市。3. 準(zhǔn)關(guān)系詞as, than等引導(dǎo)的限定性定語從句。as作為準(zhǔn)關(guān)系詞，出現(xiàn)在the same . as, such . as和as . as等結(jié)構(gòu)中。這種情況下，as前面通常要有名詞；as后面的從句意義上不像是通常的定語從句；as需要在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分例如： he is the same person as helped me yesterday. 他就是昨天幫我的那個(gè)人 (準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞as在從句中作主語) this is the same bike as i lost t

19、hree months ago. 這輛自行車跟我三個(gè)月前丟失的那輛一樣 (準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞as在從句中作賓語) ( 區(qū)別：this is the same bike that i lost three months ago. 這正是我三個(gè)月前丟失的那輛自行車 ) her hometown is not the same village as it used to be. 她的家鄉(xiāng)今非昔比，已不是過去的那個(gè)小村莊了 (as在從句中作表語) i can speak english in the same way as you do. 我能像你那樣說英語 this is not such a lovely

20、 dog as you just talked about. 這不是你們剛才談到的那種可愛的小狗such a poor man as he is will be helped. 像他這樣的窮人將會(huì)得到幫助 you have as much time as is required. 你要多少時(shí)間就有多少時(shí)間 i have as many books as you (do). 我的書和你的書一樣多than作為準(zhǔn)關(guān)系詞，出現(xiàn)在more . than, less . than, fewer . than等結(jié)構(gòu)中。這種情況下，than前面要有名詞；than本身有比較意義，而且需要在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成

21、分例如：dont worry. we have more time than is needed. 別擔(dān)心，我們的時(shí)間綽綽有余。(準(zhǔn)關(guān)系代詞than在從句中作主語)i have more/fewer photos than you (do). 我的照片比你的多/少she is a more helpful girl than you (are). 她是一個(gè)比你更有用的女孩（二）非限定性定語從句中文名稱非限定性定語從句 / 非限制性定語從句英文名稱non-restrictive attributive clauses定義非限定性定語從句是定語從句的一種，它與所修飾的先行詞關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對(duì)其

22、作一些附加說明，不起限定制約作用，寫時(shí)用逗號(hào)分開。如果將非限定性定語從句省去，主句的意義仍然完整。關(guān)系詞在非限定性定語從句中不能省略。分類1. 關(guān)系代詞 which, who, whom, whose引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句；2. 關(guān)系副詞where, when引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句；3. as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句。例句1. the bike, which i bought last month, is very cheap.先行詞 關(guān)系代詞 定語從句2. this is my bedroom, where i often listen to the music.先行詞 關(guān)系副詞 定語從句3.

23、 the dog is a christmas gift, which my father sent me. 先行詞 關(guān)系代詞 定語從句基本用法1. 關(guān)系代詞 which, who, whom, whose引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句。這幾個(gè)代詞中，which指物或整個(gè)句子；that不能用； who指人；whom指人的賓格，不能由who代替； whose相當(dāng)于形容詞，指人的或物的。關(guān)系代詞在非限定性定語從句中不能省略。例如：the dog, which dances very well, is from japan. 這只狗來自日本，它跳舞跳得很好。(which在這里指狗。)tom is a kin

24、d person, whom she follows everyday. 湯姆是個(gè)好人，她每天跟著他。(whom這里指tom)the dog helped the policeman, whose car broke down last night. 狗幫助了這個(gè)警察，他的車昨晚壞了。please pass me the book, whose cover is red. 請遞給我那本書，封面是紅色的那本。2. 關(guān)系副詞where, when引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句。和關(guān)系代詞一樣，關(guān)系副詞放在先行詞和定語從句之間，起聯(lián)系作用，同時(shí)又在定語從句中充當(dāng)一定成分。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞可互換。 why不

25、能引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句。關(guān)系副詞在非限定性定語從句中不能省略。例如：this is your bed, where/on which you should sleep. 這是你的床，你應(yīng)該在這里睡覺。i still remember the special day, whenon which i first came to the school. 我還記得那個(gè)特殊的日子，那天我第一次來這所學(xué)校。3. as引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句。as引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，不能指代某個(gè)名詞或代詞，只代表主語或主句的一部分，可以放在主句前，后或中間，在從句中作主語或賓語。常用結(jié)構(gòu)：as we can see, a

26、s can be seen, as we know, as is（well） known, as may be imagined, as often happens, as has been said before, as was mentioned above, as is often the case, as/indeed it is, etc.例如：as is known to all, he is her brother. 眾所周知，他是她的哥哥。 (as指代整個(gè)句子，作主語，置于句首)he came to our school, as could be expected. 他如大家所

27、愿，來到了我們學(xué)校。 (as 指代整個(gè)句子，作主語，置于句末)as we all know, he left in a hurry. 我們知道，他匆忙離開了。(as 指代整個(gè)句子，作賓語，置于句首)shanghai is, as you know, a busy city. 上海，如你所知，是個(gè)熱鬧的城市。(as指代整個(gè)句子，作賓語，置于句中)（三）限定性定語從句和非限定性定語從句的區(qū)別1. 形式和作用不同。限定性定語從句的主句與從句不需要用逗號(hào)隔開，從句不能省略，如果省略整個(gè)句子意思不完整。非限定性定語從句的主句與從句需要用逗號(hào)隔開。從句只是起到補(bǔ)充說明的作用，可以省略，如果省略整個(gè)句子意思

28、仍然完整。例如：he has a son who works in peking university. 他有一個(gè)在北京大學(xué)工作的兒子。（他可能還有其他兒子。限制性定語從句。） he has a son, who works in peking university. . 他有一個(gè)兒子，在北京大學(xué)工作。（他只有一個(gè)兒子。非限制性定語從句，起補(bǔ)充說明作用。）2. 關(guān)系詞不同。限定性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有時(shí)可以省略，非限定性定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞不可以省略，不能用that。who也不可以替換whom。 例如：she catches a bone (which/that) he gives her. 她接住了

29、他給的骨頭。 (限制性定語從句，引導(dǎo)詞做賓語可以省略。)she catches a bone, which he gives her. 她接住了一根骨頭，那是他給的。(非限制性定語從句，引導(dǎo)詞不可以省略。)3. 修飾的對(duì)象有時(shí)不同。限定性定語從句只修飾先行詞，非限定性定語從句既可以修飾先行詞，也可以修飾整個(gè)句子或句子的一部分。例如：she can sing, which i cannot. （which修飾和補(bǔ)充說明前面整個(gè)句子，指她能唱歌這件事。）名師點(diǎn)撥an attributive clause also comes from a sentence.句子 從句 the boy often

30、comes late.the boy who often comes late 指人the book cost me ten yuan.the book that cost me ten yuan 指事物i met the man last week.the man that i met last week 指人,作賓語，可省略i saw a movie last month.the movie i saw last monthhe told us a story last night.the story he told us last nighti go to school with the

31、 boy every day.the boy i go to school with every dayi live in a big house.the big house i live inthe cat came in through the hole.the hole the cat came in throughwe spent the night on the hill.the night we spent on the hill區(qū)別：（1）they got married on that day.the day when they got marriedthe day on which they got