消防系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行可靠性的估計(jì)（畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中英文對照）

1、本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目：estimates of the operational reliability of fire protection systems文獻(xiàn)、資料來源：網(wǎng)絡(luò)文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期：2008.6院 （部）： 市政與環(huán)境工程學(xué)院專 業(yè)： 給水排水工程班 級： 姓 名： 學(xué) 號： 指導(dǎo)教師： 翻譯日期： 2008.6山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文times new roman，小4號，1.5倍行距頁眉：黑體，5號，居中外文文獻(xiàn)：estimates of the operational reliability of fire protection sys

2、temsfor the past three years，the national institute of standards and technology (nist) has been working to develop a new encryption standard to keep government information securethe organization is in the final stages of an open process of selecting one or more algorithms，or data-scrambling formulas

3、，for the new advanced encryption standard (aes) and plans to make adecision by late summer or early fallthe standard is slated to go into effect next year richard w. bukowski, p.e. senior engineer mst building and fire research laboratory gaithersburg, md 20899-8642 usa edward k. budnick, p.e., and

4、christopher f. scheme1 vice president chemical engineer hughes associates, inc hughes associates, inc. baltimore, md 21227-1652usa baltimore, md 2 1227-1652usa introduction background fire protection strategies are designed and installed to perform specific functions. for example, a fire sprinkler s

5、ystem is expected to control or extinguish fires: to accomplish this, the system sprinklers must open, and the required amount of water to achieve control or extinguishment must be delivered to the fire location. a fire detection system is intended to provide sufficient early warning of a fireto per

6、mit occupant notification and escape, fire servicenotification, and in some cases activation of other fire protection features (e.g., special extinguishing systems, smoke management systems). both system activation (detection) and notification (alarm) must occur to achieve early warning. constructio

7、n compartmentation is generally designed to limit the extent of fire spread as well as to maintain the buildings structural integrity as well as tenability along escape routes for some specified period of time. in order to accomplish this, the construction features must be fire “rated” (based on sta

8、ndard tests) and the integrity of the features maintained. the reliability of individual fire protection strategies such as detection, automatic suppression, and construction compartmentation is important input to detailed engineering analyses associated with performance based design. in the context

9、 of safety systems, there are several elements of reliability, including both operational andperfornzance reliability. operational reliability provides a measure of the probability that a fire protection system will operate as intended when needed. performance reliability is a measure of the adequac

10、y of the feature to successfully perform its intended hnction under specific fire exposure conditions. the former is a measure of component or system operability while the latter is a measure of the adequacy of the system design. the scope of this study was limited to evaluation of operational relia

11、bility due primarily to the form of the reported data in the literature. in addition to this distinction between operational and performance reliability, the scope focused on unconditional estimates of reliability and failure estimates in terms offail-dangerous outcomes. a discussion of these terms

12、is provided later in the paper. scop this paper provides a review of reported operational reliability and performance estimates for (1) fire detection, (2) automatic suppression, and to a limited extent (3) construction compartmentation. in general, the reported estimates for fire detection are larg

13、ely for smoke detectiodfire alarm systems; automatic sprinklers comprise most of the data for automatic suppression, and compartmentation includes compartment fire resistance and enclosure integrity. it should be noted that in some cases the literature did not delineate beyond the general categories

14、 of “fire detection” or “automatic suppression,” requiring assumptions regarding the specific type of fire protection system. several studies reported estimates of reliability for both fire detection and automatic sprinkler system strategies. however, very little information was found detailing reli

15、ability estimates for passive fire protection strategies such as compartmentation. a limited statistical based analysis was performed to provide generalized information on the ranges of such estimates and related uncertainties. this latter effort was limited to evaluation of reported data on detecti

16、on and suppression. insufficient data were identified on compartmentation reliability to be included. this paper addresses elements of reliability as they relate to fire safety systems. the literature search that was performed for this analysis is reviewed and important findings and data summarized.

17、 the data found in the literature that were applicable to sprinkler and smoke detection systems reliability were analyzed, with descriptive estimates of the mean values and 95 percent confidence intervals for the operational reliability of these in situ systems reported. elements of reliability anal

18、ysis there is considerabie variation in reliability data and associated anaiysesreported in the literature. basically, reliability is an estimate of the probability that a system or component will operate as designed over some time period. during the useful or expected life of a component, this time

19、 period is “reset” each time a component is tested and found to be in working order. therefore, the more often systems and components are tested and maintained, the more reliable they are. this form of reliability is referred to as unconditional. unconditional reliability is an estimate of the proba

20、bility that a system will operate “on demand.” a conditional reliability is an estimate that two events of concern, i.e., a fire and successful operation of a fire safety system occur at the same time. reliability estimates that do not consider a fire event probability are unconditional estimates. t

21、wo other important concepts applied to operational reliability arefuiled-safe andfailed- dangerous. when a fire safety system fails safe, it operates when no fire event has occurred. a common example is the false alarming of a smoke detector. a fire safety system fails dangerous when it does not fun

22、ction during a fire event. in this study, thefailed-dangerous event defines the operational probability of failure (1-reliability estimate). a sprinkler system not operating during a fire event or an operating system that does not control or extinguish a fire are examples of this type of failure. th

23、e overall reliability of a system depends on the reliability of individual components and their corresponding failure rates, the interdependencies of the individual components that compose the system, and the maintenance and testing of components and systems once installed to veri operability. all o

24、f these factors are of concern in estimating operationaz reliability. fire safety system performance is also of concern when dealing with the overall concept of reliability. system performance is defined as the ability of a particular system to accomplish the task for which it was designed and insta

25、lled. for example, the performance of a fire rated separation is based on the construction components ability to remain intact and provide fire separation during a fire. the degree to which these components prevent fire spread across their intended boundaries defines system performance. performance

26、reliability estimates require data on how well systems accomplish their design task under actual fire events or full scale tests. information on performance reliability could not be discerned directly from many of the data sources reviewed as part of this effort due to the form of the presented data

27、, and therefore, it is not addressed as a separate effect. the cause of failure for any type of system is typically classified into several general categories: installation errors, design mistakes, manufacturing/equipment defects, lack of maintenance, exceeding design limits, and environmental facto

28、rs. there are several approaches that can be utilized to minimize the probability of failure. such methods include (1) design redundancy, (2) active monitoring for faults, (3) providing the simplest system (i.e., the least number of components) to address the hazard, and (4)a well designed inspectio

29、n, testing, and maintenance program. these reliability engineering concepts are important when evaluating reliability estimates reported in the literature. depending on the data used in a given analysis, the reliability estimate may relate to one or more of the concepts presented above. the literatu

30、re review conducted under the scope of this effort addresses these concepts where appropriate. most of the information that was obtained from the literature in support of this paper were reported in terms of unconditional operationaz reliability, i.e., in terms of the probability that a fire protect

31、ion strategy will not faiz dangerous. literature review a literature search was conducted to gather reliability data of all types for fire safety systems relevant to the protection strategies considered: automatic suppression, automatic detection, and compartmentation. the objective of the literatur

32、e search was to obtain system-specific reliability estimates for the performance of each type of fire safety system as a function of generic occupancy type (e.g., residential, commercial, and institutional). sources of information included national fire incident database reports, us department of de

33、fense safety records, industry and occupancy specific studies, insurance industry historical records and inspection reports documented in the open literature, and experimental data. reports on experimental work and fire testing results were utilized only when fire detection, automatic suppression, o

34、r compartmentation strategies were explicitly evaluated. tests of systems used for qualification, approval, or listing were also reviewed for information on failure modes. published data from the united kingdom, japan, australia, and new zealand were included. general studies several broad based stu

35、dies were identified that reported reliability estimates for fire detection and fire suppression systems as well as construction compartmentation. these included (1) the warrington fire research study 1996 in the united kingdom, (2) the australian fire engineering guidelines fire code reform center,

36、 19961,(3) a compilation of fire statistics for tokyo, japan tokyofire department, 19971,and (4)results from a study of in situ performance of fire protection systems in japan watanabe, 19791. the warrington fire research study addressed the reliability of fire safety systems and the interaction of

37、their components. a delphi methodology was used to develop discrete estimates of the reliability of detection and alarm systems, fire suppression systems, automatic smoke control systems, and passive fire protection (e.g., compartmentation). the australian fire engineering guidelines were developed

38、as the engineering code of practice supporting the new performance-based building code of australia. following the methods in this guide, building fire safety performance is evaluated for smouldering, flaming non-flashover, and flaming flashover fires. the performance (ie., probability of detecting,

39、 extinguishing or controlling a fire event) of fire safety systems is predicted, accounting explicitly for the operational reliability of the particular system. reliability estimates from an expert panel rather than from actual data are provided in the guideline for this purpose. finally, operationa

40、l reliability data were reported in two separate studies in japan. one study involved evaluation of fire incident reports from the city of tokyo during the period from 1990 to 1997 tokyofire department 19971. the other study involved review of fire incident reports throughout japan during an earlier

41、 time period ending in 1978 watanabe 19791. table 1provides a summary of the reliability estimatesprovided in these studies. significant differences exist in the individual reliability estimates depending on the parameters used to develop these estimates. depending on the required accuracy in predic

42、ting future operational performance of fire protection systems, dependence on the range of estimates from these studies could significantly alter the results. in addition, the uncertainty associated with a single estimate of reliability or the existence of potentially important biases in the methods

43、 used to derive these estimates may limit their direct usefulness in addressing either operational or performance reliability of fire protection systems. table 1. published estimates for fire protection systems operational reliability (probability of success (yo) na= not addressed review of availabl

44、e reliability data due to the limited applicability of the reliability estimates published in the general literature, the literature review was extended in an effort to (1) develop an improved understanding of the elements of each of the three strategies under consideration that influence reliabilit

45、y, and (2) identify and evaluate quantitative data regarding individual system operability and failure rates. automatic suppression systems (i.e., sprinkler systems) table 2 provides a summary of reported operational reliability estimates from several studies that evaluated actual fire incidents in

46、which automatic sprinklers were present. as a group, these studies vary significantly in terms of the reporting time periods, the types of occupancies, and the level of detail regarding the types of fires and the sprinkler system design. the estimates presented in table 2 generally indicate relative

47、ly high operational reliability for automatic sprinkler systems. while some of the references include fire “control” or “extinguishment” as part of the reliability assessment, the reported data were not consistent. therefore, operational reliability was assumed to be limited to sprinkler operation.

48、the estimates also indicate a range of values, suggesting that it would be inappropriate to assign a single value for sprinkler system reliability without attention to biases in the data sources and general uncertainty associated with combining data from different databases. ” 中文譯文：消防系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行可靠性的估計(jì)在過去三年

49、中，（美國）國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與技術(shù)局（nist）已在研究開發(fā)一種新的加密標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以確保政府的信息安全。該組織目前正處于為新的先進(jìn)加密標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（aes）選擇一個或幾個算法或數(shù)據(jù)打亂公式的開放過程的最后階段，并計(jì)劃在夏末或秋初作出決定。此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)內(nèi)定明年實(shí)施。 richard w. bukowski：體育，高級工程師，瑟斯堡建筑及消防研究實(shí)驗(yàn)室的mst，美國醫(yī)學(xué)博士20899-8642；edward k. budnick：體育、巴爾的摩休斯聯(lián)合公司副總裁 ,美國美國醫(yī)學(xué)博士21227-1652；christopher f. scheme1，克里斯托弗計(jì)劃1，巴爾的摩休斯聯(lián)合公司化學(xué)工程師、美國醫(yī)學(xué)博士21227-1

50、652；前言背景資料：為執(zhí)行特定功能而設(shè)計(jì)和安裝的美國消防計(jì)劃. 例如,自動噴水滅火系統(tǒng)目的在于控制或撲滅火災(zāi):為此: 自動滅火系統(tǒng)必須長開, 及能滿足火災(zāi)地所需水量達(dá)到控制或消滅火災(zāi), 火災(zāi)探測系統(tǒng)是為了盡早提供火災(zāi)預(yù)警通報來通知樓內(nèi)人員安全逃生，并提供 消防通知,使其他的消防組成部分開啟(例如,特殊滅火系統(tǒng)、排煙系統(tǒng)). 兩種消防系統(tǒng)啟動(檢測)和(警報)必須達(dá)到盡早報警. 建筑防火墻的一般設(shè)計(jì)目的為：限制火災(zāi)蔓延的程度,和保持建筑物的結(jié)構(gòu) 的完整以及在火災(zāi)發(fā)生時保護(hù)逃生路線的安全性. 為了做到這一點(diǎn), 特殊的消防系統(tǒng)必須按標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測試及保持特殊消防系統(tǒng)完整性的特點(diǎn). 消防系統(tǒng)的組成部分如探測

51、系統(tǒng),自動滅火系統(tǒng)、防火墻的可靠性，在于提高基于設(shè)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)上的聯(lián)合演習(xí)的細(xì)節(jié)分析的投入。在安全系統(tǒng)方面,有幾個可靠性要素包括有效和能使用的可靠性， 運(yùn)行可靠性提供一定程度的概率,即消防系統(tǒng)在需要時運(yùn)行. 運(yùn)行可靠性能在特定的火災(zāi)情況下利用起特點(diǎn)成功完成起任務(wù)的一種檢測手段。前者是系統(tǒng)組成和可靠性的評估,而后者是系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)適宜性的評估.這項(xiàng)研究的范圍僅限于運(yùn)行可靠性的評估，其主要原因是在于來自文獻(xiàn)資料內(nèi)容的可靠性. 除了這項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)區(qū)分可靠性和性能, 無條件評估的可靠性和故障估計(jì)的研究范圍在失控的火災(zāi)中列出.在該文件的后面將會提供這些條款的討論. 研究范圍：這份文件中提供了關(guān)于(1)火災(zāi)探測(2)有限范

52、圍內(nèi)的自動滅火(3)放火墻的運(yùn)行可靠性和執(zhí)行可靠性的一些觀點(diǎn). 一般而言,火災(zāi)檢測的可靠性大都在于煙氣檢測或火災(zāi)報警系統(tǒng)。自動噴頭構(gòu)成了大部分的自動滅火的數(shù)據(jù)，放火墻包括分區(qū)放火和圍墻的完整性。應(yīng)當(dāng)指出,在某些情況下,該文獻(xiàn)不會超出一般火災(zāi)探測 或自動滅火的范疇和要求假設(shè)具體類型消防系統(tǒng). 幾項(xiàng)研究報告估計(jì)了火災(zāi)探測的可靠性和自動滅火系統(tǒng)計(jì)劃. 然而,對被動放火系統(tǒng)如防火分區(qū)的詳細(xì)評估很少被發(fā)現(xiàn). 根據(jù)有限的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料經(jīng)分析后，被用來歸納包括評估和不確定的關(guān)聯(lián)性等信息. 后者的作用僅限于文獻(xiàn)資料在檢測和滅火時的評估.放火分區(qū)的可靠性也包括與之關(guān)聯(lián)的不可靠數(shù)據(jù).這份報告列出了與放火系統(tǒng)相關(guān)的可靠性

53、原理. 為了回顧分析和重要發(fā)展以及數(shù)據(jù)概括.在文獻(xiàn)檢索時被完成。該文獻(xiàn)中適用于噴頭、煙霧偵測系統(tǒng)可靠性的數(shù)據(jù)已經(jīng)被分析篩選。這些數(shù)據(jù)是描述防火系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行可靠性在均值和95%的置信區(qū)間時的可靠性?？煽啃苑治龅脑碓谖墨I(xiàn)中的數(shù)據(jù)可靠性和相關(guān)分析上有很大的變化。基本上， 可靠性是一種概率的估計(jì),即一個系統(tǒng)或組成部分在一定時間內(nèi)按照設(shè)計(jì)正常運(yùn)行. 其組成部分在正常運(yùn)行或預(yù)期壽命的時間中、 這一時期是改寫的一個組成部分,是每次測試都發(fā)現(xiàn)是運(yùn)行正常的一個時.因此,系統(tǒng)及其組成部件越經(jīng)常測試和維修保養(yǎng),他們就越為可靠. 這種形式的可靠性就叫做無條件. 系統(tǒng)正常運(yùn)行的可靠性是無條件的概率的估計(jì)。有條件的可靠性是

54、對所提及的兩件事情的估計(jì)，即發(fā)生火災(zāi)和消防系統(tǒng)成功運(yùn)行在同一個時間內(nèi)發(fā)生?？煽啃怨烙?jì)并不認(rèn)為火災(zāi)發(fā)生的幾率是無條件的估計(jì)。涉及到運(yùn)行可靠性的其他兩個重要概念是安全故障和危險故障. 無火災(zāi)發(fā)生時,消防系統(tǒng)卻運(yùn)行叫做安全故障。一個常見的例子就是一個煙霧探測器的假報警現(xiàn)象. 發(fā)生火災(zāi)時而消防系統(tǒng)卻不起作用，這叫做危險故障。在這項(xiàng)研究中不能有效使用的概率(1-可靠性估計(jì))稱為危險故障.火災(zāi)期間自噴系統(tǒng)不能運(yùn)行或者運(yùn)行系統(tǒng)不能控制或撲滅火災(zāi)都是這種類型的失誤。整個系統(tǒng)的可靠性取決于各個組成部分的可靠性及其相應(yīng)的失敗率, 系統(tǒng)組成部分的相互依存性，安裝后系統(tǒng)及其組成部分在維修和測試時所出拒的評估?？紤]到關(guān)

55、鍵的可靠性時也涉及到消防系統(tǒng)的性能。系統(tǒng)性能被定義為某一特定系統(tǒng)的能力，為完成其設(shè)計(jì)安裝的任務(wù)。例如：被評估為性能分離的系統(tǒng),是基于在火災(zāi)期間各個組成部分在保持建筑物的構(gòu)造和防止火災(zāi)蔓延時的作用。系統(tǒng)性能根據(jù)其各個組件控制火災(zāi)蔓延的程度來界定。性能可靠性評估所需要的數(shù)據(jù)在于，消防系統(tǒng)在一般和大規(guī)?；馂?zāi)情況下完成設(shè)計(jì)目的的程度，性能可靠性的數(shù)據(jù)通過復(fù)檢這些數(shù)據(jù)的來源。因?yàn)檫@些作用取決于顯示數(shù)據(jù)的內(nèi)容，因此，這不是某單方面的作用。各種類型系統(tǒng)失敗的原因通常分為幾大類：安裝錯誤，設(shè)計(jì)錯誤，制造/設(shè)備缺陷，缺乏保養(yǎng)，超過設(shè)計(jì)限額和環(huán)境因素，有幾種方法可以利用以減少失敗的概率，這些方法包括：(1)冗余設(shè)

56、計(jì),(2)積極監(jiān)測故障,(3)提供最簡單的系統(tǒng)(即最少的部件)為解決危險,以及(4)一個設(shè)計(jì)檢驗(yàn)、測試、維修計(jì)劃.這些運(yùn)行可靠性的概念都是重要的，當(dāng)運(yùn)行可靠性評估在溫憲忠報道時，因?yàn)樵谀骋环治鲋杏玫降馁Y料，可靠性評估可能用到一個或多個上述概念，在這一范圍內(nèi)閱讀這一文獻(xiàn)時可酌情處理，大部分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)是從支持這份論文的文獻(xiàn)中獲取得，這些文獻(xiàn)卻符合在無條件運(yùn)行可靠性！文獻(xiàn)檢索文獻(xiàn)檢索是搜集各種類型消防系統(tǒng)可能性的數(shù)據(jù)，這些數(shù)據(jù)被認(rèn)為與安全計(jì)劃有關(guān)：自動滅火，自動檢測，和消防隔離。文獻(xiàn)檢索的目的是獲得特殊系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行可靠性評估，這些特殊系統(tǒng)中每一種類型的消防系統(tǒng)都為一般的居住物（如住宅，商業(yè)建筑和公用建筑）。信息來源包括全國火災(zāi)事故的數(shù)據(jù)資料，美國國防部安全記錄工業(yè)和住房的特殊研究，工業(yè)保險歷史記錄和檢查報告的公開文獻(xiàn)和 試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)。試點(diǎn)工作和火災(zāi)測試結(jié)果的報告只有在火災(zāi)探測、自動滅火或者防火隔離計(jì)劃時被明確評價是被利用，測試系統(tǒng)用于資格核準(zhǔn)或列表，并且用于審查失效方式的資料，英國公布的數(shù)據(jù)也包括日本、澳大利亞和新西蘭在內(nèi)。常識多個基礎(chǔ)廣泛的研究報告指出,這份調(diào)查是關(guān)于