華東理工大學 高級英語 授課教案 book 2 Unit 4

1、advanced english, book two, unit four pre-readingwhile-readingpost-reading pre-reading questions background information vocabulary phrases text exercises questions and discussions 1) what are some of the features of political speech? 2 )what do you know about the qualifications for presidential cand

2、idates? 3) do you know about john f. kennedy? 4) do you know john f. kennedys famous and ever-lasting inaugural address? if so, can you cite some examples from his speech? back background information the presidential election system in america inauguration day and presidential oath home john f. kenn

3、edy the cold war arms race biblical allusion and biblical style by law any natural-born american citizen of and over 35 years of age can run for the presidency. but in fact only the candidates nominated by the two major parties, the republican and the democratic, have the chances to win a presidenti

4、al election. the choosing of a candidate for the presidency is extremely important for both parties. to do this, each party holds its national convention every four years, in the summer before the general election. the convention is an assembly of party bosses and activists. several months before th

5、e convention, all the aspirants for nomination begin their personal campaigns within the party. his purpose is to have his supporters chosen as delegates to the convention. the more supporters he has, the bigger is the chance for him to be nominated for the candidacy. this process is called the prim

6、ary election. to win a presidential election, a candidate has to spend many millions of dollars which comes from its personal collection, partys help and grant from the government. he has to travel all over the country, making countless speeches and shaking hands with countless voters. he has to fac

7、e his rival in debates on television. he has to make the best use of his glib tongue and arouse public confidence in him. in 1980, george bush, to gain his publicity, raced through the streets. on his clothes were printed “george bush fro the presidency”. a candidate must also try to profit from his

8、 rivals disadvantage, making harsh attacks on his policies and exposing his personal flaw. this may become very disgusting sometimes. when lincoln ran for the presidency, his mother, for example, was abused of immortality. a presidential candidate also tires to collect information about his rivals s

9、o as to employ the most profitable tactics. the case in point was nixons watergate break-in. the general election , held on the second tuesday after the first monday in november in each election year. in the case that no candidate wins the majority of electoral votes, the election is decided by the

10、house of representatives. the house of representatives votes by state. thus every state in the house of representative gets one vote. after that, the president elect will happily prepare his inaugural address for the inauguration ceremony taking place before the u.s. capitol building on january 20,

11、following the november general election. he will be busy framing his administration and getting ready to move into the white house. but he must also remember that 3 years later, or in the fourth year of his first term, he will have to go through the whole process all over again if he wants to be re-

12、elected. the white house is not a place for a president to stay permanently. he can never live in it for more than 8 years. his salary now is $200,000 a year, and he also gets an extra$50,000; but he must pay income tax on the whole amount. he gets up to $100,00, tax-free, for travel and entertainin

13、g. his total pay is far less than a successful scientist, a big manager, a professional athlete or a film star. the founding fathers set up in the constitution a rather bare- bones（梗概） presidential election system. they merely provided that the chief executive should be chosen by electors, whose num

14、ber from each state should equal that states combined representation in the u.s. house and senate. each individual elector would vote by ballot for two persons, with the person various vice presidential choices. no story has ever emerged that an elector voted for washington for vice president and so

15、meone else for president, though had one done so we could not have known the difference without an explanation. with his self-imposed two term limitation, washington removed himself from the 1796 presidential contest. when he left, political unanimity（一致） went with him. political parties stepped int

16、o the forefront in a race between federalist john adams and republican thomas jefferson. back inauguration day and presidential oath the first one on april 30, 1789, george washington. since 1937, inauguration day has been changed to jan, 20. on this day every four years the newly elected president

17、of the united states faces the people for the first time. takes the presidential oath of office and delivers his inaugural address. the solemn presidential oath: traditionally administered by the chief justice, is prescribed in article ii, section 1 of the constitution of the united states. the oath

18、 runs as follows:“ i do solemnly swear that i will faithfully execute the office of president of the united states, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the constitution of the united states.” on january 20, 1961, john fitzgerald kenn edy is sworn in as 35th president of

19、the unite d states. the ceremonies at the inauguration began with a marine band rendition of america the beautiful; contralto marion anderson sang the star spangled banner; new england poet robert fro st recited his poem the gift outright; bostons cardinal cushin g delivered a 20 minute invocation.

20、president kennedys inaugural address was both eloquent and memorable. he stood before the capitol, handsome and youthf ul at age 43, calling for a fresh spirit in national life: let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generatio

21、n of americans. he was the youngest man to ever assume that office by election. back born: may 29, 1917, in brookline, massachusetts died: november 22, 1963, in dallas, texas nickname: jfk married: jacqueline lee bouvier (1929-1994), on september 12, 1953 religion: roman catholic education: graduate

22、d from harvard college (1940) political party: democrat he first ran for congress as a democrat, then as senate. kennedy missed being nominated for vice-president by a few votes in 1956. but he gained an introduction to millions of americans who watched the chicago democratic convention of televisio

23、n when he decided to run for president in 1960, his name was widely known. many thought that his religion and his youthful appearance would handicap him. he faced the religion issue frankly. he decided his firm belief in the separation of church and state. kennedys four television debates with repub

24、lican candidate, richard m. nixon (37th), were a highlight of the 1960 campaign. he was assassinated in november 1963, when journeyed to texas for a speech-making tour. he was shot in the neck and head by a 24-year-old man. he died half hour later. within two hours, vice-president johnson took the o

25、ath as president. a state funeral was held for him. campaign speech july, 1960, john f. kennedy accepts the democratic nomination for the office of president of the unites states of america. and i can assure all of you here, you have repose in the company of me, that ill be worthy of your trust, we

26、will carry the fight for the people. and we shall win.” for those under age 45 or so, november 22 is probably just another day. on november 22, 1963, when he was hardly past his first thousand days in office, john fitzgerald kennedy was killed by an assassins bullets as his motorcade wound through d

27、allas, texas. kennedy was the youngest man elected president; he was the youngest to die. his inaugural address offered the memorable injunction: ask not what your country can do for you-ask what you can do for your country. as president, he set out to redeem his campaign pledge to get america movin

28、g again. his economic programs launched the country on its longest sustained expansion since world war ii. john f. kennedy (1917-1963) john f. kennedy was a war hero, a pulitzer prize-winning author, a u.s. senator for most of the 1950s. in november 1960, at the age of 43, john f. he became the youn

29、gest man ever elected president of the united states. on nov. 22, 1963, kennedy was shot to death in dallas, tex., the fourth united states president to die by an assassins bullet. back the cold war the yalta conference is often cited as the beginning of the cold war. this meeting of the big three a

30、t the former palace of czar nicholas on the crimean southern shore of the black sea took place february 4-11, 1945. stalins army had reached the oder river and was poised for the final attack on berlin, but stalin on feb. 3 had ordered zhukov to pause while the conference was in session. his occupat

31、ion of poland was complete, and he possessed command of the largest army in europe, 12 million soldiers in 300 divisions. eisenhowers 4 million men in 85 divisions were still west of the rhine. johnny carson the cold war strategic bombing had devastated german cities, and the last untouched major ci

32、ty in germany would be destroyed feb. 13 when churchill sent his bombers over dresden. roosevelt appeared weak and tired in photos of the yalta conference, and he would present his yalta report to congress march 1 sitting down. in two months, he would be dead of a massive cerebral hemorrhage. the co

33、ld war back his physician, dr. howard bruenn, has written that although fdr suffered from high blood pressure, there was no evidence that his health impaired his judgement at yalta. critics would accuse roosevelt of a sell-out at yalta, of giving away eastern europe to stalin, of secret deals with a

34、 ruthless dictator. bert andrews in the new york herald examiner wrote about 4 secret deals: russias demand for $20 billion in reparations from germany, for poland to the curzon line, for 3 seats in the united nations, for territory in the far east including outer mongolia, south sakhalin island, th

35、e kuriles. stalin did not hold free elections in eastern europe and the american press turned increasingly hostile to russia. however, as robert dallek has pointed out in franklin roosevelt and american foreign policy, fdr was hoping the future united nations organization would be the place to deal

36、with stalin, not at yalta. he told adolf berle i didnt say the result was good. i said it was the best i could do. both roosevelt and churchill recognized the reality of soviet power in 1945. an arms race is a competition between two or more countries for military supremacy. each party competes to p

37、roduce superior numbers of weapons or superior military technology in a technological escalation. historical examples of arms races abound. one significant recent example was the race to develop more and better nuclear weapons during the cold war. the term arms race is used generically to describe a

38、ny competition where there is no absolute goal, only the relative goal of staying ahead of the other competitors. evolutionary arms races are common occurrences . back allusions in writing are references to well-known persons, things, or events that writers assume are familiar to their readers. this

39、 assumption is based on the knowledge or belief that their readers share with them a common historical, cultural and literary heritage, which enables the readers to identify the allusions and to understand their significance. what are the chief sources of english allusions? as one would expect, they

40、 would come mostly from sources that are either familiar to the majority of the people of whatever age or background, on the one hand, or familiar to most educated people on the other. these sources, therefore, range from nursery rhymes, fairy tales, legends, greek mythology and bible stories at one

41、 end, and the works of great writers like shakespeare, dickens, hardy at the other. in addition to these, there are the allusions to current figures or events that signifying something to the public mind. the bible is a rich source of allusions, both from the old testament and the new testament. man

42、y are well-known. those that are not can be easily looked up in the bible. below are some of the most common ones: the old testament the new testament adam and eve the garden of eden - paradise the tree of knowledge of good and evil cain (murderer of his brother abel) noah and his ark the deluge of

43、40 days and 40 nights the tower of babel, where people spoke in different tongues and no one could understand each other the exodus: mass migration (of israelites from egypt) moses and the ten commandments solomon: a wise man, who can judge between right and wrong, true and false job: a man of great

44、 patience. job survived all the trials god subjected him to by enduring them patiently. jeremiah: a prophet who is pessimistic about the times, and foretells doom for the future the nativity, or birth of christ the magi,(three wise men who went to worship the newly-born christ at bethlehem judas: th

45、e disciple who betrayed christ to his enemies for 30 pieces of silver allusions from christs the lost sheep: one who has strayed from faith the eleventh hour: just before a deadline( said of those who repent at the last moment) the good samaritian: one who helps others in distress in terms of paragr

46、aphs and forms more short paragraphs more italics, but not all of them for emphasis. with the word lord, god capitalized in term of grammar instead of elliptical and complicated sentences, the structures of the sentences are simple and complete the old form of pronouns, such as ye, thou,thee, thy et

47、c the verb form in the second version is in the oldest -est form. eg, shouldest. there is no abbreviation there is no auxiliary in negative form shall is not only used to express future time, but contain some modal meaning. some inversions are no longer in use in modern english in term of vocabulary

48、 there are some archaic words which are not used today. eg subtil-subtle most of the words are short and small some words are not old enough, the use of them have altered completely. eg eat of , gave of the did eat in the paragraph is not for emphasizing, but indicating past tense, this is often see

49、n in biblical style. some words are specifically employed in the bible back new words observe: to notice someone or something to obey a law, rule, or custom to do something because of your religious beliefs to watch someone or something signify: to represent, mean, or be a sign of something e.g. som

50、e tribes use special facial markings to signify status. signify that hamilton waved his hand to signify that he didnt mind what they decided. signify something (to somebody) he turned away from her slightly to signify his indifference home new words almighty god/almighty father : expressions used to

51、 talk about god that emphasize his power swear: to promise something i swear to use rude and offensive words to say that something is definitely true to make someone not tell anyone about something home new words abolish: to get rid of something that is causing problems to officially end a law, syst

52、em etc, especially one that has existed for a long time slavery was abolished in the us in the 19th century. heritage: the traditional beliefs, values, customs etc of a family, country, or society the importance of preserving the national heritage beautiful old buildings which are part of our herita

53、ge cultural/architectural/literary etc heritage the cultural heritage of italy home new words pledge: to make a formal, usually public, promise that you will do something support/loyalty/solidarity etc pledge sth to sth/sb pledge that pledge to do sth pledge yourself to (do) sth commit: to do someth

54、ing that is a crime ; to do something that is bad or wrong ; to do something that is illegal ; to learn something so that you can remember it exactly; commit something to memory; to promise something ; commit to / committed/ commitment/ commit suicide home new words split asunder: to be torn violent

55、ly apart or destroyed a nation torn asunder by internal conflicts tyranny: / tyranny of cruel or unfair control over other people cruel and unfair government something in your life that limits your freedom to do things the way you want to the tyranny of the nine-to-five working day home new words co

56、nvert: to change something for a particular use or purpose to change what you do or use to persuade someone that something is true, right, or good to start; to follow a particular religion prey: an animal, bird etc that is hunted and eaten by another animal synonym; predator home new words hostile:

57、to think something is wrong difficult conditions someone you are fighting against, especially in a war not friendly subversion: secret activities that are intended to damage or destroy the power or influence of a government or established system actions, speeches etc that encourage rebellion home ne

58、w words outpace: to go faster, do better, or develop more quickly than someone or something else job openings were outpacing the supply of qualified workers. sovereign: having the highest power in a country sovereign power/control a sovereign country or state is independent and governs itself home n

59、ew words shield: / shield against a large piece of metal or leather that soldiers used in the past to protect themselves when fighting something that protects a person or thing from harm or damage adversary: / opponent someone you are fighting against, especially in a war like the trained warrior th

60、at i was, i knew not to oppose an adversary head-on. home new words engulf: if an unpleasant feeling engulfs you, you feel it very strongly despair so great it threatened to engulf him to completely surround or cover something the building was engulfed in flames beyond doubt: if something is beyond