初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法梳理和提高

1、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法梳理和提高名 詞表示人、事物、地方、現(xiàn)象或抽象概念等的名稱的詞。知識(shí)梳理：提綱挈領(lǐng)，抓住重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)！一、 名詞的分類 名詞類 別意 義例 詞專有名詞表示具體的人名、事物、國(guó)家、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)、團(tuán)體等的專有名稱Jim , China, Qingdao, the UK, the Great Wall普通名詞可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞表示單個(gè)人的人或事物girl, student, factory, desk, cat , country集合 名詞表示一群人或一些事物的總稱people, police, team, clothes, group, crew不可數(shù)名詞物質(zhì)名詞表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)wat

2、er, ice, pork, cheese, cotton, broccoli抽象名詞表示抽象概念的詞fun, healthy, happiness, courage, love, care注：1.專有名詞是指人、地方、團(tuán)體、機(jī)構(gòu)等特有的名稱。第一個(gè)字母必須大寫(xiě)。專有名詞前一般不加冠詞。 2、有普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前要用定冠詞“the”，但它不大寫(xiě)。 3、有些不可數(shù)名詞有時(shí)表示為具體的東西時(shí)，則變?yōu)榭蓴?shù)名詞，而且以四上也有了變化。eg. beer -a beer 一杯啤酒， work- a work 工廠，著作 ，glass-a glass 一個(gè)玻璃杯， room空間-a room一個(gè)房間二

3、、 名詞的數(shù)：表示可以計(jì)算數(shù)目的人或物稱為可數(shù)名詞。1、可數(shù)名詞有單、復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式：可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式要在名詞前加 “a或an”；復(fù)數(shù)形式是在名詞后加 “-s或-es”。名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式有規(guī)則變化和不規(guī)則變化兩種，規(guī)則變化及其讀音可依照下表：當(dāng)名詞為：詞尾變化讀 音例 詞一般情況加s在清輔音后讀/s/chips, jeeps, pats , clocks在濁輔音或元音后讀/z/boys, sharpeners, sofas, drawers以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的單詞加es/iz/watches, boxes, classes, brushes以字母o結(jié)尾的單詞加s或es/z/zoos, pho

4、tos, bamboos, tomatoes, potatoes, heroes,以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的單詞去y 變i加es/z/dictionaries, strawberries,以f 或fe結(jié)尾的單詞去f或fe 變v 加 es/vz/leaves, wives, halves以th結(jié)尾的詞加s/z/; /z/mouths, paths; months, deaths2. 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)的不規(guī)則變化 改變單數(shù)名詞中的元音字母 eg. man-men, womanwomen, toothteeth, footfeet, goosegeese, mouse-mice 單復(fù)數(shù)同形 eg. Chine

5、se-Chinese, deer-deer, fish-fish, sheep-sheep, 由man 和woman構(gòu)成的合成詞, 每個(gè)名詞都要變復(fù)數(shù) eg. a man doctor men doctors, a woman teacher-women teachers 注意: 有些名詞表示一種物體具有不可分割的相同的兩部分,在使用時(shí)只有復(fù)數(shù)形式 eg. trousers, clothes, glasses, shorts,scissors, etc;有些名詞從形式上看是復(fù)數(shù), 實(shí)際上是單數(shù)(其后的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用單數(shù)). eg. maths, phyiscs, politics, news 3

6、. 不可數(shù)名詞：表示不能計(jì)算數(shù)目的人或物，稱為不可數(shù)名詞。他們前面不能用a/an,沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式。物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞都屬于不可數(shù)名詞。不可數(shù)名詞一般只有單數(shù)形式, 但有其特殊用法:(1) 同一個(gè)詞,變成復(fù)數(shù)形式, 意義不同。eg. food 食物- foods 各種食物，time 時(shí)間 - times 時(shí)代，green 綠色 -greens 青菜(2) 有些不可數(shù)名詞用復(fù)數(shù)代指具體的事物eg. hope -hopes 希望 hardship - hardships 艱苦(3) 物質(zhì)名詞在表示數(shù)量時(shí),常用某個(gè)量詞+of來(lái)表示 eg. a cup of tea, seven pieces of br

7、ead, several bags of rice, 三、名詞的所有格名詞的所有格是表示名詞之間的所有關(guān)系,有兩種表示形式, 一種是在名詞后+s；另一種是用of, 表示 “的”。1. (1) 一般詞的所有格, 直接在詞尾 +s。 eg. Mr. Motts robot, childrens clothes (2) 以s結(jié)尾的名詞所有格只在詞尾 + eg. teachers books (3) 兩人共有的物體, 則在第二個(gè)名詞后+s; 如果分別是兩人所有, 則在每個(gè)名詞后面 +s。 eg. Lucy and Lilys room. (指兩人共住一個(gè)房間) Mrs Greens and Mrs B

8、rowns son. (指兩人各自的兒子) (4) 表示某具體場(chǎng)所時(shí), 所有格后面的名詞可省略 eg. the doctors (office) Mr. Whites2.(1) 沒(méi)有生命的事物一般用of 短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所屬關(guān)系。 eg. the wall of the classroom，a picture of the bedroom， (2) 名詞的的定語(yǔ)較長(zhǎng)時(shí),有生命的事物也可用of短語(yǔ)表示。 eg. a long story of a 50-year-old man (4) 雙重所有格 eg. a friend of his, the big nose of Toms(5) 有些表示時(shí)間、

9、距離、國(guó)家、城市等無(wú)生命的東西的名詞，也可以加s來(lái)構(gòu)成所有格。eg. ten minutes walk, todays newspaper例題解析：舉一反三，學(xué)的更輕松！1. They got much _ from those new books. A. ideas B. photos C. news D. stories 解析: much 是用來(lái)修飾不可數(shù)名詞的, A B D三個(gè)選項(xiàng)均是可是名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式, C項(xiàng)為不可數(shù)名詞, 因此選C.2. I have two _ and three bottles of _ here. A. orange, orange B. oranges, or

10、anges C. oranges, orange D. orange, oranges解析: orange 有兩種含義, 一種可數(shù)名詞橘子, 另一種是不可數(shù)名詞橘汁, 此題第一空應(yīng)填可數(shù)名詞, 第二空填不可數(shù)名詞, 因此選 C。3. Every evening M r. King takes a _ to his home . A. 25 minutes walk B. 25 minutes walk C. 25 minute walk D. 25 minutes walk解析: 句中的 minute應(yīng)該用其復(fù)數(shù)的所有格形式,只+,而不能+s,因此選A。4. An old _ wants to

11、 see you. A. people B. person C. the people D. the person 解析: person 與people 都有”人” 的意思, 但用法不同. “一個(gè)人”用 “a person”,“兩個(gè)人” 用 “two persons”; people 泛指 “人們”是集合名詞,表示復(fù)數(shù), the people 指 “人民”, a people 指 “一個(gè)民族”. 應(yīng)選B。5. Help yourself to _. A. chickens and apples B. chickens and apple C. chicken and apple D. chic

12、ken and apples解析: chicken 可用作可數(shù)名詞指小雞,用作不可數(shù)名詞指雞肉,根據(jù)詞題意應(yīng)理解為雞肉;apple為可數(shù)名詞, 故應(yīng)+s, 因此選D。6. Oh, dear. I forgot the two _. A. rooms number B. rooms number C. room numbers D. rooms numbers解析: room number 房間號(hào)碼. room可直接用作定語(yǔ)修飾后面的名詞 . 類似的還有my phsics teacher, two bus drivers 等. 應(yīng)選C。7. She has been in Tianjin for

13、 ten years. Tianjin has become her second _. A. family B. house C. home D. room解析: family指的是家庭或是家庭成員; house指的是房子(住所); room 指的是房間;而home 指的是家, 因此選C.8. _ mothers couldnt go to the meeting, because they have gone to Shanghai . A. Mary and Peters B. Mary and Peter C. Marys and Peter D. Marys and Peters解析

14、: 此句中 “mothers”是復(fù)數(shù),表示兩個(gè)人各自的母親,因此應(yīng)選D。9. Li Lei has been to _ many times this month. A. her uncle B. her uncles C. her uncles D. aunts 解析: 此句意為 “李雷這個(gè)去她舅舅家多次”. 表示具體場(chǎng)所時(shí), 可省去所有格后面的名詞.因此選B。10. He is a success as a leader but he hasnt _ in teaching. A. many experiences B. much experience C. an experience D

15、. a lot experience解析: experience 作 “經(jīng)驗(yàn)” 講時(shí)是不可數(shù)名詞, 作 “經(jīng)歷”講時(shí)是可數(shù)名詞. 本句中應(yīng)理解為 “經(jīng)驗(yàn)”,因此是不可數(shù)名詞,排除 A C. 又因 a lot of , lots of, plenty of 只用于肯定句, 不用于否定句, 因此選B。11. A classmate of _ was here ten minutes ago. A. you B. your C. your sister D. your sisters解析: 此題考查名詞的雙重所有格.應(yīng)選D。12. A group of _ are talking with two

16、_. A. Frenchmen, Germans B. Germans ,Frenchmans C. Frenchmans , Germen D. Germen , Frenchmen 解析: Frenchman 是復(fù)合詞,其復(fù)數(shù)形式為 Frenchmen; German 的復(fù)數(shù)為直接在單詞末尾+S, 應(yīng)選A.13.The team _ having a meeting . A. is B. are C. am D. be解析: team 是一個(gè)集合名詞,即可表示復(fù)數(shù)意義(指整個(gè)小組) , 也可指小組中的成員(表示復(fù)數(shù)), 此題意為后者, 因此選B。14. “Would you like _?

17、” “_, please.”A. drink, Three coffees B. a cup of drink, CoffeesC. a drink, A coffee D. a drink, Three cups of coffees解析: drink 和coffee是不可數(shù)名詞, 可以用of來(lái)表示數(shù)量, eg, three cups of coffee, 當(dāng)前面加a 時(shí),則表示“一杯”因此選C。15. The Great Wall was made not only by _, but also the flesh and blood of _ men. A.earth and stone

18、, millions of B. earths and stones, millions C. the earth and stone, million of D. the earths and stones, millions解析：earth 是不可數(shù)名詞，因此刪除B D,數(shù)以百萬(wàn)的應(yīng)為millions of . 因此選A。練習(xí)與鞏固：熟能生巧，取得好成績(jī)！ 選擇最佳答案：1 Last night, there was a food accident. The _ were ill, but no _ were lost.A. child, lives B. children, life C

19、. children, lives D. child, life2. -This is a photo of _ when they were young. -OK, how happy they both looked! A. my father and mother B. my mother and fathers C. my mothers and fathers D.my fathers and my mother3. The new student is in _ , Grade Two. A. Class Third B. Third Class C. Class Three D.

20、 Three class4. Today is September 10th. Its _ Day. Lets go and buy some flowers for our teachers. A. Teachers B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teachers5. The market isnt far from here. Its only _ bicycle ride. A.half an hours B. half an hours C. half an hour D. an hour and a half6. - What would you li

21、ke to drink, girls? - _, please. A.Two cup of coffee B. Two cups of coffe C. Two cups of coffee D. Two cups of coffees7. During Christmas, people get together and sing Christmas songs for _. A. fun B. wishes C. interest D. thanks8. Some _ are flying kites near the river. A. child B. boy C. boys D. c

22、hilds9. After the exam, well have_ holiday. A. two weeks B. two-weeks C. two weeks D. two weeks10. They are those _ bags.Please put them on the bus. A. visitor B. visitors C. visitors D. visitors11.- How many workers are there in your factory? - There are two _. A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of

23、D. hundreds of12. -What do you think of the _ the Moonlight Sonata by Beethoven? - It sounds really wonderful. A. subject B. music C. book D. animal13. There is not enough _ in the corner for the fridge. A. place B. room C. field D. ground 14. _ comes from sheep and some people like eating itA. Wool

24、 B. Pork C. Mutton D. Milk15. If you dont take more _, youll get fat.A. medicine B. lessons C. photos D. exercise16. My school is about twenty _ walk from here. A. minute B. minutes C. minutess D. minutes17. Mum, I have _ to tell you! A. a good news B. some good news C. some good newes D. much good

25、news18. Which is the _ to the post office? A. street B. way C. road D. address19. I stayed at _ last Sunday. A. my uncles B. my uncles C. my uncles D. my uncles family20. Maths _ not easy to learn. A. are B. is C. am D. were 1-5 CBCBB 6-10 CACCD 11-15 ABBCD 16-20 BBBCB冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞(a, an )和定冠詞 (the)知識(shí)梳

26、理：提綱挈領(lǐng)，抓住重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)！一、 不定冠詞的用法 1)用與可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式前,指人或事物的某一種類：例如： She is a girl. Pass me an apple , please. 2)、指某人或某物,但不具體說(shuō)明何人或何物。例如： A boy is waiting for you We work six days a week. 3). 表示 “一”這個(gè)數(shù)量,但數(shù)的概念沒(méi)有one 強(qiáng)烈.例如: We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow. I have a mouth , a nose, two eyes and two ea

27、rs. 4). 用于某些固定的詞組中.例如: a few, a little, a lot of注: 用a 還是an, 要看后面的詞讀音以輔音開(kāi)頭還是以元音開(kāi)頭.二、定冠詞的用法 1) 特指某(些)人或某(些)物.例如: the photo of the boy 2) 指雙方都知道的人或物.例如: -Where are the new books, Jim? - They are on the small table. 3) 指上文提過(guò)的人或物.例如: Today he is making a machine. He wants to ride the machine like a bike

28、and fly it like a plane. 4). 用在世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前.例如: The sun is bigger than the moon. 5). 用在序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)前.例如: The first truck is carrying a few baskets. The third one is carrying the fewest of all.6). 用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專有名詞前.例如: the Great Wall the North Street Hospital7). 用在一些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中.例如: in the morning (afternoon, ev

29、ening), on the left(right) at the end of三、不用冠詞的情況 1）在專有名詞前和不可數(shù)名詞前。例如：China, Grade Two, Bill Smith, milk 2）名詞前已有作定語(yǔ)用的this, that, my, your, some, any 等代詞。例如： The letter is in her pocket.I think the shop is closed at this time of day. 3）復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示一類人或事物時(shí)。例如： My father and mother are teachers.I like cakes.

30、4）在星期、月份、季節(jié)、節(jié)日前。例如： It is Sunday (Monday, Tuesday, etc.) Today is Mid-Autumn Day.It is cold in winter. 5）在稱呼語(yǔ)或表示頭銜的名詞前。例如： Uncle Wang likes making things.What colour are Mrs Greens shoes? 6）在三餐飯和球類運(yùn)動(dòng)的名稱前。例如： He went to school after breakfast. Can you play basketball?注： 在某些固定詞組中，如：at home, by bus, go

31、 to school 等的名詞前不用冠詞。例題解析：舉一反三，學(xué)的更輕松！1. _ milk is food. _ milk in this cup has gone bad.2. -Do you like playing _ football? -Yes. But I have only _ basketball.3. Do you know _girl on _another side of _ lake?4. Theres _ “u” and _ “s” in _work “use”.5. She says _animals cants live without _air, either

32、.6. His father, who is _honest man, is teaching in _ university.7. Which is heavier, _elephant or _ horse?8. _ cold wind was blowing from the north.9. He is always ready to help _ old and _ young.10. _ Greens are traveling in _ South China.11. Although _ most of us like to drink beer, those who drin

33、k _most are _ least healthy.12.Xiaomei saw _ interesting film last night. _ film was about _ kind doctor.13. You can have _ second try if you fail _ first time.14. Tom went to _ school as usual, but he didnt know his father went to _school for a parent meeting.15. _ knowledge begins with _ practice.

34、解析：/, the (milk 是物質(zhì)名詞，一般不用冠詞，但后面加上一個(gè)定語(yǔ)in the cup 后，使其成為特指，所以需要用定冠詞the.)2. / , the (球類運(yùn)動(dòng)前不用the ; 指一個(gè)物體要用不定冠詞a )3. the,/, the ( 特指這個(gè)女孩用the;名詞前已有定語(yǔ)another;)4. a, an, the (“u” 發(fā)音以輔音開(kāi)頭所以用a;“s” 發(fā)音以元音開(kāi)頭所以用an; 特指這個(gè)單詞用the)5. /,/ (泛指動(dòng)物所以不用任何冠詞; air 不可數(shù)名詞，其前一般不用冠詞)6. an, the ( honest 發(fā)音以元音開(kāi)頭，故用an, 在大學(xué)里為in the

35、university)7. an, a 或the ,the ( 不定冠詞a , an 和 定冠詞the與名詞單數(shù)連用表示種類)8. a (物質(zhì)名詞coffee, food, tea, fog, rain, snow, wind等，在表示“一種”或“一場(chǎng)”的意義時(shí)，前面要加不定冠詞。9. the, the ( 形容詞前加定冠詞，表示一類人)10. The ,/ ( 姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)前加定冠詞the 表示一家人；在華南是in South China)11. /, the, the ( most當(dāng)大多數(shù)講時(shí)前面不用the；后兩空均為形容詞的最高級(jí)，前面要加the)12. a, the, a ( 第一空和第

36、三空都指一個(gè)事物，第二空是特指前面提到的電影)13. a, the (a second try 指的是第二次)14./, the (go to school 去上學(xué)，go to the school 去那所學(xué)校)15./,/ (具有單純意義的物質(zhì)名詞或抽象名詞前，一般不用冠詞)練習(xí)與鞏固：熟能生巧，取得好成績(jī)！一、在空白處填入a / an 或the。1. -Mum, what shall we have for _dinner? -Dumplings. -Oh, what _ wonderful dinner! I enjoy it very much.2. _ PLA was founded

37、 on _August 1st,19273. _ Kings came to us at _ noon.4. The scientists from _ United States live in _ Ninth Street.5. The doctor to him, “Take _ medicine twice _day. Stay in _ bed and youll be better soon.”6. September 10th is _ Teachers Day.7. Mr Black arrived here on _ Tuesday morning.8. There are

38、four seasons in _year. _ first season is spring. It is _ best one of _ four.9. Some people have been to _moon, in _ spaceship.10. _ China is _ old country with _ long history答案1. /, a 2. the, / 3.the , / 4. the, the 5. the, a, / 6. / 7. / 8. a, the ,the , the 9.the, / 10./,an,/ a 二、選擇填空： A. / B. a C

39、. an D. the1. They are living _happy life now.2. _bag on _desk is mine.3. There is _empty box on the table.4. Do you like _music of the film “Titanic”?5. On _Saturday, I stay in _bed till 12:00.6. _Browns have been to China twice.7. Dont make any noise in _class.8. This is such _interesting story th

40、at you must listen to it.9. Next week they will go to Australia by _air.10. Which is bigger, _sun or _moon? Key: 1-5 BDCDA 6-10 DACAD三、在空白處填入a / an或the。1. This morning I bought _ newspaper and _ magazine. _ newspaper is in my bag but I dont know where I put _ magazine.2. I saw _ accident this mornin

41、g. _ car crashed into _ tree. _ driver of _ car wasnt hurt but _ car was badly damaged.3. There are two cars parked outside: _ blue one and _ grey one. _ blue one is my neighbours; I dont know who _ owner of _ grey one is.4. My friends live in _ old house in _ small village. There is _ beautiful gar

42、den behind _ house. I would like to have _ garden like that.1a ,a, The the 2.an, a, a, The ,the, the 3. A, a, the the, the 4. an, a, a, the, a代 詞知識(shí)梳理：提綱挈領(lǐng)，抓住重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)！一、 代詞的分類英語(yǔ)中常把代詞分為人稱代詞、無(wú)主代詞、反身代詞、指示代詞、疑問(wèn)代詞、連接代詞、不定代詞和相互代詞。二、 代詞的用法1 人稱代詞：人稱代詞是指人的代詞，有性、數(shù)、格的區(qū)別。表示“我” “你” “他” “我們” “你們” “他們”。請(qǐng)看下表： 數(shù) 格 人 稱 單

43、 數(shù)復(fù) 數(shù)主 格賓 格主 格賓 格 第一人稱wemeweus 第二人稱youyouyouyou 第三人稱hehimtheythem she her it it (1) 人稱代詞主格在句中作主語(yǔ)。例如：She is my English teacher.(2) 賓格在句中作賓語(yǔ)。例如：They dont want me to go there alone. Dont worry. I can look after her.(3) 賓格還可以作賓格。特別是在口語(yǔ)中。例如：- Whos that? - Its me.注意：人稱代詞we, you, they 可以用來(lái)表示一般人。例如： You can

44、not go into the hall with slippers. 不準(zhǔn)穿拖鞋進(jìn)入大廳。 人稱代的主格作表語(yǔ)，一般都在正中的談話中， 表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。例如： It was he who took away the necklace. 是他拿走了那條項(xiàng)鏈。 人稱代詞she可以用指代祖國(guó)、大地、月亮、輪船等。 例如： The ship is leaving. Shes on her first trip to Boston. 輪船要起航了。 這時(shí)她第一次去波士頓。 We love our country, we hope shell be stronger and stronger. 我們熱愛(ài)我們的

45、祖國(guó)，我們希望她越來(lái)越強(qiáng)大。 It作為人稱代詞時(shí)，可以表示天氣、距離、時(shí)間、環(huán)境等。 例如： It is about 10 kilometres from here. 離這兒大約有10公里。 It 還可用作形式主語(yǔ)或形式賓語(yǔ)，來(lái)代替由不定式，動(dòng)詞的-ing,形式或主語(yǔ)從句構(gòu)成的真正的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)， 以避免句子頭重腳輕。例如： It is not easy to learn English well. It is good for you taking a walk after supper. I found it difficult to sleep. 英語(yǔ)里當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是并列的幾個(gè)人時(shí)，人稱代詞的排

46、列順序和漢語(yǔ)不同， I 在最后， you 在最前；但是， 當(dāng)受到批評(píng)或時(shí)承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤時(shí)正好相反，I 在最前， you在最后。 例如： You, he and I are all the winners. I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more for the project.2物主代詞：表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫物主代詞。物主代詞包括名詞性物主代詞和形容詞性物主代詞。 詞 義 類 型我的你的他的她的它的我們的你們的他/她/它們的形容詞性物主代詞myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名 詞性物主代詞mineyourshishersits

47、oursyourstheirs（1） 形容詞性物主代詞在句中具有形容詞的特征。在句中作定語(yǔ)， 后面跟名詞。例如：To our surprise, he has passed the exam. (2) 名詞性的物主代詞具有名詞的特征， 在句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)。例如： May I use your bike? Mine is at school. (作主語(yǔ)) Whose glasses are these? They are hers. ( 作表語(yǔ)) My dictionary is lost. Can I use yours? (作賓語(yǔ)) (3) 名詞性物主代詞可以與of 連用， 作定語(yǔ)。

48、例如：A friend of ours are waiting for us.3反身帶詞：用來(lái)表示“某人自己”的代詞稱為反身代詞。如下表所示： 詞 義 數(shù)我(們)自己你(們)自己他/ 她/ 它 自 己 / 他 們 自 己?jiǎn)?數(shù)myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself復(fù) 數(shù)ourselvesyourselvesthemselves （1）反身代詞在句中常用賓語(yǔ),主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)的同位語(yǔ)。例如： Her sister is too young to dress herself. (作賓語(yǔ)) He himself is always making such mistakes.

49、(主語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ)) Youd better ask your wife herself. (賓語(yǔ)同位語(yǔ))(2) 反身代詞可與其他詞構(gòu)成固定搭配，例如：make oneself at home, teach oneself, learn by oneself, help oneself to,etc4指示代詞：表示時(shí)間和空間遠(yuǎn)近關(guān)系的代詞叫指示代詞。見(jiàn)下表這，這個(gè)那，那個(gè)這些那些thisthatthesethose 指示代詞可在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。例如： Those are my parents. ( 作主語(yǔ)) Throw it like that. (作表語(yǔ)) The toys little Tom likes are those in the basket. ( 作表語(yǔ)) These pictures are drawn by an old blind man. ( 作定語(yǔ))注意：（1）前面剛剛提到過(guò)的東西， 常用that, those 表示。 例如： Im sorry to hear that.( 2 )下文將要提到的事情， 可用these, this 表示， 起啟下的作用。 例如：Tell the children to do like this: knock the