2021年口腔生理學術語(G)

1、口腔生理學術語(G) gangrene - the death of tissue on a large scale. _y be caused by _rtain bacteria which spread rapidly through tissues, or by an inadequate blood supply. ganglion - a collection of nerve _lls usually found outside the _ntral nervous system, from which axons arrive from the periphery and pr

2、o _ed to the spinal cord or brain. gene cloning - a technique which uses rebinant dna, inserted into a host _ll as a pla _id which reprodu _s copies of itself, and hen _ the inserted gene, _ny times generic - belonging to the same _in group. for example generic medicines are identified by the _in gr

3、oup they fall into rather than by their trade names. genes - the unit of inheritan _ that tran _its infor _tion from one _ll to its daughters and hen _ to the next generation. a gene consists of a specific series of dna nucleotides. each three nucleotides is the code for an amino acid. hu _ns have a

4、bout 200,000 genes which collectively are know as the genome. geic engineering - see rebinant dna. genome - the plete plement ofgeic _terial in a species. gingival crevi _ fluid - a secretion found in the gingival sulcus, formed by the _lls attaching the gingival epithelium to the tooth. gingival su

5、lcus - a potential spa _ between the gingival _rgin and the tooth, lined by non-keratinised epithelium. the depth of the sulcus is nor _lly between 1 and 2 mm in health. gingivitis - an inflam _tion of the gingival mucosa, due to the increase in the virulen _ or _ss of bacteria in the gingival sulcu

6、s, or to redu _d resistan _ of the host. glands - a collection of _lls secreting a specific product such as insulin or sweat. glucocorticoids - one of the two _jor hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla. the most mon glucocorticoid is cortisol (hydrocortisone) but they all share the mon effect of

7、increasing blood glucose con _ntration. they _y achieve this at the cost of body protein stores, by converting amino acids into glucose. cortisol also converts fatty acids into glucose. any type of stress, including trau _, infection, fear, anxiety or _lnutrition causes an increase in cortisol secre

8、tion. cortisol stabilises the membrane of lysosomes, which are then unlikely to rupture, a pro _ss which stimulates inflam _tion. cortisol therfore inhibits inflam _tion. _lls like neutrophils, are less able to protect the body from foreign proteins. stress therefore redu _s the bo _s ability to cop

9、e with infection. _lnutrition not only stunts mental and physical development but also allows viral, bacterial and parasitic infections to flourish. glucosamine - a glucose or galactose molecule with an amine group attached. see also glucuronic acid. glucose - a molecule of great importan _ to life

10、as it provides a ready sour _ of energy for both plant and ani _l _lls. glucose can only be formed in plants with the aid of sunlight. this pro _ss of photosynthesis sustains all ani _l life on earth. the glucose molecule is formed by a ring of a six carbon atoms. it is progressively broken down in

11、a pro _ss called glycolysis during both aerobic and anaerobic respiration into atp glucuronic acid- a glucose molecule with an acid carboxyl group. one of the two molecules which _kes up the repeating disaharide unit of glycosaminoglycans other molecule is a glucosamine. glycine - one of 20 amino ac

12、ids monly found in proteins. glycogen - a polysaharide _de up of repeated glucose units. ani _ls _ke glycogen and store it in liver and muscles. glycolysis - the breakdown of glucose in series of metabolic steps. energy in the form of atp is released even if there is no oxygen available as in anaero

13、bic respiration. in the presen _ of oxygen as in aerobic respiration the breakdown is more plete and yields more energy. glycoproteins - are proteins which have _ny sugar molecules attached to them. they are an important ponent of saliva where they provide lubrication for the teeth. they also have a

14、 wide range of other functions in connective tissues. examples are fibronectin, osteonectin, osteopontin and interferon. glycoproteins are also found in _ll membranes where they define part of the _lls identity. the four _jor blood groups are defined by glycoproteins on the _ll membranes of red bloo

15、d _lls. glycosaminoglycans (gags) - large to huge molecules of the connective tissue _trix, _de up of repeating disaharide units linked to a protein core. the disaharide units are _de of glucosamine and glucuronic acid. the position of a sulphate molecule on the glucosamine determines the type of ga

16、g. golgi apparatus - a _ll organelle which is part of the inner _ll membrane. it collects and stores the products from the endopla _ic reticulum. it is prominent in actively secreting _lls. gomphosis - a form of tooth attachment in which the root is help in a bony socket by a fibrous ligament. gonial angle - the angle _de by the posterior part of the ramus and the lower border of t