木蘭形象從《木蘭辭》到迪士尼動畫《木蘭》的改變-文學學士畢業(yè)論文

1、The Change of Mulan Image from The Ballad of Mulan to the Disney Cartoon Film Mulan中文摘要當今多元文化發(fā)展迅速，中西文化交流日益增多，其中有融合，也有區(qū)別和差異。美 國迪士尼公司創(chuàng)作的動畫片木蘭，借用木蘭辭的故事，在不改變史實的情況下, 用新的創(chuàng)作理念和文化差異，創(chuàng)作出了一個全新的花木蘭，使故事內(nèi)容有了新看點，使木 蘭這個人物再次深入人心。兩個不同的花木蘭表現(xiàn)出的明顯差異，值得我們深思。本文將 首先介紹并分析動畫木蘭對花木蘭形象的改編，如對外表，語言等，現(xiàn)代元素的加入, 如兩個虛構的配角木須和蟋蟀，接著將其與木

2、蘭辭中的花木蘭形象進行對比，嘗 試總結導致這種變化的原因文化霸權，美國正借助大眾媒介和信息技術的力量進行文 化擴張。對此我們深思我們應該提高文化警覺性，保護自己的優(yōu)秀文化。關鍵詞：花木蘭；美國價值觀；文化霸權iiTable of ContentsAbstract錯.誤！未定義書簽中文摘要 i.i.1. Introduction 12. Two Different Mulans 22.1 Mulan s imageTihne Ballad of Mulan2.2.2 Mulan s image in the Disney cartoon fiMlmulan3.3. Major Changes M

3、ade in Mulan s Image in the DisnaertyooCn Film Mulan 43.1 Change in appearanc.e4.3.2 Change in language 4 3.3 Change in body language 4 3.4 Change in characte.r5.3.5 Change in thinking 5.3.6 Addition of love 6.3.7 Modern elements melted in the cartoon filmMulan 6.4. Manifestation of Cultural Hegemon

4、y in the Cartoon FilmMulan 74.1 Defining cultural hegemony and manifestations of cultural hegemony 7.4.2 Manifestation of cultural hegemony in the cartoon film Mulan 8.4.2.1 Manifestation in cartoon Mulan .s.c.h.a.r.a.c.t.e.r8.4.2.2 Manifestation in cartoon Mulanlsanguage9.4.2.3 Manifestation in car

5、toon Mulantshinking 9.4.2.4 Manifestation in cartoon Mulanlsove9.5. Conclusion 11References錯.誤！未定義書簽。Acknowledgements錯. 誤！未定義書簽。The Change of Mulan slmage from The Ballad of Mulan to theDisney Cartoon Film Mulan1. Introduction“Tsiek tsiek and again tsiek tsieMu-lan weaves, facing the door （傅漢思” 2010

6、:132）. This is the beg inning of a well known ballad, Mu-la n. Mula n is a girl who disguised herself as a man and fought in her father .Fteplstoey fully shows a typical Chin ese image, a filial daughter. For thousa nds of years, Mula ns story has spread over China, and has profo un dly affected eve

7、ry Chinese. This story has been displayed by many kinds of performanee. In particular, it was adapted as movies and TV plays many times. This story has become famous over the world. In 1998, Disney Company created a cartoon film Mulan, which was added with new modern eleme nts with the backgro und o

8、f The Ballad of Mula n. The America ns did not cha nge the orig inal history, but looked at this eastern lege nd with the values of America ns. With the new creative idea, a brand-new Mulan has been created. In the ballad, Mulan is a filial daughter which is traditional woman smage in Chinese Confuc

9、ianism. But in the Disney cartoon film Mulan, Mulan is a girl who desired to realize herself and bravely fought for her love. This cartoon film is full of Hollywood movie features, such as individualism and heroism. The movie won a great econo mic success and propagatedAmerica n culture and the valu

10、es of America ns. Sun Lijun （2005:88） said, “ Thiarto on movie makes Chin ese con fused. On one hand, Chin ese was glad that their traditi onal lege nd has take n on a new look with the adaptati on of Disney Compa ny. On the other hand, Chin ese was perplexed by Mula n who is so differe nt from the

11、ballad.” I n one word, the Disney carto on film Mula n is a comb in ati on of Chin ese story with the values of America ns （王傳東，2007:24）. Therefore, while we are lear ning the inno vatio nal spirit of America ns, we n eed to think deeply about the two differe nt images of Mula n.12. Two Different Mu

12、lans2.1 Mulan s image iThe Ballad of MulanThe ballad shows traditi onal Chin ese th in ki ng that is filial piety. It is thought the ballad was collected into an an thology of YueFu in the mid-sixth cen tury, and later popularized duri ng the Tang dynasty 賈黎麗,2009:17). There are five parts in the ba

13、llad.In the first part, there is a weaving scene of Mulan. “TsieKsiek and again tsiek tsiek, Mu-lan weaves, faci ng the door” 傅漢思，2010:132). The n, we find that Mula n has secrets in her mi nd. You don hear shuttles sou nd, you only hear Daughtersighs.” 傅漢思,2010:132). She told her mother that her fa

14、ther will report to the camp. But he is too old to fight against the enemies and has no grown-up son. So she has to fight in his place. Last night I saw the draft posters - And serve in the army in Fathers place”傅漢思，2010:132-133).In the sec ond part, there are four sen ten ces with parallelism. They

15、 describe that Mula n was preparing for fighting. fh the East Market she buys a spirited horse. In the North Market she buys a long whip. ” 傅漢思，2010:133). Because of the situati on was urge nt, Mula n said good bye to her parents and started off in the morning. On the way to the army, Mulan missed h

16、er home and her parents. At dawn she takes leave of Father and Mother, In the evening camps on the Yellow River bank. She doesrthear the sound of Father and Mother calli ng, she only hears the Yellow River flow ing water cry tsie n tsie n She on ly hears Mount Yen no mad horses cry tsiu tsiu.”(傅漢思,2

17、010:133).In the third part, there are brief senten ces to describe life of Mula n in the 10-year hardship of war. She goes ten thousa nd miles on the bus in ess of war; she crosses passes and mountains like flying. Northern gusts carry the rattle of army pots, chilly light shines on iron armor. Gene

18、rals die in a hundred battles, Stout soldiers return after ten years傅-漢思,2010:133).In the forth part, Mulan returned with victory. But she declined the emperors award and said that she Ionged to take care of her family. At that time, Mulan real status was still not known by every one. “ Ortner retur

19、 n she sees the Son of Heave n The Khan asks her what she desires. Mu-lan has no use for a ministers post. I wish to ride a swift mount to take me back to my home.” 傅漢思,2010:133-134).The last part is the culmination of the ballad. Her family was so happy that Mulan was allowed to return home. “ Wher

20、Father and Mother hear Daughter is coming, They go outside the wall to meet her, leaning on each other. When Elder Sister hears Younger Sister is coming, she fixes her rouge, facing the door. When Little Brother hears Elder Sister is coming, he whets the knife, quick quick, for pig and sheep. ” 傅漢思，

21、2010:134). And Mulan was so happy that she can dress as a girl again. “open the door to my east chamberHanging up a mirror she dabs on yellow flower powder. ” 傅漢思,2010:134). When her comrades saw Mulan in female dressing, they were shocked to discover that Mulan whom they have fought astride for yea

22、rs is a girl.She goes out the door and sees her comrades. Her comrades are all amazed and perplexed-” 傅漢 思,2010:134). At the end of the ballad, there are two sen ten ces with metaphor to show the reas onThe Change of Mulan Image from The Ballad of Mulan to the Disney Cartoon Film Mulan why Mulan rea

23、l status was not revealed for the war years. The he-haresfeet go hop and skip, the she-hareseyes are muddled and fuddled. Two hares running side by side close to the ground, how can they tell if I am he or she. ”傅(思,2010:134-135).This ballad shows that Mula n joined the army for her father not for h

24、erself. She desires to be a good daughter to her pare nts as well as a good man to her n ati on. That is Mulais image inThe Ballad of Mula n.2.2 Mulan s imagethe Disney cartoon filmMulanThe Disney cartoon film Mulan is neither Chinese style nor American style. It is a mixed product which has traditi

25、onal Chinese elements and American elements. Mulanis cartoon film turns into a girl who is somehow familiar with and strange to Chinese.The major theme changed from filial piety” to self-identity”. Mulan jmage in this carto on film tur ned into a brave and clever girl risk ing her life to save her e

26、lder sick father. This carto on film expresses freedom and equality that bel ong to the values of America ns.s imageAt the beg inning of this carto on film, Mula n is a girl who desired to bring her family honor. She deeply loved her pare nts and her gran dmother. Whe n the Huns in vade China, every

27、 strong man is called to arms. Mula n father is no excepti on. But her father has an old wound leg and cannot walk properly. At the same time, Mulan failed in the blind date. She decided to take an opport uni ty. So she decided to fight in her fathers place without her fatherpermissi on. At the midn

28、ight, she stole her fathers wartime gown, leaving home soundlessly. At that time, her ancestors disapproved her decision but sent a little dragon, Mushu to aid her unavoidably. Mula n father n ever thought that her daughter will fight in his place. So, Mula n kungfu was very poor at the beg inning.

29、But with her persevera nee, she became a good soldier. On the way to the battle, Mula n real status was revealed. She was aba ndoned on the way. But she found that the Huns survived and wan ted to kill the emperor. So she decided to risk everyth ing for sav ing her country. With her force and her in

30、telligenee, she saved the emperor and protected her country.From the above, we can find that Mula ns imagen ged. She became a resister aga inst feudalIn this cartoon film, Mulan has a perfect love at the end, which does not exist in the ballad.society and pursued ide ntity. Her action is for proving

31、 herself. That is differe nt from the ballad and shows the values of America ns.3. Major Changes Made in Mulan s ImageDHsthey Cartoon Film MulanIn order to have a great econo mic success, there are many cha nges in the Disney carto on film Mulan, Disney Company changed Mulanimage, such as her appear

32、anee, language, body Ianguage, character, thinking, addition of love and new elements melted.3.1 Change in appearanceAt the beg inning of the backgro und of The Ballad of Mula n, we can image that Mula n is an elegant girl who has beautiful appearance.Disney Company did not design Mulan to have beau

33、tiful appearance like Snowwhite and Cinderella. They used traditional Chinese art, Chinese mono chromes, as refere nce to create Mula n appeara nce （白水,2003:10）. Making Mula n s image mild and strong, they created brand-new image of Mulan that has Asian feature. In this cartoon film, Mulan has a fla

34、t nose and long black hair. In addition, Mulan girl dressing is so smooth （孫立軍，2005:92）.In ancient China, peoples hair was n ever allowed to be cut and should be tied. But in this cartoon film, Mulan sair was not tied as the modern female style. She has her hair cut when she joined the army. In the

35、ballad,there are few descripti ons about Mula ndressinmalut in thiscartoon film, Mulan is made as a strong and fine-looking man in the army. Moreover, in ancient Chi na, girls dress ing must be modest. But, at the beg inning of this carto on film, Mula n worn sun-top, which completely bel ongs to th

36、e Western characteristic.3.2 Change in languageAlthough The Ballad of Mulan is very short, it is a complete story. It shapes a wonderful traditi onal Chin ese woma n. But it is not eno ugh for an 80-mi nute carto on film （孫立軍,2005:90）. So, there are many spaces for creation. Dialogue is a major crea

37、tion. Without it, the film will become a dumb show. In the ballad, Mula n has few words. But in the Disney carto on filmMula n, Mula n has many dialogues, eve n mono log. In additi on, songs are the major feature in Disney cartoon, this cartoon film is no exception. For example, the songs that began

38、 after the blind date:“ look at me, I will never to pass a perfect bride or a perfect daughter. hese lyrics show wha” T Mulan was thinking about. But in the ballad , there is no word for Mulan to express herself. In this cartoon film, it shows with a song. Another example: Mulan rushed to prevent he

39、r father from taking the draft posters and cried“ father, you can t go. Please, sir, my father has alreadyfought bravely ”Her crying shows that she was worrying about her father. As we known, unm arried girl did not allow appeari ng to stra ngers. Mula n just told to her mother and she did not rush

40、to stop her father. But in this carto on film she did.3.3 Change in body languageIn an cie nt China, female has no right to embrace other male except her father, brother and her husband. Chinese etiquette is totally different from American. At the end of the Disney cartoon film Mulan, when the emper

41、or was bowing to Mulan, Mulan hugged him in her arm.3The Change of Mulan slmage from The Ballad of Mulan to theDisney Cartoon Film MulanThis acti on was not allowed and that was an impolite actio n in ancient Chi na. But it is com mon in America. There is another example: Mulan broke the cup to stop

42、 her father reporting to the camp. This action is also irreverent in ancient China. For showing Mulan attitude, Disney Company used this action to emphasize it. Another example: Chinese female action is elegant. But in this cartoon film, Mulan action does not like traditional Chinese female action.

43、Body Ianguage also includes Mulan s kungfuglAtthere is no description about her kungfu in theballad, many kinds of performa nee show that Mula n has good kun gfu. But at the beg inning of this cartoon film, Mulan s kungfu is very poor and her actions are clumsy.3.4 Change in characterIn an cie nt Ch

44、i na, wome n had lower status tha n men have. In The Ballad of Mula n , we can find that Mulan is a filial, intelligent, elegant and brave girl. She got rid of that traditional Chin ese value. She fought aga inst the Huns and protected her father. Her en courageme nt of fighting expresses her courag

45、e; and her action for her elder father expresses her filial piety. In the 10-year hardship training and war, she prevented herself from revealing with unbelievable will. To be different, in the Disney cartoon film Mulan, Mulan sharacter has been changed. Disney Company made Mulan as a next-door girl

46、 （孫立軍,2005:92）.1 n her life, she failed in blind date and her status revealed on the way to the battle. Life experiences make her outgoing, daring, agile and traitorous. It is contrary to the ballad. To some extent, her character is rude. She likes a casual girl who always walked without shoes at ho

47、me, feedi ng an imal without earn est. I n one word, her character is also the reason why she fought in her father: whplate desired toprove herself.3.5 Change in thinkingIn The Ballad of Mula n, Mula n has secrets in her mind. Then she told her mother what she was worrying about. But it is a burden

48、for Mulan who is seventeen-year-old （張莉,2007:54）. We can find that Mula ns actio n is passive. But in the Disney carto on film Mula n, there is no sce ne about that, in stead, there is a sce ne about her acti on to stop her father from report ing to the camp. Disney Company changed Mulans action fro

49、m passive to initiative （孫立軍,2005:92）.0n the other hand, there is a bli nd date at the beg inning of this carto on film. Before the bli nd date, Mulan always said that she has to bring her family honor, and she desired to be proud of her family. On the way to the battle, Mula n status was revealed.

50、At that time, she found that her real th in ki ng is to prove herself. In additi on, Mula n has her pare ntspermissio n to leave home in the ballad. But in this cartoon film, she stole her fathers wartime gown, soundlessly, leaving home that without no tice. Firstly, we thought that she did it for h

51、er father. But obvious evide nce dem on strates the other in her mono log. This mono logue shows that she just wan ted to take this opport unity to show her capability to her father, to her family and her an cestors. “ should n ever have left home. Maybe I did not go for my father, maybe what I real

52、ly wan ted was to prove I could do things right.” We can find that Mulan want to prove that she is worthy through any way.3.6 Addition of loveLove is an outstanding feature in Disney film. They add a love story in the Disney cartoon film Mula n （孫立軍,2005:94）. I n the ballad, it prese nts the kin shi

53、p betwee n her pare nts and her sister and brother. When Father and Mother hear Daughter is coming, they go outside the wall to meet her leaning on each other. When Elder Sister hears Younger Sister is coming, she fixes her rouge, facing the door. When Little Brother hears Elder Sister is coming, he

54、 whets the knife, quick quick, for pig and sheep” 傅漢思，2010:72）. But in the Dis ney cartoon film Mula n, Mula n has no sister and brother, much less kin ship betwee n her elder sister and her little brother. I n order to attract more eye balls, there is an addition of love. They created a man, Li Sha

55、ng. Compari ng with Mula n, Li Shang has han dsome face, strong body and good brain. As Cin derella and her prince, Snowwhite and her prince who rode a white horse, love between Mulan and Li Shang made more shining point than kinship with her family for this cartoon film.3.7 Modern elements melted i

56、n the cartoon filnMulanThe Ballad of Mulan was adapted asthe Disney cartoon film Mulan and spread over the whole world, which is already an innovation. They gave not only an addition of love but also new moder n eleme nts. Disney Compa ny always emphasizes the support ing actor, such as fairies and

57、compa nions. In this carto on film, there are three imag ined support ing actors, Mushu, luck cricket and the dark horse. All of them are created with personification. Mushu is a followed drag on of Mula n an cestors. He is always an gry, speak ing fasta nd his character likes Mula n s.He followed M

58、ulan to prove that he is worthy. Luck cricket is brought from Mulan gran dmother. Although, he always made some troubles for Mula n, he is also a good compa nion. He gave encouragement for Mulan when she was in trouble. Black horse is a strong horse which never left Mulan. Black horse can feel Mulan s feeliTgere is an example: he gave a rug to Mula n whe n her status was revealed. His facial expressi ons are rich, such as an gry, happy and earnest. Disney Company made use of these three imagined supporting actors to add some comedic elements, such as funny expressions