2013年度全國職稱英語等級(jí)考試衛(wèi)生類(A級(jí))試題及參考答案

1、 好學(xué)教育：2013年度全國職稱英語等級(jí)考試衛(wèi)生類（A級(jí)）試題及參考答案職稱英語考試歷年真題匯總/zZnTL（復(fù)制鏈接，點(diǎn)擊“打開鏈接”即可訪問）更多精品備考資料在職稱英語考試交流群：151033695第1部分：詞匯選項(xiàng)(第115題，每題1分，共15分)下面每個(gè)句子中均有1個(gè)詞或短語劃有橫線，請(qǐng)為每處劃線部分確定1個(gè)意義最為接近的選項(xiàng)。1. The rules are too rigid to allow for human error.A. inflexible B. general C. complex D. direct2

2、. This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed.A. turned dead B. passed by C. carried away D. become extinct3. The contract between the two companies will expire soon.A. shorten B. end C. start D. resume4. Three world-class tennis players came to content for this title.A.

3、argue B. claim C. wish D. compete5. The methods of communication used during the war were primitive.A. simple B. reliable C. effective D. alternative6. Respect for life is a cardinal principle of the law.A. moral B. regular C. fundamental D. hard7. The drinking water has became contaminated with lea

4、d.A. polluted B. treated C. tested D. corrupted8. Come out, or Ill bust the door down.A. shut B. set C. break D. beat9. She shed a few tears at her daughters wedding.A. wiped B. injected C. produced D. removed10. They didnt seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem.A. existence B. importance C

5、. cause D. situation11. The tower remains intact ever after two hundred years.A. unknown B. unusual C. undamaged D. unstable12. Many experts remain skeptical about his claims.A. doubtful B. untouched C. certain D. silent13. The proposal was endorsed the majority of members.A. rejected B. submitted C

6、. considered D. approved14. Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems.A. send B. spread C. hear D. confirm15. The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town.A. naked B. cautious C. blind D. private參考答案： 1.A 2.D 3.B 4.D 5.A 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.C 10.B 11.C 12.A 13.D 14.B 15.B第2部分：

7、閱讀判斷(第1622題，每題1分，共7分)下面的短文后列出了7個(gè)句子，請(qǐng)根據(jù)短文的內(nèi)容對(duì)每個(gè)句子做出判斷：如果該句提供的是正確信息，請(qǐng)選擇A;如果該句提供的是錯(cuò)誤信息，請(qǐng)選擇B;如果該句的信息文中沒有提及，請(qǐng)選擇C。In Your FaceWhy is this man so angry? We dont know the reason, but we can see the emotion in his face. Whatever culture you come from, you can understand the feeling that he is expressing. For

8、ty years ago, psychologist Paul Ekman of the University of California, San Francisco, became interested in how peoples faces show their feelings. He took photographs of Americans expressing various emotions. Then he showed them to the Fore people, who live in the jungle in New Guinea. Most of the Fo

9、re had never seen foreign faces, but they easily understood Americans expressions of anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, and surprise.Then Ekman did the same experiment in reverse. He showed pictures of Fore faces to Americans, and the results were similar. Americans had no problems reading th

10、e emotions on the Fore peoples faces. Ekmans research gave powerful support to the theory that facial expressions for basic emotions are the same everywhere. He did more research in Japan, Brazil, and Argentina, and got the same results.According to Ekman, these six emotions are universal because th

11、ey are built into our brains. They developed to help us deal with things quickly that might hurt us. Some emotional triggers are universal as well. When something suddenly comes into sight, people feel fear, because it might be dangerous. But most emotional triggers are learned. For example, two peo

12、ple might smell newly cut grass. One person spent wonderful summers in the country as a child, so the smell makes him happy. The other person remembers working very hard on a farm and being hungry, so he feels sad.Once we make an emotional association in our brain, it is difficult, and sometimes imp

13、ossible, to change it. Emotion is the least changeable part of the brain,” says Ekman. But we can learn to manage our emotions better. For instance, we can be more aware of things that make us angry, and we can think before we react.There are many differences between cultures, in their languages and

14、 customs. But a smile is exactly the same everywhere.16 Paul Ekman studies peoples faces in different cultures.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned17 Ekman did research in several countries and got different results.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned18 Americans get angry more often than the Fore peop

15、le from New Guinea.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned19 Ekman thinks that some basic emotions are the same everywhere.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned20 Two people might feel different emotions about the same thing.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned21 Fear is the most difficult emotion to change.A

16、. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned22 People of different cultures smile when they understand each other.A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned參考答案: 16.A 17.B 18.C 19.A 20.A 21.C 22.C第3部分：概括大意與完成句子(第2330題，每題1分，共8分)下面的短文后有2項(xiàng)測試任務(wù)：(1)第2326題要求從所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為第14段每段1選擇個(gè)最佳標(biāo)題;(2)第2730題要求從所給的6個(gè)選項(xiàng)中為每個(gè)句子確定1個(gè)最佳選項(xiàng)。Organic

17、Food: Why?1 Europe is now the biggest market for organic food in the world, expanding by 25 percent a year over the past 10 years. So what is the attraction of organic food for some people? The really important thing is that organic sounds more “natural” Eating organic is a way of defining oneself a

18、s natural, good, caring, different from the junk-food-eating masses.2 Unlike conventional farming, the organic approach means farming with natural, rather than man-made, fertilisers and pesticides. Techniques such as crop rotation (輪種) improve soil quality and help organic farmers compensate for the

19、 absence of man-made chemicals. As a method of food production, organic is, however, inefficient in its use of labour and land; there are severe limits to how much food can be produced. Also, the environmental benefits of not using artificial fertilisers are tiny compared with the amount of carbon d

20、ioxide emitted (排放) by transporting food.3 Organic farming is often claimed to be safer than conventional farming. Yet studies into organic farming worldwide continue to reject this claim. An extensive review by the UK Food Standards Agency found that there was no statistically significant differenc

21、e between organic and conventional crops. Even where results indicated there was evidence of a difference, the reviewers found no sign that these differences would have any noticeable effect on health.4 The simplistic claim that organic food is more nutritious than conventional food was always likel

22、y to be misleading. Food is a natural product, and the health value of different foods will vary for a number of reasons, including freshness, the way the food is cooked, the type of soil it is grown in. the amount of sunlight and rain crops have received, and so on. Likewise, the flavour of a carro

23、t has less to do with whether it was fertilised with manure (糞便) or something out of a plastic sack than with the variety of carrot and how long ago it was dug up.5 The notion that organic food is safer than “normal” food is also contradicted by the fact that many of our most common foods are full o

24、f natural toxins (毒素). As one research expert says: “People think that the more natural something is, the better it is for them. That is simply not the case. In fact, it is the opposite that is true: the closer a plant is to its natural state, the more likely it is that it will poison you. Naturally

25、, many plants do not want to be eaten, so we have spent 10,000 years developing agriculture and breeding out harmful traits from crops”23 Paragraph 1_24 Paragraph 2_25 Paragraph 3_26 Paragraph 4_A Main reason for the popularity of organic foodB Description of organic farmingC Factors that affect foo

26、d health valueD Testing the taste of organic foodE Necessity to remove hidden dangers from foodF Research into whether organic food is better27 Techniques of organic farming help _.28 There is no convincing evidence to _.29 The weather conditions during the growth of crops _.30 The closer a plant is

27、 to its natural state, the less suitable it is to _.A. show that organic crops are safer than conventional onesB be specially trainedC improve soil qualityD poison youE be eatenF affect their nutritional content參考答案: 23.A 24.B 25.F 26.C 27.C 28.A 29.F 30.E第4部分：閱讀理解(第3145題，每題3分，共45分)下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道題

28、，每道題后面有4個(gè)選項(xiàng)。請(qǐng)根據(jù)文章的內(nèi)容，從每題所給的4個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選擇1個(gè)最佳答案，涂在答題卡相應(yīng)的位置上。第一篇Why Dont Babies Talk Like Adults?Over the past half-century, scientists have settled on two reasonable theories related to babytalk. One states thata young childs brain needs time to master language, in the same way that it does to master other

29、 abilities such as physical movement. The second theory states that a childs vocabulary level is the key factor. According to this theory, some key steps have to occur in a logical sequence before sentence formation occurs. Childrens mathematical knowledge develops in the same way.In 2007, researche

30、rs at Harvard University, who were studying the two theories, found a clever way to test them. More than 20,000 internationally adopted children enter the U.S. each year. Many of them no longer hear their birth language after they arrive, and they must learn English more or less the same way infants

31、 do that is, by listening and by trial and error. International adoptees dont take classes or use a dictionary when they are learning their new tongue and most of them dont have a well-developed first language. All of these factors make them an ideal population in which to test these competing hypot

32、heses about how language is learned.Neuroscientists Jesse Snedeker, Joy Geren and Carissa Shafto studied the language development of 27 children adopted from China between the ages of two and five years. These children began learning English at an older age than US natives and had more mature brains

33、 with which to tackle the task. Even so, just as with American-born infants, their first English sentences consisted of single words and were largely bereft(缺乏的) of function words, word endings and verbs. The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical American-born children, though at a f

34、aster clip. The adoptees and native children started combining words in sentences when their vocabulary reached the same sizes, further suggesting that what matters is not how old you are or how mature your brain is, but the number of words you know.This finding that having more mature brains did no

35、t help the adoptees avoid the toddler-talk stage suggests that babies speak in babytalk not because they have baby brains, but because they have only just started learning and need time to gain enough vocabulary to be able to expand their conversations. Before long, the one-word stage will give way

36、to the two-word stage and so on. Learning how to chat like an adult is a gradual process.But this potential answer also raises an even older and more difficult question. Adult immigrants who learn a second language rarely achieve the same proficiency in a foreign language as the average child raised

37、 as a native speaker. Researchers have long suspected there is a “critical period for language development, after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency. Yet we still do not understand this critical period or know why it ends.31. What is the writers main purpose in Paragraph 2?A. To re

38、ject the view that adopted children need two languages.B. To argue that culture affects the way children learn a language.C. To give reasons why adopted children were used in the study.D. To justify a particular approach to language learning.32. Snedeker, Geren and Shafto based their study on childr

39、en whoA. were finding it difficult to learn English.B. were learning English at a later age than US children.C. had come from a number of language backgrounds.D. had taken English lessons in China.33. What aspect of the adopted childrens language development differed from that of US-born children?A.

40、 The rate at which they acquired language.B. Their first words.C. The way they learnt English.D. The point at which they started producing sentences.34. What does the Harvard finding show?A. Not all toddlers use babytalk.B. Some children need more conversation than others.C. Language learning takes

41、place in ordered steps.D. Not all brains work in the same way.35. When the writer says “critical period” he means a period whenA. studies produce useful results.B. adults need to be taught like children.C. language learning takes place effectively.D. immigrants want to learn another language.參考答案: 3

42、1.D 32.B 33.A 34.C 35.C第二篇DNA FingerprintingDNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals(哺乳動(dòng)物) the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes(染色體). With the exception of identical siblings (as in identical twins), the complete DNA of ea

43、ch individual is unique.DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing, It is a method of identification that compares bits of DNA. A DNA fingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva(唾液). The sample is then segmented using e

44、nzymes(酶), and the segments are arranged by size. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film, where they form a pattern of black bars the DNA fingerprint. If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples-match, the two samples probably came from the same person.DNA fing

45、erprinting was first developed as an identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases, it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs. The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence in the United States occurred in 1988. In crimi

46、nal investigations, DNA fingerprints derived from evidence collected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects. Generally, courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted DNA test results into evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a numb

47、er of areas: the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, and the possible misuse of the technique,The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First, because DNA segments rather than complete DNA strands are “fingerprinted”; a DNA fingerprint may not be unique; l

48、arge-scale research to confirm the uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has not been conducted. In addition, DNA fingerprinting is often done in private laboratories that may not follow uniform testing standards and quality controls. Also, since human beings must interpret the test, human e

49、rror could lead to false results.DNA fingerprinting is expensive. Suspects who are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may not be able to successfully defend themselves against charges based on DNA evidence.Widespread use of DNA testing for identification purposes may lead to the establishmen

50、t of a DNA fingerprint database.36. If two sisters are identical twins, their complete DNAs are _.A. the sameB. uniqueC. differentD. similar37. DNA fingerprinting is a technique of _.A. grouping DNA strands into structuresB. segmenting DNA with probesC. constructing body tissues by enzymesD. identif

51、ying a person by comparing DNAs38. DNA fingerprinting was first used in _.A. criminal investigationB. animal reproductionC. private laboratoriesD. genetic disease detection.39 People question the reliability of DNA fingerprinting for _.A. the subjective interpretation of test resultsB. its complex p

52、rocedureC. its large scale researchD. its uniform testing standards40. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that DNA fingerprinting _.A. is costly to the police.B. could be a social issue.C. Is the only way to prove innocence.D. has been a profitable business.參考答案: 36.A 37.D 38.D 39.A 40.A第三篇On the T

53、rial of the Honey BadgerOn a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learn a lot more about honey badgers. The team employed a local wildlife expert Kitso Khama to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers movements and

54、 behavior as discreetly(謹(jǐn)慎地) as possible without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behavior. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them in view of the animals reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.“The proble

55、m with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,” he says. “That, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they wont be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. The

56、yre actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious(兇惡的). Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen.”The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they c

57、ould catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animals fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Preciously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey(獵物). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badg