擔保物權的執(zhí)行

1、動產擔保物權的執(zhí)行,Enforcement of,Security Interests,韓蘇琳律師,Beijing,January,2005,現(xiàn)代擔保交易法律體制擔保物權的有效執(zhí)行,Enforcement Under Modern Secured Transactions Legal Framework,?,快捷、有效、低廉地執(zhí)行有助于增強擔保物權實現(xiàn)的可預測性及降,低借貸費用,Speedy, Effective and Inexpensive Enforcement Increases,Predictability of,Realizing Security Interests and Re

2、duces the Cost of,Credit,?,合同雙方約定權力和救濟方式,Rights and remedies defined by,parties,?,?,合同約定違約事由,Default defined by contract,違約事件定義寬泛,Broad definition,現(xiàn)代擔保交易法律體制擔保物權的有效執(zhí)行,Enforcement Under Modern Secured Transactions Legal Framework,?,違約發(fā)生后債權人的選擇,Creditors options after default,?,債權人有權通收回擔保物并通過公開或私下方式處理

3、擔保物,Right to take possession of,collateral and dispose of,collateral by,public or private means,?,?,通過自助手段收回擔保物,Self-help repossession,收回和處理擔保物的費用納入未償還貸款數(shù)額,Costs of,repossession and foreclosure added to unpaid balance,向債務人追索清償不足額,Right to pursue debtor for,deficiency,?,?,?,以物償還,Strict foreclosure,非正

4、式債務重組,Informal workout and restructuring,現(xiàn)代擔保交易法律體制擔保物權的有效執(zhí)行,Enforcement under Modern Secured Transactions Legal Framework,?,債務人及有關第三人利益的合理保護,Reasonable Safeguards for,Debtor and Interested Third Parties,?,擔保物的自助回收必須以不擾亂治安方式進行,Self-help,repossession must be peaceful,?,若擔保物為應收帳款，債權人有權通知應收帳款債務人,直接向其付款

5、,Right to notify account debtor to pay directly,to creditor if,collateral involves accounts,允許當事雙方約定債權人在進行自助回收之前無需通知,債務人,Parties may agree not to provide notice prior to,repossession,?,現(xiàn)代擔保交易法律體制擔保物權的有效執(zhí)行,Enforcement under Modern Secured Transactions Legal Framework,?,擔保物必須以“合乎商業(yè)情理”的方式處理,The disposa

6、l of,collateral must be conducted in a “commercially reasonable”,manner,?,?,在處理之前通知債務人和有關第三方,Notice to debtor and,other interested parties prior to disposal,方式和價格,Manner and price,?,債務人的贖買權,Debtors right of,redemption,清償收益的分配：債權人必須向債務人呈報清償后所剩余額,Distribution of,proceeds: Creditor must account to debt

7、or for,surplus,?,現(xiàn)代擔保交易法律體制擔保物權的有效執(zhí)行,Enforcement under Modern Secured Transactions Legal Framework,?,司法介入：簡易程序,Judicial Intervention: Summary proceedings,?,司法程序：不可避免的費用與拖延,Judicial process: Inherent,costs and delay,簡化追收壞帳的司法程序,Simplify judicial process for,enforcement of,debt obligations,?,?,建立快捷的簡化

8、司法程序，限制法院的審議范圍,Expedited,summary legal proceedings: Limit the scope of,judicial findings,限制上訴,Limit abuse of,appeals,啟用專門的公共或私人執(zhí)行機構,Enforcement by specialized,public collection agencies or private enforcers,?,?,現(xiàn)代擔保交易法律體制擔保物權的有效執(zhí)行,Enforcement Under Modern Secured Transactions Legal Framework,?,破產程序中

9、擔保債權人的權力,Secured Creditors Rights in Insolvency,Proceedings,?,破產程序：債務人的最終保護傘,Insolvency proceedings as the,ultimate means of,debtor protection,?,債權人通過擔保物清償債務的權力受到限制,Restriction on,secured creditors right to foreclose on collateral,拖延擔保債務償還的拖延,Delay of,repayment of,secured debt,債權人的優(yōu)先受償權受到威脅,Preserva

10、tion of,secured creditors,priority,?,?,應收帳款擔保物權的執(zhí)行：美國的法律與實踐,Collection of,Account Receivables: US Law & Practice,?,統(tǒng)一商法第九章有關規(guī)定適用于應收帳款的讓與和出售（保理）,UCC-9 rules apply to both assignment and sale of,accounts,通知,Notification,?,?,一旦發(fā)生違約事件，債權人有權通知應收帳款債務人直接向債權,人付款,Upon default, creditor has right to notify ac

11、count debtor to pay,the creditor directly,通知的時間,Timing of,notice:,?,通過合同約定：通知性融資,By agreement,Notification financing,?,只有在違約事件發(fā)生后才有權通知：非通知性融資,Only upon,default,Non-notification financing,?,應收帳款擔保物權的執(zhí)行：美國的法律與實踐,Collection of,Account Receivables: US Law & Practice,?,若應收帳款債務人未能付款，債權人有權代表債務人行使收帳權利,If,ac

12、count debtor fails to pay, secured party can enforce the payment,obligation on debtors behalf.,?,擔保應收帳款與普通應收帳款,Secured vs. unsecured receivables,應收帳款擔保物權的執(zhí)行：美國的法律與實踐,Collection of,Account Receivables: US Law and Practice,?,追索權,Recourse,?,?,?,有追索權的應收帳款出售：擔保物權的執(zhí)行必須“合乎商業(yè)情理”,Sale of,accounts with recour

13、se: commercially reasonableness applies,?,以合乎商業(yè)情理的手段收帳,Commercially reasonable attempt to,collect,?,收不回的壞帳由債務人承擔,Uncollectible accounts charged back,to debtor,無追索權的應收帳款出售,Sale of,accounts without recourse,應收帳款的讓與,Assignment of,accounts:,?,債權人有權向債務人追索清償不足額,Creditor entitled to collect,deficiency from

14、 debtor,?,收帳與擔保物權的執(zhí)行必須合乎商業(yè)情理,Collection and,enforcement subject to commercial reasonableness requirement,應收帳款擔保物權的執(zhí)行：美國的法律與實踐,Collection of,Account Receivables: US Law and Practice,?,應收帳款付款義務的更改、履行及抗辯：第三方的權力,Modification,discharge or defenses to receivables,Rights of,third parties,?,如果應收帳款債務人聲稱其付款義務

15、已經通過與債務人協(xié)議更改,（減少或延長），應如何處理？,What if,account debtor claims that,its payment obligation has been modified (reduced or extended) pursuant,to agreement with debtor?,?,若更改為善意，且該更改發(fā)生在債務人完成其合同義務之前或,在應收帳款債務人獲得讓與通知之前，則更改對擔保債權人有,效。,Effective against secured creditor if,modification made in good,faith and prio

16、r to completion of,performance by debtor or before,notice of,assignment,?,但這類更改也許會構成擔保合同中的違約行為,Modification may,constitute breach under security agreement,應收帳款擔保物權的執(zhí)行：美國的法律與實踐,Collection of,Account Receivables: US Law and Practice,?,應收帳款付款義務的更改、履行及抗辯：第三方的權力（續(xù)）,?,如果應收帳款債務人聲稱其已將應付款項付給債務人，因此已履,行了付款義務，應

17、如何處理？,What if,account debtor claims that its,payment obligation has been discharged upon a previous payment to,debtor?,?,取決于應收帳款債務人的付賬發(fā)生在收到讓與通知之前還是之,后,Depends on whether payment is made before or after receiving,notification of,the assignment,應收帳款擔保物權的執(zhí)行：美國的法律與實踐,Collection of,Account Receivables: U

18、S Law and Practice,?,應收帳款付款義務的更改、履行及抗辯：第三方的權力（續(xù)）,?,如果應收帳款債務人聲稱因對債務人有請求權而有權抵消付款義,務，或是有權抗辯其對債務人的付款義務（如債務人未能提供服,務或違反出賣商品的質量保證），應如何處理？,What if,account debtor claims that it has a claim against debtor that it,may offset against the obligation or a defense to payment of,the,obligation (failure to provide

19、services, breach of,warranty in sale of,goods)?,?,根據(jù)合同法，除非應收帳款債務人通過合約放棄其抗辯權，債,權人的收款權力受應收帳款債務人抗辯權的制約，但其受到的,影響僅來自于應收帳款債務人減少其付款義務。,Under contract law, absent agreement by account debtor to waive,defense debtor, the creditors right to payment is subject to the,defenses of,the account debtor, but only to the extent of,reducing,payment obligations,中國擔保信貸的法律障礙,Legal Obstacles to Secured Lending in Chin