擔(dān)保物權(quán)的執(zhí)行

1、動(dòng)產(chǎn)擔(dān)保物權(quán)的執(zhí)行,Enforcement of,Security Interests,韓蘇琳律師,Beijing,January,2005,現(xiàn)代擔(dān)保交易法律體制擔(dān)保物權(quán)的有效執(zhí)行,Enforcement Under Modern Secured Transactions Legal Framework,?,快捷、有效、低廉地執(zhí)行有助于增強(qiáng)擔(dān)保物權(quán)實(shí)現(xiàn)的可預(yù)測(cè)性及降,低借貸費(fèi)用,Speedy, Effective and Inexpensive Enforcement Increases,Predictability of,Realizing Security Interests and Re

2、duces the Cost of,Credit,?,合同雙方約定權(quán)力和救濟(jì)方式,Rights and remedies defined by,parties,?,?,合同約定違約事由,Default defined by contract,違約事件定義寬泛,Broad definition,現(xiàn)代擔(dān)保交易法律體制擔(dān)保物權(quán)的有效執(zhí)行,Enforcement Under Modern Secured Transactions Legal Framework,?,違約發(fā)生后債權(quán)人的選擇,Creditors options after default,?,債權(quán)人有權(quán)通收回?fù)?dān)保物并通過(guò)公開(kāi)或私下方式處理

3、擔(dān)保物,Right to take possession of,collateral and dispose of,collateral by,public or private means,?,?,通過(guò)自助手段收回?fù)?dān)保物,Self-help repossession,收回和處理?yè)?dān)保物的費(fèi)用納入未償還貸款數(shù)額,Costs of,repossession and foreclosure added to unpaid balance,向債務(wù)人追索清償不足額,Right to pursue debtor for,deficiency,?,?,?,以物償還,Strict foreclosure,非正

4、式債務(wù)重組,Informal workout and restructuring,現(xiàn)代擔(dān)保交易法律體制擔(dān)保物權(quán)的有效執(zhí)行,Enforcement under Modern Secured Transactions Legal Framework,?,債務(wù)人及有關(guān)第三人利益的合理保護(hù),Reasonable Safeguards for,Debtor and Interested Third Parties,?,擔(dān)保物的自助回收必須以不擾亂治安方式進(jìn)行,Self-help,repossession must be peaceful,?,若擔(dān)保物為應(yīng)收帳款，債權(quán)人有權(quán)通知應(yīng)收帳款債務(wù)人,直接向其付款

5、,Right to notify account debtor to pay directly,to creditor if,collateral involves accounts,允許當(dāng)事雙方約定債權(quán)人在進(jìn)行自助回收之前無(wú)需通知,債務(wù)人,Parties may agree not to provide notice prior to,repossession,?,現(xiàn)代擔(dān)保交易法律體制擔(dān)保物權(quán)的有效執(zhí)行,Enforcement under Modern Secured Transactions Legal Framework,?,擔(dān)保物必須以“合乎商業(yè)情理”的方式處理,The disposa

6、l of,collateral must be conducted in a “commercially reasonable”,manner,?,?,在處理之前通知債務(wù)人和有關(guān)第三方,Notice to debtor and,other interested parties prior to disposal,方式和價(jià)格,Manner and price,?,債務(wù)人的贖買(mǎi)權(quán),Debtors right of,redemption,清償收益的分配：債權(quán)人必須向債務(wù)人呈報(bào)清償后所剩余額,Distribution of,proceeds: Creditor must account to debt

7、or for,surplus,?,現(xiàn)代擔(dān)保交易法律體制擔(dān)保物權(quán)的有效執(zhí)行,Enforcement under Modern Secured Transactions Legal Framework,?,司法介入：簡(jiǎn)易程序,Judicial Intervention: Summary proceedings,?,司法程序：不可避免的費(fèi)用與拖延,Judicial process: Inherent,costs and delay,簡(jiǎn)化追收壞帳的司法程序,Simplify judicial process for,enforcement of,debt obligations,?,?,建立快捷的簡(jiǎn)化

8、司法程序，限制法院的審議范圍,Expedited,summary legal proceedings: Limit the scope of,judicial findings,限制上訴,Limit abuse of,appeals,啟用專(zhuān)門(mén)的公共或私人執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu),Enforcement by specialized,public collection agencies or private enforcers,?,?,現(xiàn)代擔(dān)保交易法律體制擔(dān)保物權(quán)的有效執(zhí)行,Enforcement Under Modern Secured Transactions Legal Framework,?,破產(chǎn)程序中

9、擔(dān)保債權(quán)人的權(quán)力,Secured Creditors Rights in Insolvency,Proceedings,?,破產(chǎn)程序：債務(wù)人的最終保護(hù)傘,Insolvency proceedings as the,ultimate means of,debtor protection,?,債權(quán)人通過(guò)擔(dān)保物清償債務(wù)的權(quán)力受到限制,Restriction on,secured creditors right to foreclose on collateral,拖延擔(dān)保債務(wù)償還的拖延,Delay of,repayment of,secured debt,債權(quán)人的優(yōu)先受償權(quán)受到威脅,Preserva

10、tion of,secured creditors,priority,?,?,應(yīng)收帳款擔(dān)保物權(quán)的執(zhí)行：美國(guó)的法律與實(shí)踐,Collection of,Account Receivables: US Law & Practice,?,統(tǒng)一商法第九章有關(guān)規(guī)定適用于應(yīng)收帳款的讓與和出售（保理）,UCC-9 rules apply to both assignment and sale of,accounts,通知,Notification,?,?,一旦發(fā)生違約事件，債權(quán)人有權(quán)通知應(yīng)收帳款債務(wù)人直接向債權(quán),人付款,Upon default, creditor has right to notify ac

11、count debtor to pay,the creditor directly,通知的時(shí)間,Timing of,notice:,?,通過(guò)合同約定：通知性融資,By agreement,Notification financing,?,只有在違約事件發(fā)生后才有權(quán)通知：非通知性融資,Only upon,default,Non-notification financing,?,應(yīng)收帳款擔(dān)保物權(quán)的執(zhí)行：美國(guó)的法律與實(shí)踐,Collection of,Account Receivables: US Law & Practice,?,若應(yīng)收帳款債務(wù)人未能付款，債權(quán)人有權(quán)代表債務(wù)人行使收帳權(quán)利,If,ac

12、count debtor fails to pay, secured party can enforce the payment,obligation on debtors behalf.,?,擔(dān)保應(yīng)收帳款與普通應(yīng)收帳款,Secured vs. unsecured receivables,應(yīng)收帳款擔(dān)保物權(quán)的執(zhí)行：美國(guó)的法律與實(shí)踐,Collection of,Account Receivables: US Law and Practice,?,追索權(quán),Recourse,?,?,?,有追索權(quán)的應(yīng)收帳款出售：擔(dān)保物權(quán)的執(zhí)行必須“合乎商業(yè)情理”,Sale of,accounts with recour

13、se: commercially reasonableness applies,?,以合乎商業(yè)情理的手段收帳,Commercially reasonable attempt to,collect,?,收不回的壞帳由債務(wù)人承擔(dān),Uncollectible accounts charged back,to debtor,無(wú)追索權(quán)的應(yīng)收帳款出售,Sale of,accounts without recourse,應(yīng)收帳款的讓與,Assignment of,accounts:,?,債權(quán)人有權(quán)向債務(wù)人追索清償不足額,Creditor entitled to collect,deficiency from

14、 debtor,?,收帳與擔(dān)保物權(quán)的執(zhí)行必須合乎商業(yè)情理,Collection and,enforcement subject to commercial reasonableness requirement,應(yīng)收帳款擔(dān)保物權(quán)的執(zhí)行：美國(guó)的法律與實(shí)踐,Collection of,Account Receivables: US Law and Practice,?,應(yīng)收帳款付款義務(wù)的更改、履行及抗辯：第三方的權(quán)力,Modification,discharge or defenses to receivables,Rights of,third parties,?,如果應(yīng)收帳款債務(wù)人聲稱其付款義務(wù)

15、已經(jīng)通過(guò)與債務(wù)人協(xié)議更改,（減少或延長(zhǎng)），應(yīng)如何處理？,What if,account debtor claims that,its payment obligation has been modified (reduced or extended) pursuant,to agreement with debtor?,?,若更改為善意，且該更改發(fā)生在債務(wù)人完成其合同義務(wù)之前或,在應(yīng)收帳款債務(wù)人獲得讓與通知之前，則更改對(duì)擔(dān)保債權(quán)人有,效。,Effective against secured creditor if,modification made in good,faith and prio

16、r to completion of,performance by debtor or before,notice of,assignment,?,但這類(lèi)更改也許會(huì)構(gòu)成擔(dān)保合同中的違約行為,Modification may,constitute breach under security agreement,應(yīng)收帳款擔(dān)保物權(quán)的執(zhí)行：美國(guó)的法律與實(shí)踐,Collection of,Account Receivables: US Law and Practice,?,應(yīng)收帳款付款義務(wù)的更改、履行及抗辯：第三方的權(quán)力（續(xù)）,?,如果應(yīng)收帳款債務(wù)人聲稱其已將應(yīng)付款項(xiàng)付給債務(wù)人，因此已履,行了付款義務(wù)，應(yīng)

17、如何處理？,What if,account debtor claims that its,payment obligation has been discharged upon a previous payment to,debtor?,?,取決于應(yīng)收帳款債務(wù)人的付賬發(fā)生在收到讓與通知之前還是之,后,Depends on whether payment is made before or after receiving,notification of,the assignment,應(yīng)收帳款擔(dān)保物權(quán)的執(zhí)行：美國(guó)的法律與實(shí)踐,Collection of,Account Receivables: U

18、S Law and Practice,?,應(yīng)收帳款付款義務(wù)的更改、履行及抗辯：第三方的權(quán)力（續(xù)）,?,如果應(yīng)收帳款債務(wù)人聲稱因?qū)鶆?wù)人有請(qǐng)求權(quán)而有權(quán)抵消付款義,務(wù)，或是有權(quán)抗辯其對(duì)債務(wù)人的付款義務(wù)（如債務(wù)人未能提供服,務(wù)或違反出賣(mài)商品的質(zhì)量保證），應(yīng)如何處理？,What if,account debtor claims that it has a claim against debtor that it,may offset against the obligation or a defense to payment of,the,obligation (failure to provide

19、services, breach of,warranty in sale of,goods)?,?,根據(jù)合同法，除非應(yīng)收帳款債務(wù)人通過(guò)合約放棄其抗辯權(quán)，債,權(quán)人的收款權(quán)力受應(yīng)收帳款債務(wù)人抗辯權(quán)的制約，但其受到的,影響僅來(lái)自于應(yīng)收帳款債務(wù)人減少其付款義務(wù)。,Under contract law, absent agreement by account debtor to waive,defense debtor, the creditors right to payment is subject to the,defenses of,the account debtor, but only to the extent of,reducing,payment obligations,中國(guó)擔(dān)保信貸的法律障礙,Legal Obstacles to Secured Lending in Chin