基于控制器顯示液晶的物理電學實驗

基于控制器顯示液晶的物理電學實驗顧益飛陳相璋李松（重慶交通大學信息科學與工程學院，重慶南岸400074）摘要液晶顯示器是一種功耗低的顯示器。它的使用非常廣泛，比如電子表，計算器，數(shù)碼相機，計算機的的顯示器，液晶電視等。液晶顯示器以其優(yōu)越的性能，越來越受到各方面的重視，液晶顯示器也越來越多的應用于眾多領域。液晶顯示模塊是一種集成度比較高的顯示組件，它將液晶顯示器，控制器，PCB電路板，背光源和外部連接端口等組裝在一起，可以方便的使用于需要液晶的場合。關鍵詞液晶顯示器液晶顯示模塊集成度比較高方便使用1實驗目的了解51單片機的基本外圍電路設計,學會使用12864液晶顯示模塊，用物理的科學方法分析實驗現(xiàn)象。并了解應用物理學的微型控制計算機的功能。2實驗內(nèi)容應用物理電子元器件設計物理實驗電路使用STC89C52，實現(xiàn)對12864液晶顯示模塊的漢字、圖形動態(tài)顯示實驗器材與儀器89C52一塊，12864液晶顯示模塊一塊，10K電阻一個，10K可變電阻一個，30PF電容兩個，10PF電容一個，開關按鈕一個，插針一個，萬用表，直流穩(wěn)壓電源器，示波器，烙鐵，焊錫等。3實驗原理31液晶的物理特性液晶的物理特性是當通電時導通，排列變的有秩序，使光線容易通過；不電時排列混亂，阻止光線通過。讓液晶如閘門般地阻隔或讓光線穿透。32單色液晶顯示器的原理LCD技術是把液晶灌入兩個列有細槽的平面之間。這兩個平面上的槽互相垂直。也就是說，若一個平面上的分子南北向排列，則另一平面上的分子東西向排列，而位于兩個平面之間的分子被強迫進入一種90度扭轉(zhuǎn)的狀態(tài)。由于光線順著分子的排列方向傳播，所以光線經(jīng)過液晶時也被扭轉(zhuǎn)90度。但當液晶上加一個電壓時，分子便會重新垂直排列，使光線能直射出去，而不發(fā)生任何扭轉(zhuǎn)。LCD是依賴極化濾光器片和光線本身。自然光線是朝四面八方隨機發(fā)散的。極化濾光器實際是一系列越來越細的平行線。這些線形成一張網(wǎng)，阻斷不與這些線平行的所有光線。極化濾光器的線正好與第一個垂直，所以能完全阻斷那些已經(jīng)極化的光線。只有兩個濾光器的線完全平行，或者光線本身已扭轉(zhuǎn)到與第二個極化濾光器相匹配，光線才得以穿透。LCD正是由這樣兩個相互垂直的極化濾光器構(gòu)成，所以在正常情況下應該阻斷所有試圖穿透的光線。但是，由于兩個濾光器之間充滿了扭曲液晶，所以在光線穿出第一個濾光器后，會被液晶分子扭轉(zhuǎn)90度，最后從第二個濾光器中穿出。另一方面，若為液晶加一個電壓，分子又會重新排列并完全平行，使光線不再扭轉(zhuǎn)，所以正好被第二個濾光器擋住?？傊与妼⒐饩€阻斷，不加電則使光線射出。當然也可以改變LCD中的液晶排列，使光線在加電時射出，而不加電時被阻斷。33傳統(tǒng)的點陣獲取法在點陣式液晶中顯示圖像，首先要獲得圖像的點陣值。最傳統(tǒng)、最簡單直接的點陣獲取方法就是坐標掃描法。其基本步驟為將圖像置于坐標系中，根據(jù)坐標格上象素的存在與否決定該點值為1還是0；然后將每八個象素值拼成一個字節(jié)，從而得到該圖像的點陣數(shù)據(jù)。下圖為一個燈泡圖像掃描成1616點陣的示意。34液晶模塊介紹選用點陣模型液晶模塊的液晶顯示器，不僅可以顯示字符，而且可以顯示連續(xù)，完整的圖形。這種液晶模塊是行，列控制型的?？刂破魇且壕?qū)動器與計算機或單片機的接口，它以最簡單的方式受控于計算機或單片機。這種液晶模塊具有自己的一套專用指令，并具有自己的字符發(fā)生器CGROM。35液晶模塊與MCU的接口介紹351基本指令集352基本指令詳細說明353八位并口寫操作時序圖354八位并口讀操作時序圖36硬件部分STC89C52C52外圍電路LCM模塊LCD外圍電路361最小系統(tǒng)設計362振蕩電路STC89C52內(nèi)部含有一個振蕩器，可以作為CPU的時鐘源，也可以由外部振蕩器輸入時鐘信號，作為CPU的時鐘源。這里采用片內(nèi)振蕩源，在XTAL1和XTAL2之間連接一個12MHZ的適應晶體以及兩個陶瓷電容，構(gòu)成并聯(lián)諧振電路363復位電路單片機的硬件復位方法很多，其基本特點是在RST引腳輸入兩個以上機器周期的高電平便可以實現(xiàn)硬件復位。這里采用的復位電路，既可以上電復位，也可以手動復位。開關斷開時RST為低電平，當開關閉合時RST獲得高電平，實現(xiàn)對單片機的手動復位。364液晶模塊部分圖中通過可變電阻來調(diào)節(jié)液晶對比度4軟件部分41總體設計使用C語言實現(xiàn)對液晶的定位文字，圖形動態(tài)顯示42流程圖開始LCD啟動等待初始化閃爍清屏左移顯示圖形延時閃爍清屏顯示四行中文延時閃爍延時5小結(jié)51本實驗詳細的介紹了基本控制電路及液晶顯示模塊，并對一款常用的LCD驅(qū)動控制器的指令和功能進行了介紹。近年來，液晶顯示模塊應用越來越廣泛，因此此實驗非常有實際價值，不但熟悉了基本控制電路的結(jié)構(gòu)特點，還對液晶模塊有了深刻的了解，并熟悉了對其控制。52創(chuàng)新性521液晶模塊外圍電路的設計，引入了變阻電阻來調(diào)節(jié)液晶的對比度，使調(diào)節(jié)液晶對比度十分方便。522通過將液晶引腳RST與I/O口相接，用軟件就能實現(xiàn)對液晶的復位操作。523使用C語言編寫閃爍函數(shù)，顯示字符串函數(shù)，顯示圖像函數(shù)等，并通過89C52不斷地對液晶寫指令和數(shù)據(jù)，使其達到了循環(huán)動態(tài)顯示文字，顯示圖片，文字左移，閃爍等效果。524通過親手設計電路和焊接電路，并對單片機進行編程，通過液晶模塊顯示出來。達到了理論與實際的結(jié)合，而不局限于書本中的理論知識。525實驗源程序IFNDEF_LCD12864_H_DEFINE_LCD12864_H_SBITLCD_RSP10/定義引腳SBITLCD_RWP11SBITLCD_EP12SBITPSBP13/使用8位并行接口，PSB1DEFINELCD_DATAP0DEFINEBUSY0X80/用于檢測LCD狀態(tài)字中的BUSY標識/函數(shù)聲明/寫數(shù)據(jù)/VOIDWRITEDATALCDUNSIGNEDCHARWDLCD/寫指令/VOIDWRITECOMMANDLCDUNSIGNEDCHARWCLCD,BUYSC/檢測忙/UNSIGNEDCHARREADSTATUSLCDVOID/初始化/VOIDLCDINITVOID/清屏/VOIDLCDCLEARVOID/屏幕閃動/VOIDLCDFLASHVOID/顯示一串字符/VOIDDISPLAYLISTCHARUNSIGNEDCHARX,UNSIGNEDCHARY,UNSIGNEDCHARCODEDDATA/顯示圖形/VOIDDISPLAYIMAGEUNSIGNEDCHARCODEDDATA/延時5MS/VOIDDELAY5MSVOID/延時400MS/VOIDDELAY400MSVOID/函數(shù)聲明/寫數(shù)據(jù)VOIDWRITEDATALCDUNSIGNEDCHARWDLCDREADSTATUSLCD/檢測忙LCD_RS1LCD_RW0LCD_DATAWDLCDLCD_E1LCD_E1LCD_E1LCD_E0/寫指令VOIDWRITECOMMANDLCDUNSIGNEDCHARWCLCD,BUYSC/BUYSC為0時忽略忙檢測IFBUYSCREADSTATUSLCD/根據(jù)需要檢測忙LCD_RS0LCD_RW0LCD_DATAWCLCDLCD_E1LCD_E1LCD_E1LCD_E0/讀狀態(tài)UNSIGNEDCHARREADSTATUSLCDVOIDLCD_DATA0XFFLCD_RS0LCD_RW1LCD_E1WHILELCD_DATA/檢測忙信號LCD_E0RETURNLCD_DATAVOIDLCDINITVOID/LCM初始化WRITECOMMANDLCD0X30,1/顯示模式設置,開始要求每次檢測忙信號WRITECOMMANDLCD0X01,1/顯示清屏WRITECOMMANDLCD0X06,1/顯示光標移動設置WRITECOMMANDLCD0X0C,1/顯示開及光標設置VOIDLCDCLEARVOID/清屏WRITECOMMANDLCD0X01,1/顯示清屏WRITECOMMANDLCD0X34,1/顯示光標移動設置WRITECOMMANDLCD0X30,1/顯示開及光標設置VOIDLCDFLASHVOID/閃爍效果WRITECOMMANDLCD0X08,1/顯示清屏DELAY400MSWRITECOMMANDLCD0X0C,1/顯示開及光標設置DELAY400MSWRITECOMMANDLCD0X08,1/顯示清屏DELAY400MSWRITECOMMANDLCD0X0C,1/顯示開及光標設置DELAY400MS/按指定位置顯示一串字符VOIDDISPLAYLISTCHARUNSIGNEDCHARX,UNSIGNEDCHARY,UNSIGNEDCHARCODEDDATAUNSIGNEDCHARLISTLENGTH,X2LISTLENGTH0X2XIFY4Y4X/限制X不能大于16，Y在14之內(nèi)SWITCHYCASE1X2|0X80BREAK/根據(jù)行數(shù)來選擇相應地址CASE2X2|0X90BREAKCASE3X2|0X88BREAKCASE4X2|0X98BREAKWRITECOMMANDLCDX2,1/發(fā)送地址碼WHILEDDATALISTLENGTH0X20/若到達字串尾則退出IFXINCLUDE“LCD12864H“CODEUNSIGNEDCHARA“重慶交通大學“CODEUNSIGNEDCHARB“大學物理創(chuàng)新實驗“CODEUNSIGNEDCHARC“信息學院電子3班“CODEUNSIGNEDCHARD“TECODEUNSIGNEDCHARTMP0XFF,0XFE,0XFE,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X18,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X7F,0X7F,0XFF,0XE9,0X6E,0XEE,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X70,0X00,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X77,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XEE,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X70,0X07,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X77,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XE0,0X80,0X00,0X00,0XE6,0X1E,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X07,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0X01,0XE8,0X78,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0XFF,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6E,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0X07,0XF7,0XFF,0XFF,0X80,0X00,0X00,0X01,0XFF,0X69,0X69,0X96,0X96,0X00,0X80,0X00,0X0F,0XFF,0XFF,0XF8,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X00,0X76,0X97,0XE9,0X6F,0XFE,0X80,0X00,0X1F,0XF7,0XFF,0XF0,0X00,0X00,0X00,0X01,0X7F,0XE9,0X69,0X96,0X97,0XFE,0X80,0X00,0XFF,0XFF,0X0F,0XF8,0X00,0X0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