外文翻譯--生物質(zhì)能量.doc

生物質(zhì)能量能源是國民經(jīng)濟建設(shè)和人民生活的重要物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，在某種意義上，人類社會生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展史，就是人類能源開發(fā)利用史。隨著世界人口的日益增長和社會經(jīng)濟的快速發(fā)展，人類在經(jīng)歷了以煤為主的第二代能源之后，以石油為主的第三代能源正面臨著枯竭的危險。人類必須尋找到一種可經(jīng)濟開發(fā)、豐富、清潔的能源。因此，開發(fā)與利用新能源和可再生能源，已經(jīng)成為世界性的能源建設(shè)發(fā)展的戰(zhàn)略方向。目前，世界能源格局是以石油、天然氣、煤炭等常規(guī)能源為主，包括水能風(fēng)能、太陽能、潮汐能、地?zé)崮堋⒑四?、氫氣能、生物能等能源在?nèi)的多種能源并存的狀況。就煤、石油、天然氣、地?zé)崮?、核能等能源來說，不僅儲量、開發(fā)量有限，而且是不可再生能源。水能、風(fēng)能、潮汐能等可再生能源，雖然理論上是取之不盡，用之不竭的，但可經(jīng)濟開發(fā)的量并不大。單單依靠這些能源遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿足國民經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展需要。因此人們預(yù)言能量巨大、分布廣泛、可以再生、污染小的生物質(zhì)能將成為第四代能源的主流能源。生物質(zhì)氣化技術(shù)主要是以低質(zhì)生物質(zhì)為原料的氣化技術(shù)，使低質(zhì)生物質(zhì)完成從固態(tài)到可燃?xì)怏w的轉(zhuǎn)化。低質(zhì)生物質(zhì)是以農(nóng)作物秸稈為主，還可以使用玉米芯、木屑、柴草等。由于低質(zhì)生物質(zhì)的可再生性，因此，這項資源所產(chǎn)生的能源，稱之為可再生能源。生物質(zhì)氣化技術(shù)的用途與城市管道煤氣相同，燃燒穩(wěn)定、熱效率高、適用于炊事、取暖、鍋爐等。該技術(shù)在農(nóng)村的應(yīng)用前途極其廣闊，實現(xiàn)了“一人燒火，全村用氣”的要求。我國是一個農(nóng)業(yè)大國，每年生產(chǎn)的農(nóng)作物秸稈約7億噸，如此之大的資源除了一小部分用于畜牧外，其余的大部分以直接燃燒的方式將其浪費，既浪費了資源，又污染了環(huán)境。所以，合理有效的利用這項資源，是一件利國利民的大事。我國每年產(chǎn)生的農(nóng)作物秸稈約折合3.5億噸標(biāo)準(zhǔn)煤,充分利用這項資源會產(chǎn)生很大的社會效益和經(jīng)濟效益,主要表現(xiàn)在可以節(jié)約資源,保護環(huán)境,從而改變了農(nóng)村傳統(tǒng)的炊事方式，帶動了相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展。生物質(zhì)氣化技術(shù)是一種熱化學(xué)處理技術(shù)，通過氣化爐將固態(tài)生物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化為使用方便而且清潔的可燃?xì)怏w，用作燃料或生產(chǎn)動力。生物質(zhì)氣化技術(shù)，就是生物原料在缺氧狀態(tài)下加熱反應(yīng)的能量轉(zhuǎn)換過程。生物質(zhì)是由碳、氫等元素和灰分組成，當(dāng)它們被點燃時，只供應(yīng)少量空氣，并且采取措施控制其反應(yīng)過程，使碳、氫元素變成一氧化碳、氫氣、甲烷等可烯氣體，秸稈中大部分能量都轉(zhuǎn)移到氣體中，這就是氣化過程。去除可燃?xì)怏w中的灰分、焦油等雜質(zhì)，通過供氣系統(tǒng)將其送入農(nóng)戶家中，使用時打開閥門，點燃燃?xì)庠罹?，就可以燒水做飯了。生物質(zhì)秸稈氣化技術(shù)是90年代初期在我國發(fā)展起來的，但由于其具有較好的經(jīng)濟效益、社會效益和環(huán)境效益。在短短的十年內(nèi)得到了相當(dāng)大的發(fā)展，目前我國已經(jīng)成功開發(fā)了一些將生物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化成可燃?xì)怏w的技術(shù)。建立了380余處秸稈氣化集中供氣示范點，主要集中在山東、河南、江蘇、河北、山西、北京、陜西。1近年來由于各級政府的大力支持，以固定下吸式氣化爐為代表的秸稈氣化技術(shù)已在農(nóng)村地區(qū)得到推廣應(yīng)用，取得了良好的社會效益。我國是個農(nóng)業(yè)大國，有豐富的農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄資源，但是其利用率卻很低，且因不正當(dāng)處置如焚燒而污染環(huán)境，隨著我國生物質(zhì)能氣化技術(shù)的發(fā)展，其應(yīng)用前景越來越廣闊，特別是在氣化發(fā)電和集中供氣方面。目前國內(nèi)已經(jīng)成功開發(fā)了一些將生物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化成可燃?xì)獾募夹g(shù)，采用固定床氣化的，其所產(chǎn)氣體的熱值則可獲得45MJ/m3，采用循環(huán)流化床氣化的，其所產(chǎn)生的氣體的熱值則可獲得7MJ/m3左右，而且中熱值氣化技術(shù)的實驗研究在國內(nèi)也已取得了較好效果，如廣州能源研究所采用的氧氣氣化技術(shù)，其氣體熱值在10MJ12MJ/m3之間。4在我國，由于火力發(fā)電污染大，農(nóng)村地區(qū)缺電嚴(yán)重，特別是偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)，生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電正是解決這一難題的最好方法。利用生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電既可以生產(chǎn)電能，同時也使農(nóng)村廢棄物得到了有效處理，因而不但有良好的社會效益，也減少了處理這些廢棄物時造成的環(huán)境污染。BiomassenergyquantityTheenergyisthenationaleconomyconstructionandthelivesofthepeopleimportantmaterialbase,insomesense,thehumansocietyproducesthehistory,isthehumanityenergydevelopmentusehistory.Alongwithworldpopulationsday-by-daygrowthandsocialeconomysfastdevelopment,thehumanityinhasexperiencedafterthecoalsecondgenerationofenergyprimarily,bythepetroleumthird-generationenergysourcesprimarilyisfacingthedangerwhichdriesup.Thehumanitymustseektoonekindmaytheeconomicaldevelopment,rich,thecleanenergy.Therefore,developsandusesthenewandrenewablesourcesofenergy,alreadybecametheworldwidebasisenergyconstructiondevelopmentthestrategicdirection.Atpresent,theworldenergypatternisbyconventionalenergysourcesandsoonpetroleum,naturalgas,coalprimarily,includingthehydro-energywindenergy,thesolarenergy,thetidalenergy,thegeothermalenergy,thenuclearpower,thehydrogencan,energyandsoonbiologicalenergymanykindsofenergycoexistingconditions.Onenergyandsooncoal,petroleum,naturalgas,geothermalenergy,nuclearpower,notonlythereserves,thedevelopmentquantityarelimited,moreoveristherenewableenergysource.Hydroenergy,windenergy,tidalenergyandsoonrenewableenergysource,althoughisinexhaustibletheoretically,inexhaustible,butmaytheeconomicaldevelopmentquantitynotbebig.Soledependencetheseenergycannotsatisfythenationaleconomybyfarthedevelopmentneed.Thereforethepeoplepredictedthattheenergyhuge,distributedwidespread,mayregenerate,pollutesthesmallbiomassenergybecomethefourthgenerationofenergythemainstreamenergyLivesthematerialgasificationtechnologyismainlylivesthematerialtaketheinferiorityasrawmaterialgasifiedtechnology,causestheinferioritytolivethematerialtocompletefromthesolidstatetotheflammablegastransformation.Theinferioritylivesthematerialisbythecropsstrawstalkprimarily,butmayalsousethecorncob,thesawdust,thefirewoodandsoon.Asaresultofinferioritybiologyarcherytargetrenewability,therefore,thisitemofresourcesproducetheenergy,callsittherenewableenergysource.Livesthematerialgasificationtechnologytheuseandtheurbanpipelinecoalgasisthesame,theburningstabilization,thethermalefficiencyhigh,aresuitableforthekitchenwork,warmup,theboilerandsoon.Thistechnologywasextremelybroadinthecountrysideapplicationfuture,realizes“onepersontolightafire,theentirevilliagewithwasmad”therequest.Ourcountryisalargeagriculturalnation,everyyearproducesthecropsstrawstalktheapproximately700,000,000tons,likethisbigtheresourcesuseinraisinglivestockbesidesasmallpart,othermajoritiesbydirectcombustionwayitswaste,bothhaswastedtheresources,andhaspollutedtheenvironment.Therefore,reasonableeffectiveusethisitemofresources,aretheimportantmatterwhichisbeneficialtothecountry,beneficialtothepeople.Ourcountryproduceseveryyearthecropsstrawstalkapproximatelyconvertinto350,000,000tonsstandardcoals,usesthisitemofresourcestobeablefullytohavetheverybigsocialefficiencyandtheeconomicefficiency,mainlydisplaysinmaythenurseresources,protectstheenvironment,thuschangedthecountrysidetraditionkitchenworkway,hasledtherelatedindustrialdevelopment.Livesthematerialgasificationtechnologyisoneheatchemicaltreatmenttechnology,livesthroughthegasifierthesolidstatethematerialtransformationfortheeasytooperatemoreoverthecleanflammablegas,servesasthefuelortheproductionpower.Livesthematerialgasificationtechnology,isbiologicalrawmaterialheatsuptheresponseundertheanoxicconditiontheenergyconversionprocess.Livesthematerialisbyelementsandtheash-constituentandsooncarbon,hydrogen,whentheyarelit,onlysuppliesthefewair,andtakesthemeasuretocontrolitsreactionprocess,causesthecarbon,thehydrogentoturnthecarbonmonoxide,thehydrogen,themethaneandsoontobepossiblethealkenegas,inthestrawstalkthemajorityofenergiestoshifttothegas,thisgasifiestheprocess.Removesimpuritiesandsoonflammablegasash,tar,sendsinthroughtheair-supplysystemitintheagriculturalhouseholdnumber,whenuseturnsonthevalve,theignitionfuelgascookware,mightboilwaterpreparesfood.Livedthematerialstrawstalkgasificationtechnologyisdevelopsintheearly90sinourcountry,butbecauseithadthegoodeconomicefficiency,thesocialefficiencyandtheenvironmentbenefit.Obtainedthequitebigdevelopmentintheshorttenyears,atpresentourcountryalreadysucceededdevelopssometolivethematerialtransformationflammablegasthetechnology.Hasestablished380YuChujiethestalkgasificationcentralizedairfeeddemonstrationpoint,mainlyconcentratesinShandong,Henan,Jiangsu,Hebei,Shanxi,Beijing,Shanxi.1asaresultofAlllevelsofthegovernmentssupportvigorously,obtainedthepromotedapplicationinrecentyearstakethefixeddowndraftgasifierasrepresentativesstrawstalkgasificationtechnologyinthecountrysidearea,hasobtainedthegoodsocialefficiency.Ourcountryisthelargeagriculturalnation,hastherichagriculturetoabandontheresources,butitsusefactorisveryactuallylow,becauseandhandlesliketheburningdownpollutionoftheenvironmentimproperly,alongwithourcountrybiomassenergygasificationtechnologysdevelopment,itsapplicationprospectisgettingmoreandmorebroad,speciallyingasifiedelectricitygenerationandcentralizedairfeedaspect.Atpresentdomesticalreadysucceededdevelopssometolivethematerialtransformationcombustiblegasthetechnology,usesthefixedbedgasification,itsproducesthegasthecalorificvaluetobepossibletoobtain4-5MJ/m3,usesthecirculationfluidizedgasification,itsproducesthegascalori