by的用法小結

by的用法小結1.用于被動語態(tài)的句子中,表示動作的執(zhí)行者,意為“被;由”。 He was praised by the teacher.他受到了老師的表揚。The book was written by Lu Xun.這本書是魯迅寫的。2.表示方式、方法、手段等,后常接無冠詞的名詞或動名詞,意為“通過;靠;用”。Dont judge a person by appearances. 勿以貌取人。He made a living by teaching.他以教書為生。3.表示時間,意為“到時(為止”或“不遲于”。He ought to be here by now.他現(xiàn)在應該在這兒了。By the time he was ten, he had learnt about 1,000 English words.到十歲時,他已學了約一千個英語單詞。4.表示(增減)程度,尺寸數(shù)量等,意為“至的程度”。the bullet missed me by two inches.那子彈以兩英寸之差未擊中我。the rope needs to be longer by two feet.這繩子需要再長兩英尺。5.表示交通路線或工具,后接名詞不用冠詞,意為“乘;坐”。go by bus / plane / train 乘汽車(飛機、火車)去travel by land / sea / air 陸上(海上、空中)旅行6.表示位置,意為“在近旁;在旁邊”。There is a pumping station by the river.河邊有個抽水站。詞by可以用來表示方位、時間、手段等,其用法在高考中曾多次出現(xiàn)。下面結合高考試卷和其它一些例句做一下歸納： 一、by+地點名詞。表方位，意為：“在旁邊”。如：by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。 She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.(NMET90)她搜索了山頂，然后停下來在路邊的一塊大石頭上休息。 After supper she would sit down by the fire,sometimes for as long as an hour,thinking of her young and happy days.(2003上海春）晚飯后，她常坐在火旁，有時長達一個小時地回憶她那青春、快樂的年代。 注：有時可表:“從旁經(jīng)過”,多與動詞go/walk/pass等連用。 As we boys were rushing towards the playground,Jim slipped by the table.(NMET92完形）當我們這些男生沖向操場時，吉姆從桌旁溜過。 二、by+時間名詞。意為：“到時（已發(fā)生某事），此時謂語多用完成時；最晚、不遲于，在之前”。如：by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of/three oclock等。 By the end of last year,another new gymnasium had been completed.(2003上海春）到去年年底，又有一座新體育館峻工了。 The train leaves at 6:00 pm.So I have to be at the station by 5:40 pm at the latest.(NMET97)火車下午六點開，所以最晚我得五點四十趕到車站。 三、by+名詞。可用來表方法、方式、手段等。 1、by+the+可數(shù)的時間、長度、重量等名詞。意為：“按計算，按買(賣)”。如：by the pound/ton/yard/meter/dozen/bale/day/month等。 Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.(NMET98)城市里的女清潔工通常按小時獲得報酬。 In the market,tobacco is sold by the bale,eggs by the dozen and salt by the pound.在市場里，煙葉按捆賣，雞蛋按打賣，鹽按磅賣。 2、by+表示時間、長度、重量等總稱的不可數(shù)名詞（名詞前不加冠詞）。意為：“按計算，按買(賣)”。如：by time/volume/length/weight/height/depth/width/area等。 As we all know,the freight of the luggage is charged by weight.眾所周知，行李的運費是按重量計算的。 3、by+交通工具、交通方式名詞（名詞前不加冠詞，不變復數(shù)）。意為：“通過，由，乘”。如by train/rail/tube/taxi/bus/truck/bike/boat/plane;by land/road/sea/water/air等。（on foot) It takes a long time to go there by train;its quicker by road.(或by bus)(NMET93)乘火車去那兒要花很長時間，公路比較快。 “I usually go there by train”.“Why not try going by boat(或water)for a change?”(NMET92)“我常乘火車去那兒?！薄盀楹尾粐L試一下坐船呢？” 4、by+抽象名詞或具有抽象意義的普通名詞（名詞前不加冠詞，不變復數(shù)）。意為：“靠，通過，由所致”。如：by skill/determination/practice/diligence/inference/chance/accident;by mail/letter/radio/fax/telephone/telegraph/hand/machine等。 Although he had been searching in the wrong area most of the time,he found it by logic,not by luck.(NMET2002閱讀）雖然他曾大部分時間一直在錯誤的地方尋找，但他還是靠邏輯推理而非運氣，找到了它。 I made a coat with my own hands.It was made by hand,not by machine. 我用雙手織了一件外套。它是用手工織的，而不是機器織的。 5、by+ 地點或工具等具體名詞。表路線、途徑，意為：“通過（某物、某地），取道”。如:by a stone bridge/the back door/the freeway/country roads等。 The man entered the room by the back door.那人通過后門進入了房間。 6、by+動詞ing.意為：“通過，靠，憑”。如：by waiting/practing/begging/working/imitating等。 He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.(NMET95)他通過印刷著名作家的作品而獲得了巨大的財富。 Our bodies are strengthened by taking exercise. Similarly,our minds are developed by learning.(2000上海)身體是靠鍛煉強壯的，同樣，大腦是靠學習開發(fā)的。 四、by+數(shù)量詞。 1、表升降、增減的程度。如：by one-fifth/20 percent/3/two feet等。 With production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.(NMET2000)產(chǎn)量上升了百分之六十，這家公司今年的業(yè)績極好。 The demand for organic food is increasing by about one third every year.(NMET2002閱讀)對綠色食品的需求每年在增長大約三分之一。 2、表示距離和面積、體積中的尺寸及乘除法中的運算。如：by 2cm/6 inches/four feet/nine yards/a hairs breadth等。 Luckily,the bullet narrowly missed the captain by an inch.(2002上海）幸運地是，那顆子彈差一英寸就擊中了上尉。 The bed is three meters wide by two meters long,and can fit at least four at one time.(NMET2001閱讀)那張床三米寬，兩米長，一次至少可以睡四個人。 五、by+身體部位名詞或衣服名詞。表示被抓住身體/衣物的某一部分，常與動詞catch/seize/take/hold/grab等連用。如：by the hair/hand/arm/nose/horns;by the collar/lape/sleeve等。 The policeman caught the thief by the arm.警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。 The soldier grabbed the child by the collar.那個士兵揪住了孩子的衣領。 六、by的常見短語： by means of/by way of/by the way/one by one/step by step/side by side/shoulder by shoulder/by oneself/by birth/by society/takeby surprise/learnby heart/what do you mean by /by my watch等。 by 的用法 作介詞講： 1. 在近處；在旁邊 standing by the window 站在窗戶旁邊 a table by the bed 床邊的桌子 2. 經(jīng)；由；從 to enter by the door 由門進去 3. 經(jīng)過旁 He walked by me. 他從我旁邊走過。 4.不遲于 By tomorrow hell be here. 他明天就到這兒。 5.被；由 written by Shakespeare 莎士比亞寫的 6.根據(jù)；按照 to play by the rules 按規(guī)則比賽 7.相差 His horse won by a nose. 他的馬以一鼻之差取勝。 8.以方式 She earned money by writing. 她靠寫作掙錢。 We went by air. 我們乘飛機走。 9.表示相（乘）除（以計算面積） a room 15 feet by 20 feet 一間長20英尺寬15英尺的房間 to divide X by Y 用Y除X 10.逐一；連續(xù) The animals went in 2 by 2. 動物兩個兩個地走進去。 11.（指動物）由所生 作副詞講： 1.通過 Please let me by. 請讓我過去。 2.附近 Do it when nobody is by. 等附近沒人時再做。 with的用法講解-最全的with用法1 同, 與, 和, 跟talk with a friend與朋友談話learn farming with an old peasant跟老農(nóng)學習種田fight quarrel, argue with sb.跟某人打架爭吵, 辯論說明表示動作的詞, 表示伴隨隨著, 和.同時change with the temperature隨著溫度而變化increase with years逐年增加be up with the dawn黎明即起W-these words he left the room.他說完這些話便離開了房間。3 表示使用的工具, 手段用defend the motherland with ones life用生命保衛(wèi)祖國dig with a pick用鎬挖掘cut meat with a knife用刀割肉2 說明名詞, 表示事物的附屬部分或所具有的性質(zhì)具有; 帶有; 加上; 包括.在內(nèi)tea with sugar加糖的茶水a(chǎn) country with a long history歷史悠久的國家4 表示一致在.一邊, 與.一致; 擁護, 有利于vote with sb.投票贊成某人with的復合結構作獨立主格 表示伴隨情況時，既可用分詞的獨立結構，也可用with的復合結構：with +名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語。例如： He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他舉手著站在那兒。 典型例題 The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tiedC. to be tiedD. tied 答案D. with +名詞（代詞）+分詞+介詞短語結構。當分詞表示伴隨狀況時，其主語常常用with來引導。由于本句中名詞手與分詞綁是被動關系，因此用過去分詞，選D. 注意: sympathize with sb.同情某人be with sb.贊成某人, 在某人一邊5 表示隨身攜帶在.身邊Have you some money with you ?你(身上)帶錢了嗎?Take an umbrella with you.隨身帶把傘去。表示行為方式以., 帶著Handle with care!小心輕放!with accuracy精確地with smile面帶微笑地serve the people with ones whole heart全心全意地為人民服務6 后面加復合賓語, 表示伴隨關系walk with a stick in ones hand手拿拐棍走路sleep with the window open開著窗睡覺7 表示原因, 條件, 結果, 讓步等關系由于, 因為; 當(有).情況下; 如果有; 雖然, 盡管jump with joy高興得跳起來shake with cold冷得發(fā)抖She was dying with hunger.她餓得要死了。W-all his money, he is unhappy.盡管他有那么多錢, 他也并不愉快。對于, 關于, 就.來說They are friendly with us.他們對我們很友好。We are pleased with the house.我們對這所房屋很滿意。It is day with us while it is night with them.對于我們此時是白天, 而對于他們則是夜晚。8 與副詞連用, 構成祈使句On with your shoes!穿上鞋!Off with your clothes!把衣服脫下來!Down with terrorism!打倒恐怖主義!英語中in短語和on短語的區(qū)別1. in time及時；還早；總有一天；終于on time 按時；準時 A stitch in time save nine. 及時一針省九針。(諺語) If you keep on, you will succeed in time. 如果堅持下去,你總有一天會成功的。 We were just in time for the bus. 我們正好趕上那班公共汽車。 The train came on time. 火車準時進站。 You are requested to come on time. 請準時出席。2. in camera 秘密地；私下地on camera 出現(xiàn)在電視上 The case was tried in camera. 此案是秘密審判的。 Did you watch the football game on camera? 你看了電視轉播的足球賽嗎？3. in the air 在空中；無掩蔽的；不完的on the air (正在)廣播 Your mind was on something not so practicalcastles in the air. 你腦子里想的都是些不切合實際的事情都是空中樓閣。 Our plans are still up in the air. 我們的計劃還懸而未決。 The news is on the air. 正在廣播新聞。 Their left flank was left in the air. 他們的左翼無掩護。4. in the way妨礙on the way 正在到來；在路上 The child tried to get to the door, but the table was in the way. 小孩想到門口去,但桌子擋住他的去路。 She tried to clean the house, but the baby was always in the way. 她想打掃房子,但嬰孩總是妨礙她的工作。 Help is on the way. 援助將至。 He is on the way to become a good teacher. 他正在成為一個好的老師。 Lets not stop often on the way. 咱們別老在途中停留。5. in the field 在田野上；在領域里；野外的；參加比賽on the field 在戰(zhàn)場上 The children are playing in the field. 孩子們正在田野里玩。 He had had three successes in the field of literature. 他曾在文學界里獲得了三次成功。 These are plants found in the field. 這是些野生植物。 Are you in the field for the relay race? 你參加接力賽跑嗎？ His son lost his life on the field. 他兒子在戰(zhàn)場上犧牲了。6. in hand 在進行中；在手頭；在控制中on hand 現(xiàn)有；可用 The work is in hand and will soon be completed. 工作在進行之中,很快就要完成了。 I have enough money in hand. 我手頭有足夠的錢。 We have some new woolen goods on hand. 我們手頭現(xiàn)有一些新的羊毛織品。7. in behalf of 為之利益on behalf of代表；為了 He was allowed to sign letters on behalf of the manager. 他被允許代表經(jīng)理在信件上簽名。 My brother could not be here tonight, but I want to thank you on his behalf. 我兄弟今晚不能來,我代表他謝謝你。 He worked hard all his life in behalf of the poor. 他畢生為窮苦人的利益而努力不懈。 My teacher spoke in my behalf. 老師替我說情。8. in the corner 在拐角內(nèi)on the corner 在拐角之上at the corner 在拐角處外 The children are play in the corner of the park. 孩子們正在公園的拐角內(nèi)玩。 The shop is on the corner of the street. 商店在街道的拐角處。 The old woman is standing at the corner. 那老太太正站在拐角處旁。9. in the road 在道路上on the road 在途中；在旅行中 There is a cart running away in the road. 有輛馬車在道路上飛奔。 How long were you on the road? 你路上花了多少時間？10. in view 望；在看見的地方；被考慮；被期待on view 展示；陳列著 Victory is in view. 勝利在望。 We came in view of a pool. 我們看見了一個水池。 The lastest winter fashions are now on view in the big shops. 最新的冬裝款式現(xiàn)在正在大商店中陳列著。11. in the east of 在東部(范圍之內(nèi))on the east of 在東面(相鄰、接壤)to the east of 在東邊(在范圍之外) Shanghai is in the east of China. 上海在中國的東部。 Japan is to the east of China. 日本在中國的東面。 Korea lies on the east of China. 朝鮮位于中國東面。 Guangdong is on the east of Guangxi. 廣東與廣西東部毗鄰。冠詞位置位置講解冠詞位置 1） 不定冠詞位置 不定冠詞常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前。注意： a. 位于such，what，many，half等形容詞之后。例如： I have never seen such an animal. 我從來沒見過這樣的動物。 Many a man is fit for the job. 許多人適合這崗位。 b. 當名詞前的形容詞被副詞as, so, too, how, however, enough修飾時，不定冠詞應放在形容詞之后。例如： It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 我從未這么高興過。 So short a time 如此短的時間 Too long a distance 距離太遠了 c. quite，rather與單數(shù)名詞連用，冠詞放在其后。但當rather，quite 前仍有形容詞，不定冠詞放其前后均可，如：rather a cold day/a rather cold day。 d. 在as，though 引導的讓步狀語從句中，當表語為形容詞修飾的名詞時，不定冠詞放形容詞后。例如：Brave a man though he is，he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他盡管勇敢，可見到蛇還是發(fā)抖。 2） 定冠詞位置 定冠詞通常位于名詞或名詞修飾語前，但放在all， both，double，half，twice，three times等詞之后，名詞之前。例如：All the students in the class went out.班里的所有學生都出去了。 with與by的用法既區(qū)別In the company of; accompanying: 和，陪伴：在陪伴下；隨同： Did you go with her? 你跟她一起去嗎? Next to; alongside of: 在旁邊，同在一起： stood with the rabbi; sat with the family. 與教士站在一起，與家人坐在一塊兒 Having as a possession, an attribute, or a characteristic: 帶著，帶來：作為所有物、屬性或特點具有： arrived with bad news; a man with a moustache. 帶來壞消息；留絡腮胡子的男人 Used as a function word to indicate accompanying detail or condition: 樣子，狀態(tài)：用作功能詞表示伴隨的細節(jié)或狀況： just sat there with his mouth open. 只張著嘴坐在那兒 In a manner characterized by: 以方式： performed with skill; spoke with enthusiasm. 很有技巧地表演；熱情地說話 In the performance, use, or operation of: 使用：在的表現(xiàn)、使用或運行中： had trouble with the car. 汽車出了毛病 In the charge or keeping of: 負責，照料： left the cat with the neighbors. 把貓托鄰居照顧 In the opinion or estimation of: 以的觀點或估計： if its all right with you. 如果你沒異議的話 In support of; on the side of: 支持，贊同： Im with anyone who wants to help the homeless. 我支持任何想幫助流浪漢的人 Of the same opinion or belief as: 和一致：與有相同觀點或信仰： He is with us on that issue. 在那個議題上他和我們觀點一致 In the same group or mixture as; among: 混在一起：在同一組中或同一混和物中；在中： planted onions with the carrots. 把胡蘿和洋蔥種在一起 In the membership or employment of: 是的成員；受雇傭： plays with a symphony orchestra; is with a publishing company. 在交響樂團內(nèi)演奏；受雇于一個出版公司 By the means or agency of: 用：通過的方式或媒介： eat with a fork; made us laugh with his jokes. 用叉子吃飯；以他的笑話引我們發(fā)笑 By the presence or use of: 以：通過的存在或使用： a pillow stuffed with feathers; balloons filled with helium. 用羽毛裝滿的枕頭；裝滿氦氣的氣球 In spite of: 盡管： With all her experience, she could not get a job. 盡管很有經(jīng)驗，她還是找不到工作 In the same direction as: 與同向： sail with the wind; flow with the river. 順風起帆；順河而流 At the same time as: 與同時： gets up with the birds. 與鳥兒同時起床 In regard to: 關于，對于： We are pleased with her decision. They are disgusted with the status quo. 她這樣決定，我們很高興；他們對現(xiàn)狀很厭惡 Used as a function word to indicate a party to an action, a communicative activity, or an informal agreement or settlement: 和：用作功能詞表示某個動作、交流活動或非正式協(xié)議或決定的一方： played with the dog; had a talk with the class; lives with an aunt. 與狗玩；和班上的同學談一談；與姑母住在一起 In comparison or contrast to: 與相比；與對照： a dress identical with the one her sister just bought. 和她姐姐剛買衣服同一款式 Having received: 收到，獲得： With her permission, he left. I escaped with just a few bruises. 獲得她允許后，他離開了。我逃跑時只受了一些擦傷 And; plus: 和；加上： My books, with my brothers, make a sizable library. We had turkey with all the trimmings. 我的書加上的弟弟的書能夠辦成一個不小的圖書館了；我們有火雞和所需的調(diào)料 Inclusive of; including: 包括： comes to $29.95 with postage and handling. 包括郵資和手續(xù)費總共是29.95美元 In opposition to; against: 反對；對抗： wrestling with an opponent. 與對手摔跤 As a result or consequence of: 結果，后果： trembling with fear; sick with the flu. 害怕的發(fā)抖；感染了流行性感冒 So as to be touching or joined to: 加入，聯(lián)合：為了取得聯(lián)系；把連起來： coupled the first car with the second; linked arms with their partners. 把第一輛汽車和第二輛配成雙；與伙伴手挽手 So as to be free of or separated from: 分離，離開：為脫離，為與分開： parted with her husband. 與她丈夫分手 In the course of: 在的過程中： We grow older with the hours. 我們隨時光流逝而長大 In proportion to: 與成比例： wines that improve with age. 酒越陳越香 In relationship to: 在的關系中： at ease with my peers. 與我的同事關系融洽 As well as; in favorable comparison to: 也；較好： She could sing with the best of them. 她可以唱得同他們中最棒的人一起好 According to the experience or practice of: 根據(jù)經(jīng)驗，根據(jù)實踐： With me, it is a question of priorities. 對我來說，這是個優(yōu)先權的問題 Use