2020高考英語二輪復(fù)習(xí)課堂學(xué)案課件-閱讀理解之詞義猜測(cè)題

,專題三閱讀理解,真題感悟,名師點(diǎn)津,隨堂限時(shí)練,第三節(jié)詞句猜測(cè)題,一、詞義猜測(cè)題,PART1,真題感悟,(2019江蘇，B)Inthe1960s，whilestudyingthevolcanichistoryofYellowstoneNationalPark，BobChristiansenbecamepuzzledaboutsomethingthat，oddly，hadnottroubledanyonebefore：hecouldntfindtheparksvolcano.IthadbeenknownforalongtimethatYellowstonewasvolcanicinnaturethatswhataccountedforallitshotspringsandothersteamyfeatures.ButChristiansencouldntfindtheYellowstonevolcanoanywhere.,Mostofus，whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes，thinkoftheclassiccone(圓錐體)shapesofaFujiorKilimanjaro，whicharecreatedwheneruptingmagma(巖漿)pilesup.Thesecanformremarkablyquickly.In1943，aMexicanfarmerwassurprisedtoseesmokerisingfromasmallpartofhisland.Inoneweekhewastheconfusedownerofaconefivehundredfeethigh.Withintwoyearsithadtoppedoutatalmostfourteenhundredfeetandwasmorethanhalfamileacross.AltogethertherearesometenthousandofthesevolcanoesonEarth，allbutafewhundredofthemextinct.Thereis，however，asecondlessknowntypeofvolcanothatdoesntinvolvemountainbuilding.Thesearevolcanoessoexplosivethattheyburstopeninasinglebigcrack，leavingbehindavasthole，thecaldera.Yellowstoneobviouslywasofthissecondtype，butChristiansencouldntfindthecalderaanywhere.,JustatthistimeNASAdecidedtotestsomenewhigh-altitudecamerasbytakingphotographsofYellowstone.Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiestotheparkauthoritiesontheassumptionthattheymightmakeaniceblow-upforoneofthevisitorscenters.AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos，herealizedwhyhehadfailedtospotthecaldera：almostthewholepark2.2millionacreswascaldera.Theexplosionhadleftaholemorethanfortymilesacrossmuchtoohugetobeseenfromanywhereatgroundlevel.AtsometimeinthepastYellowstonemusthaveblownupwithaviolencefarbeyondthescaleofanythingknowntohumans.,語篇解讀本文主要講述了BobChristiansen探尋黃石國(guó)家公園的火山的故事。,58.WhatpuzzledChristiansenwhenhewasstudyingYellowstone?A.Itscomplicatedgeographicalfeatures.B.Itsever-lastinginfluenceontourism.C.Themysterioushistoryofthepark.D.Theexactlocationofthevolcano.,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“BobChristiansenbecamepuzzledaboutsomethingthat，oddly，hadnottroubledanyonebefore：hecouldntfindtheparksvolcano”可知，BobChristiansen對(duì)黃石國(guó)家公園的火山的準(zhǔn)確位置感到困惑。,59.Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlytalkabout?A.Theshapesofvolcanoes.B.Theimpactsofvolcanoes.C.Theactivitiesofvolcanoes.D.Theheightsofvolcanoes.,解析段落大意題。根據(jù)第二段內(nèi)容尤其是其中的“Mostofus，whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes，thinkoftheclassiccone(圓錐體)shapesofaFujiorKilimanjaro”和“asecondlessknowntypeofvolcanothatdoesntinvolvemountainbuilding.avasthole”可知，該段主要講兩類火山的形狀。,60.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“blow-up”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymean?A.Hot-airballoon.B.Digitalcamera.C.Bigphotograph.D.Birdsview.,解析詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)第三段中的“.aniceblow-upforoneofthevisitorscenters.AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos.”可知，thephotos所指的就是前面提及的blow-up，所以推斷blow-up相當(dāng)于photo(photograph)，故選C項(xiàng)。,PART2,名師點(diǎn)津,一、題型解讀詞義猜測(cè)題基本上是閱讀理解中每年必考的題型。詞義猜測(cè)是一種閱讀技巧和能力，主要考查考生在短時(shí)間內(nèi)根據(jù)上下文快速猜測(cè)所指定的某一個(gè)生詞、詞組或者句子含義的能力，而這些生詞和詞組往往都超出考綱范圍，但在文章閱讀中起到一定的作用。由此看來，對(duì)于生詞的理解是否準(zhǔn)確，直接影響著閱讀理解題得分的高低，對(duì)能否取得好的高考成績(jī)有著舉足輕重的作用。詞義猜測(cè)題的命題方式有：1.Theword“.”refersto/probablymeans.2.Theunderlinedword“.”couldbestbereplacedby.3.Whatdoyouthinktheexpression“.”standsfor?4.Bysaying“.”wemean.,5.“.”asusedinthepassagecanbestbedefinedas.6.Whichofthefollowingwordscantaketheplaceoftheword“.”？7.Whatdoestheunderlinedword/phrase“.”inParagraph.mean?8.Theunderlinedword“.”isclosestinmeaningto.,二、解題技巧巧用線索猜詞義1.根據(jù)定義、釋義或同位語進(jìn)行猜測(cè)有些文章，特別是科技說明文，作者通常會(huì)對(duì)一些關(guān)鍵詞或?qū)I(yè)術(shù)語下定義，通過閱讀定義和解釋部分，考生便可理解該詞或短語的意思。有時(shí)，需要猜測(cè)的單詞或短語后面會(huì)緊跟一個(gè)同位語，作為對(duì)前面的詞或短語的解釋說明。有時(shí)，文章會(huì)用冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)、括號(hào)等對(duì)某個(gè)詞或短語加以解釋說明。例如：(2018江蘇，B)WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness，theycouldnttellhowmuchtheydhad：thosegivenextra-largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenonethewisertheydidntfeelfuller，andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.,試題：Theunderlinedphrase“nonethewiser”inParagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere.A.notawareofeatingmorethanusualB.notwillingtosharefoodwithothersC.notconsciousofthefoodqualityD.notfondofthefoodprovided,分析：所猜測(cè)短語nonethewiser后面出現(xiàn)了破折號(hào)來進(jìn)行解釋說明，我們可推知那些被給予大份飯菜的食客比其他人吃得多，但他們沒覺得更飽，這說明在黑暗的就餐環(huán)境下，食客并不清楚自己多吃了多少，所以此處的nonethewiser是“不清楚，不知道”之意。故選A。,2.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法進(jìn)行猜測(cè)英語中通過詞根加詞綴或兩個(gè)單詞合成的方式可以構(gòu)成新詞。因此，掌握了一定的構(gòu)詞知識(shí)，再結(jié)合上下文語境，也可以快速猜測(cè)詞義。例如：Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness，uneasiness，orworry.分析：根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)我們可知，un-為否定前綴，-ness為名詞后綴，easy(舒適)為詞根。因此，我們可知uneasiness為“不安；擔(dān)憂”之意。,3.根據(jù)因果關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)在閱讀理解文章的句子或段落中，若兩個(gè)事物或兩種現(xiàn)象之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系，這時(shí)我們可以根據(jù)這種因果邏輯關(guān)系推斷詞或短語的含義。表示因果關(guān)系的標(biāo)志詞有because，so，thus，therefore，asaresultof，since，sothat，so/such.that.等。例如：Mysoncouldnotfollowtheteachersdirections，hetoldme，andthus，Scolawasdisruptingtheclass.DidntheknowmysondidnotspeakEnglishyet?,試題：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“disrupting”inParagraph4probablymean?A.Breaking.B.Following.C.Attending.D.Disturbing.,分析：畫線單詞所在的句子出現(xiàn)了因果關(guān)系標(biāo)志詞thus，由前面的原因“我兒子聽不懂老師的指示”可以推知，“因此，我兒子Scola干擾了課堂秩序”，故選D項(xiàng)。其余三項(xiàng)都不符合這一因果邏輯關(guān)系。,4.根據(jù)同義或近義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)在畫線單詞或短語前后有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)，它往往暗示了該詞或該短語的含義，這時(shí)可從熟悉的詞語中推知生詞或短語的含義。常見的表示相同或相近意義的詞和短語有and，or，like，aswell，similarly，too，also，either等。例如：Thefineselectionofthemajorworkswasdoneinclosecollaboration(合作)withtheMuseoNacionalReinaSofiainMadrid，Spain，andwithcontributionsfromotherinstitutionsliketheSalvadorDaliMuseuminSt.Petersburg，F(xiàn)lorida.,試題：Whatdoestheword“contributions”inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Artworks.B.Projects.C.Donations.D.Documents.,分析：畫線單詞contributions前出現(xiàn)了and，可利用同義或近義關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)。and前面提到了thefineselectionofthemajorworks(精選的重要作品)，后面說contributions來自其他機(jī)構(gòu)，由并列關(guān)系可以推斷出contributions應(yīng)該屬于works的范疇。故選A項(xiàng)。,5.根據(jù)反義、轉(zhuǎn)折和對(duì)比關(guān)系進(jìn)行猜測(cè)有些需要猜測(cè)詞義的詞或短語前后會(huì)出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ鹊脑~語，運(yùn)用這些詞語也可以幫助猜測(cè)詞義。能體現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞匯很多，常見的有but，yet，however，while，unlike，instead(of)，ontheotherhand，ratherthan，onthecontrary等。例如：Intheevening，ridesareusuallyatamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace，withgoldenlightstreamingacrossthegrassydeltaandtheanimalscomingouttoeatanddrink.Sedatethoughtheyare，ridesatthistimeofdayarestillveryimpressive.,試題：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sedate”probablymean?A.Wildandromantic.B.Slowandpeaceful.C.Hungryandthirsty.D.Activeandexcited.,分析：畫線詞語所在句子的句意為“雖然它們，但是在一天的這個(gè)時(shí)候騎馬觀賞仍然令人印象非常深刻”。由though可知前后兩句是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，再結(jié)合前一句中提到的“atamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace”可知，應(yīng)選B項(xiàng)，sedate意為“慢悠悠的，安靜的”。,6.根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行猜測(cè)有些詞義猜測(cè)題找不到以上標(biāo)志線索，這時(shí)可以利用上下文提供的情景和線索進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析，進(jìn)而推測(cè)詞義，這也是近幾年來高考考查的熱點(diǎn)。例如：(2016全國(guó)，C)Therearealsovarietiesdevelopedtosuitspecificlocalconditions.OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette，butyoullneedawarm，shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit，soitsapipedreamformostappleloverswhofallforit.,試題：Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“apipedream”inParagraph3mean?A.Apracticalidea.B.Avainhope.C.Abrilliantplan.D.Aselfishdesire.,分析：由上文中的“OneoftheverybestvarietiesforeatingqualityisOrleansReinette，butyoullneedawarm，shelteredplacewithperfectsoiltogrowit.”可知，盡管OrleansReinette是很好的品種，但是對(duì)各項(xiàng)條件的要求很高，因此大多數(shù)喜歡它的人種植它的希望會(huì)落空。故選擇B項(xiàng)。,PART3,隨堂限時(shí)練,A(2019如皋市高三二模)Mycollegeexperienceincludedthislife-skillslesson：Drinkalcoholonafullstomach，oryouwillgetinebriatedtooquickly.10Ofcourse，mostcollegestudentsshouldntbedrinkingatall，butweknowfromtheNationalInstituteonAlcoholAbuseandAlcoholismthatcloseto60percentofcollegestudentsaged18to22do7consumealcohol，whichmakesharm-reducingapproachesimportant.,Unfortunately，campusauthoritiesandresearchersarereportingapracticethatturnsthefull-stomachdrinking2strategyonitshead：ratherthanfillingupbeforeanightofpartying，6significantnumbersofstudentsrefusetoeatalldaybeforeconsumingalcohol.Thisisahigh-riskbehaviorcalled“drunkorexia，”whichisoneparteatingdisorder，onepartalcoholismaverydangerouscombinationforcollege-agestudents.Thetermdrunkorexia，whichcanalsoincludeexcessiveexerciseorpurgingbeforeconsumingalcohol，wascoinedabout10yearsago，anditstartedshowingupinmedicalresearcharound2012.Drunkorexia9addressestheneedtobethelifeofthepartywhilestayingextremelythin，pointingtoaflawedmind-setaboutbodyimageandalcoholismamongcollegestudents，mostlywomen.,Imaginethisscenario：Afemalecollegefreshmandoesnteatanythingallday，exercisesonanemptystomach，thendownsfiveshotsoftequilainlessthantwohours.Becausetheresnofoodinhersystemtohelpslowtheabsorptionofalcohol，thoseshotsaffectherrapidly，leadingtoinebriationandpossiblypassingout，vomitingorsufferingalcoholpoisoning.Thatsdrunkorexia.,TavisGlassman，professorofhealtheducationandpublichealthattheUniversityofToledoinOhio，researchesdrunkorexiaandworriesaboutscenariossuchastheonedescribedabove：“Withnothinginhersystem，alcoholhitsquickly，andthatbringsupthesame1issuesaswithanyhigh-riskdrinking：gettinghomesafely，sexualassault，unintentionalinjury，fights，hangoversthataffectclassattendanceandgrades，andpossiblyendingupinemergencybecausethealcoholhitssohard，”hesays.“Alcoholcannegativelyaffecttheliverorgastrointestinalsystem，itcaninterferewithsleep，lowertheimmunesystemandislinkedtoseveraltypesofcancers，”Hultinsays.,語篇解讀本文為說明文。本文敘述了作者對(duì)大學(xué)生空腹飲酒趨勢(shì)的擔(dān)憂。根據(jù)研究的數(shù)據(jù)表明，大學(xué)生有一種錯(cuò)誤的做法：在派對(duì)狂歡飲酒前拒絕進(jìn)食，空腹飲酒既解決了生活中參加派對(duì)的需要，也保持了身材苗條的需要(尤其是女性)。其實(shí)“空腹飲酒”會(huì)讓酒精快速進(jìn)入人體，對(duì)肝臟或胃腸道系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。,1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“inebriated”inParagraph1mean?A.Excited.B.Overwhelmed.C.Addicted.D.Drunk.,解析詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)“Mycollegeexperienceincludedthislife-skillslesson：Drinkalcoholonafullstomach，oryouwillgetinebriatedtooquickly.”可知，應(yīng)飽著肚子喝酒，否則的話，你會(huì)很快“喝醉的”。下文多處敘述“空腹飲酒易喝醉”，由此可推知畫線詞的意思為“喝醉的”。故選D。,2.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.A.alargenumberofcollegestudentsspendmostoftheirnightspartyingB.somecollegestudentsrefusetoeatbeforedrinkingalcoholtokeepslimC.thereisadirectlinkbetweenbodyimageandconsumingalcoholD.femalecollegestudentismorelikelytobehurtifshedrinksalcohol,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段最后一句“空腹飲酒既解決了生活中參加派對(duì)的需要，也保持了身材苗條的需要，指出的是大學(xué)生(女性居多)對(duì)于身體形象和酗酒風(fēng)氣的錯(cuò)誤心態(tài)。”由此可得出，一些大學(xué)生為了保持苗條，在喝酒前不吃東西。分析選項(xiàng)可知B項(xiàng)符合題意。,3.WhichofthefollowingmayTavisGlassmanagreewith?A.Withmorefoodinonessystem，hemaysufferfromtheeffectsofalcoholslowly.B.Drinkingfiveshotsoftequilainlessthantwohoursistheperformanceofdrunkorexia.C.Thosewhodontattendclassesandhavelowergradestendtobeaddictedtoalcohol.D.Alcoholhasnegativeeffectsontheimmunesystemandmayleadtoseveralcancers.,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段“TavisGlassman.researchesdrunkorexiaandworriesaboutscenariossuchastheonedescribedabove：“Withnothinginhersystem，alcoholhitsquickly，.”可知，TavisGlassman認(rèn)為“她的身體系統(tǒng)中沒有任何東西，酒精進(jìn)入身體會(huì)很快發(fā)作，”由此可推斷出，“由于一個(gè)人的身體里有更多的食物，他受到酒精的影響可能會(huì)慢”，分析選項(xiàng)可知A項(xiàng)正確。,B(2019如皋市高三三模)AreCoralReefs(珊瑚礁)AdaptingtoClimateChange?,Scientistsreportedthatclimatechangemightactuallybehelping3ancienttreesthrive(長(zhǎng)得健壯).Nowthereseemstobemorepositivenewsthistimeaboutthecoralinouroceanswhosepopulationhasbeenseverelyaffectedinlastfewdecadesbyrisingtemperatures，diseaseandhumancarelessness.,Coralreefsasyouprobablyknowarenotjustcolorfulcalciumcarbonate(鈣碳酸鹽)structuresthatprovidesheltertoawonderfulnumberoffish，butalsoacloserelationshiporpartnershipbetweencoralpolyps(珊瑚蟲)andsingle-celledlivingthingscalledzooxanthellae(蟲黃藻).Thecoralpolypsgivethezooxanthellaeahomeandinreturnthelaterprovidethecoralpolypswiththeirvividcolorandfood.Theysupporteachotherinafantasticbalance，onethatisgettingseverelydamagedbytherisingtemperatureswhicharecausingthecoralpolypstorejecttheirzooxanthellaefriends，removingtheircolorandfoodsource.,Scientistsestimatethephenomenonofrisingtemperaturescombinedwithdiseasehasdestroyedthecoralreefpopulationbymorethan80%.Itisthereforenowonderthatscientistsallovertheworldarelookingforsolutionstotrytorestorethisallimportantlinktosealife.11However，whilehumaneffortslikeplantingthecoralagainhavebeensomewhatsuccessful，theyarenotenoughtoreplaceallthecoralthathasbeendyingduetoclimatechange.Thatisprobablywhyreportsbyvariousresearchersaboutcertaintypesofcoralbeingabletonotonlysurvivethechangingoceanconditions，butalsothriveinit，arebeingmetwithsuchenthusiasm.Themostrecentfindingsshowthatdespitehighertemperaturesthecoralreefsseemtobethriving.,Thesefindingsare4consistentwiththelabresearchconductedbythescientistswhotriedgrowingdifferent8varietiesofcoralinwaterswithhighertemperaturetoseehowtheywouldreact.Theyweresurprisedtodiscoverthatmostofthemsurvivedandsomeseemedtoadaptandgrownormally.Encouragedbytheseandothersimilarfindings，moreenergeticspecieshavebeenintroducedtoseeifcoralreefscanberestoredtotheirformerglory.Aprogramisbusyanalyzingtheworldsoceanstofindmorevarietiesthatcanbeusedforthissamepurpose.,However，wearenotoutofthewoodsyet!Scientistsarestillnotsurehowtheywouldintroducethesevarietiestoareaswheretheyarenotabundantandmoreimportantlywhattheconsequenceswouldbeonthesurroundingsealife.Hopefully，the5combinationofnewscientificresearchandfewerhumanmistakeswillallowourbeautifulcoraltothriveagain!,語篇解讀這是一篇說明文。文章主要講了實(shí)驗(yàn)表明，通過引入更有活力的物種，珊瑚礁有望恢復(fù)昔日的輝煌。,4.Whichwordcanbeusedtocompletethefollowingrelationship?Coralreefsareabridgebetweencoralpolypsandzooxanthellae.Coralpolypsandzooxanthellaedependononeanother.Thebetweencoralpolypsandzooxanthellaeissufferingfromseveredamage.A.homeB.structureC.balanceD.color,解析細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段最后一句“Theysupporteachotherinafantasticbalance，onethatisgettingseverelydamagedbytherisingtemperatureswhicharecausingthecoralpolypstorejecttheirzooxanthellaefriends，removingtheircolorandfoodsource.”可知，珊瑚蟲和黃藻之間的平衡正遭受嚴(yán)重破壞，故選C。,5.TheunderlinedwordsinParagraph4mean.A.toallowcoralreefstothriveagainB.tofindmorevarietiesofcoralC.tosurvivethechangingoceanconditionsD.toseehowcoralreactsinhighertemperature,解析詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)畫線詞所在句及其前一句可知，“thissamepurpose”指的是讓珊瑚礁重新繁榮起來，故選A。,6.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.A.climatechangehasthesameeffectonbothancienttreesandcoralB.re-plantingthecoralcansolvetheproblemofcoralreefsdecreaseC.variousresearchersareinterestedinthereportsonthechangingoceanconditionsD.thelabresearchhasencouragedscientiststorestorecoralreefstotheirformerglory,解析推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段最后一句“Hopefully，thecombinationofnewscientificresearchandfewerhumanmistakeswillallowourbeautifulcoraltothriveagain！”可推斷出，這項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究鼓勵(lì)科學(xué)家們恢復(fù)珊瑚礁昔日的輝煌，故選D。,做完以上兩篇閱讀后，巧妙運(yùn)用語境，解決障礙詞