定語從句專題導(dǎo)學(xué)案

定語從句專題導(dǎo)學(xué)案開心自測(cè)1. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _ in the forest.A. once they grew B. they grew once C. they once grew D. once grew2. In the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm, _ many people have gone home.A. that B. which C. whose time D. by which time3. Is this the reason _ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?A. he explained B. what he explainedC. how he explained D. why he explained4. Luckily, wed brought a road map without _ we would have lost our way.A. it B. that C. this D. which5. When he was working there he caught a serious illness from _ efforts he still suffers.A. which B. that C. whose D. what6. Its said that hes looking for a new job, one _ he can get more money to support his family.A. when B. where C. that D. which7. We are living in an age _ many things are done on computer.A. which B. that C. whose D. when8. The little time we have together well try _ wisely.A. spending it B. to spend it C. to spend D. spending that9. The old building, behind _ was a famous church, was _ we used to work.A. that, the place B. it, the place C. which, where D. what, where10. We will be shown around the city: schools, museums, and some other places, _ other visitors seldom go.A. what B. which C. where D. when11. The modern history of Italy dates from 1860, _ the country became united.A. when B. if C. since D. until12. All of the flowers now raised here have developed from those _ in the forest.A. once they grew B. they grew once C. that once grew D. once grew一、定語的概念： 定語是用來修飾名次或代詞的。比如：(先試試用橫線劃出下面短語中的定語，然后在后面的括號(hào)里注明是什么在作定語) a beautiful girl（ ）three boys （ ）a shoe factory（ ） Jims father ( ) our teacher ( )the man in the car （ ）the man standing at the door（ ）the man who is talking with Sam （ ） 二、定語從句的概念及主要特征：1定語從句：修飾某一名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。被定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞；定語從句一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞之后；引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。請(qǐng)劃出下列句子中的定語從句、先行詞及關(guān)系代詞：The man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.2. 定語從句的主要特征：（1）先行詞要在從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分；（2）what永遠(yuǎn)不能引導(dǎo)定語從句；（3）翻譯時(shí)先譯從句，翻譯成“.的” 三、定語從句的基本用法：定語從句(I): 由關(guān)系代詞that, which， who, whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句。定語從句: 修飾名詞或代詞，在句子中充當(dāng)定語成分的從句。先行詞: 被定語從句修飾的詞。關(guān)系代詞: 引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞，如that, which， who, whom， whose等，它們指代先行詞,并在從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要與先行詞保持一致。定語從句的三個(gè)步驟：第一，找出先行詞；第二，看先行詞在定語從句中的語法功能（作主語、賓語、定語或狀語）；第三，選擇合適的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。一、關(guān)系代詞that, which，who, whose引導(dǎo)定語從句的基本用法：1that, who（在口語或非正式用法中作賓語; 只可指人）, whom三者都可指代人，在定語從句中，that作主語或賓語；who作主語，也能作賓語；whom只能作賓語，作賓語的關(guān)系代詞可以省略。e.g. He is the teacher that/who teaches us English.He is the teacher (that/who/whom) we want to visit.2that, which指代物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時(shí)也可以省略。e.g. He has many books that/which are very interesting.3. whose只用作定語, 可指代人和物。若指物，它還可以與of which互換。e.g. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.Please pass me the book whose cover is green.=Please pass me the book of which the cover is green.二、下面幾種情況下必須用that，而不用which引導(dǎo)定語從句：(1) 先行詞為不定代詞，如all, much, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one等。如：1.We should do all that is useful to the people .(2) 先行詞被only, any, few, little, no, just, very, one of等詞修飾時(shí)。如：(3) 先行詞是序數(shù)詞時(shí)或被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。如：1.When we talk about Wuxi, the first that comes into mind is Tai Lake. (4) 先行詞是最高級(jí)或被最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如：1.This is the best that can be done now. (5) 先行詞既有人又有物，用which和who都不適合，這時(shí)宜用that. 如：1.The writer and his novel that you have just talked about is really well known . (6) 被修飾詞為數(shù)詞時(shí). 如：1.Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water .Now you can see the two that are still alive .(7) 如果有兩個(gè)從句，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞已用which ,另一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞宜用that，以避免語言的單調(diào)或重復(fù)。如：1.Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.(8) 疑問詞是who或which，關(guān)系代詞宜用that，以避免重復(fù)。如：1. Which is the book that you like best?三定語從句中宜用which而不宜用that 的情況:(1) 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞的前面有介詞時(shí). 如：1.A zoo is a park in which many kinds of animals are kept for exhibition.2.Is this the room in which Mr. White lives?(2) 在非限制性定語從句中. 如：1.Crusoes dog, which was are now very old, became ill and died .2.More and more people are beginning to learn English, which is becoming very popular in our country. (which指代主句)(3) 在一個(gè)句子中有兩個(gè)定語從句，其中一個(gè)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用了that, 另一個(gè)宜用which . 如：1. Let me show you the novel，that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. 2. At the station I bought some magazines that might help me to pass the time on the train and which I could pass on to others when I finished them.(4) 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞后面帶有插入語時(shí). 如：1. Heres the English grammar which, as I have told you, will help improve your English.(5) 先行詞本身是that, 宜用which . 如：Whats that which she is looking at?四who 和 that 指代人時(shí)，有些情況宜用who, 而不宜用that (1) 先行詞為anyone, anybody, those, all, one, ones, they, he, people時(shí). 如：1.The person I want to learn from is the one who studies hard and works well. (2) 在There be 結(jié)構(gòu)中，修飾主語的定語從句宜用關(guān)系代詞who 指代人. 如：1.There is a gentleman who wants to see you . (3) 當(dāng)先行詞有較長(zhǎng)的后置定語時(shí). 如：1. I met a foreigner in the park yesterday afternoon who could speak Chinese very well.(4) 一個(gè)句子中帶有兩個(gè)定語從句，其中一個(gè)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞是that ,另一個(gè)則宜用who, 以免重復(fù). 如：1. The student that was praised at yesterdays meeting is the monitor who is very modest and works very hard .五as & which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：(1) 位置的不同：which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句只置于所限制的 句子后；as 位置較靈活，也就是說as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：1. He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.2. Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或Jack is an honest man , as you know. 或As you know, Jack is an honest man.(2) 先行詞的不同：as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，其先行詞多為一個(gè)句子；which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，其先行詞可以是一個(gè)詞，一個(gè)短語或一個(gè)句子。1. He was proud, which his brother never was. （先行詞是一個(gè)詞） She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.（先行詞是一個(gè)短語） He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行詞是一個(gè)句子）2. He is an honest man, as is known to all. He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent.(3) as 一般譯為正如就像，這一點(diǎn)as we all know；as you know; as is known to all; as you see; as we can see; as has been expected; as we have imagined.1 when 指時(shí)間，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。?？梢杂胕n/on/at which代替。 where 指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。?？捎胕n/on/at which代替。Shanghai is the city where I was born. 上海是我出生的城市。why 指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。?？捎胒or which來代替。四、限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：1. 形式上，非限制性定語從句往往用逗號(hào)隔開。2. 語法上，非限制性定語從句一般不用that.3. 語義上，限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系緊密，起限定作用，如果去掉了這個(gè)定語從句，整個(gè)句子就不完整或者會(huì)改變意思；而非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系不是很緊密，對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明或描述的作用。4. 翻譯時(shí)，限制性定語從句可譯為一句（較短的一般譯為的字結(jié)構(gòu)）；而非限制性定語從句可譯為兩句。（見上句翻譯）限制性定語從句舉例：China is a country which has a long history. 中國(guó)是一個(gè)歷史悠久的國(guó)家。非限制性定語從句舉例 ：His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他媽媽十分地愛他，對(duì)他要求很嚴(yán)格。（三）“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時(shí)，從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。The school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾經(jīng)就讀過的學(xué)校很出名。Well go to hear the famous singer (whom / who / that) we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer _we have often talked.我們將去聽那位This is the boy (whom / who / that) I played tennis with yesterday.This is the boy_I played tennis yesterday. 這是我昨天跟他打臺(tái)球的男孩。注意： 含有介詞的固定短語動(dòng)詞一般不拆開，介詞仍放在短語動(dòng)詞的后面。如：look for, look after, take care of, give up等。This is the watch (which / that) I am looking for. (正) 這是我正在找的手表。This is the watch for which I am looking . (誤)若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)只可用whom，不可用who, that；關(guān)系代詞指物時(shí)只可用which，不可用that。關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose。The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour. (正) 你剛才跟他談話的那個(gè)人是我的鄰居。The man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour. (誤)The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (正)我們?nèi)ゼ幽么笏俗娘w機(jī)實(shí)在很舒服。The plane in that we flew to Canada was really comfortable. (誤)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。如：He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地愛著他的父母，他們倆待他都很好。In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. 籃子里有好些蘋果，有些已經(jīng)壞了。There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. 我們班總共有個(gè)學(xué)生，大多數(shù)來自大城市。Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which are about country life. 迄今為止，他寫了部小說，其中部是關(guān)于農(nóng)村生活的。（四）當(dāng)先行詞被one of修飾時(shí)，若one of前有the only，則從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)，沒有only的話則用復(fù)數(shù)。 He is one of the students who _ never late. 譯成漢語：_ He is the only one of the students who _ never late. 譯成漢語：_（五）先行詞是時(shí)間卻不用when引導(dǎo)，先行詞是地點(diǎn)卻不用where引導(dǎo)，先行詞是原因卻不用why引導(dǎo)。用that或which引導(dǎo)I will never forget the days _ we climbed the mountain together.I will never forget the days _ we spent together. We visited the house _ Lu Xun used to live.We visited the house _ Lu Xun used to live in.This is the reason _ he was unhappy. This is the reason _ he explained to me.（六）當(dāng)先行詞被such, the same 修飾時(shí)，關(guān)系詞常用as。 如：Ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我從未聽過象他講的這樣的故事。He is not such a fool as he looks. 他可不象他看上去的那樣傻。This is the same dictionary as I lost last week. 這部詞典跟我上星期丟失的一樣。注意：當(dāng)先行詞受the same 修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用 that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但與as引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。如：She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的連衣裙。（七）以the way為先行詞的限制性定語從句通常由in which或that引導(dǎo)，而且通常可以省略。如：The way _he answered the questions was surprising. 他回答這些問題的方式令人驚奇。 I dont like the way_ you laugh at her. 我不喜歡你沖她的樣子?！緦ｎ}綜合】1The town _ we visited last month is the one _ the famous painter was born.Awhere; which Bwhich; where Cwhich; that Dwhere; where2We went to Mountain Tai last weekend, _, not surprisingly, was crowded with visitors.A. that B. which C. where D. when3.We hope that the measures to control the stock market, _ are taken by the government, will work.A. that B. where C. which D. what4Many factors influence a student in his/her study, _ I think are out of a teachers control.A. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that5 Obama won the election. Its amazing! Yes. But the result was within _ we had expected, _ brought great joy to many young people and the black.A. that; which B. that; that C. what; what D. what; which6Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose control over the plane.A. where B. which C. while D. why7.It was in the factory _ his friend worked _ he picked up a lot of experience.A. where, where B. that, where C. that, that D. where, that8Today the public is much concerned about the way _ .Anature is being ruined Bwhich nature is ruinedCon which to ruin nature Dof nature to be ruined9Young people who have got jobs may realize university lessons cant be the only preparation for all of the situations _ appear in the working world.A. where B. when C. that D. what10Is it the years _ you worked in Africa as a doctor _ have a great effect on your literary works?A. that; where B. that; that C. when; where D. when; that11. Was it in the waiting room _ only allows mothers-to-be to enter that you lost your wallet?A. / B. where C. that D. when12 Obama, _ life was once hard when he was young, were elected President of American.A. for whom B. who C. to whom D. /13 _ has been announced, our government will take more