How to write a summary

SummaryWriting DefinitionofasummaryFeaturesofasummaryProceduresofwritingasummary WhatisSummary Asummaryisabriefrestatementoftheessentialthoughtofalongerpassage Itreproducesthethemeoftheoriginalwithasfewwordsaspossible Whenonewritesasummary oneshouldnotinterpretorcomment Allonehastodoistogivethegist 要點(diǎn) oftheauthor sexactandessentialmeaning 縮寫是對(duì)一篇文章的主題思想的簡單陳述 它用最簡潔的語言概括了原文的主題 FeaturesofSummary BriefObjectiveComplete Proceduresofwritingasummary a Readingb Writingc Revision Reading Firstreadthepassagethroughcarefullytogetthegistofit ifreadingitonceisnotsufficienttogiveyouaclearunderstandingofit readitoveragain Themoreyoureadit themorefamiliartoyouwillbeitssubject andwhatissaidaboutthesubject 認(rèn)真閱讀給定的原文材料 如果一遍不能理解 就多讀兩遍 閱讀次數(shù)越多 你對(duì)原文的理解就越深刻 Giveatitletoyoursummary Thinkofsomeword phraseorshortsentencethatwillsumupbrieflythemainideaofthepassage Sometimeswhatiscalledatopicsentencemaybeused Thetopicsentencemaybefoundatthebeginningorattheendofthepassage Tofindasuitabletitlewillhelpyoutodefinewhatexactlythesubject ormaintheme ofthepassageis 給縮寫起一個(gè)標(biāo)題 用那些能概括文章主題思想的單詞 短語或短句子作為標(biāo)題 也可以采用文中的主題句作為標(biāo)題 主題句往往出現(xiàn)在文章的開頭或結(jié)尾 一個(gè)好標(biāo)題有助于確定文章的中心思想 Reading Youshouldnowbeinapositiontodecidewhatpartsofthepassageareessentialandwhatpartsarecomparativelyunimportantandcanbeomittedwithoutmuchloss現(xiàn)在 就該決定原文中哪些部分重要 哪些部分次重要了 對(duì)重要部分的主要觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行概括 Reading Jotdowninbriefnotesthemainpoints thesubject thetitle andthedetailswhichyouconsideressentialorimportant 簡要地記下主要觀點(diǎn) 主題 標(biāo)題 細(xì)節(jié)等你認(rèn)為對(duì)概括縮寫重要的東西 Reading Writing Asummaryshouldusuallybeaboutone thirdtoone fourthaslongastheoriginalpassage Socountthenumberofwordsinthepassageanddivideitbythree Youmayusefewerwordsthanthenumberprescribed butinnocasemayyouexceedthelimit 縮寫應(yīng)該只有原文的三分之一或四分之一長 因此首先數(shù)一下原文的字?jǐn)?shù) 然后除以三 得到一個(gè)數(shù)字 縮寫的字?jǐn)?shù)可以少于這個(gè)數(shù)字 但是千萬不能超過這個(gè)數(shù)字 Writing Thesummaryshouldbeallinyourownwords Itmustnotbeapatchworkmadeupofphrasesandsentencesquotedfromtheoriginalpassage 縮寫應(yīng)全部用自己的話完成 不要引用原文的句子 Writing Youshouldfollowthelogicalorderoftheoriginalpassage ifpossible anddesirable Ideasandfactsneednotberearranged 應(yīng)該遵循原文的邏輯順序 這樣你就不必重新組織觀點(diǎn) 事實(shí) Writing Thesummaryshouldbeself contained thatis itmustconveythemessageoftheoriginalfullyandclearly sothatyourreaderneednoreferencetotheoriginaltounderstandwhatitsmainideasare 縮寫必須全面 清晰地表明原文所載的信息 以便你的讀者不需翻閱原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意 Writing Summarywritingisanexerciseincompression Inwritingasummary youmay 縮寫時(shí)可以采用下列幾種小技巧 Writingskill Omitthedetails Onlytheimportantpointsshouldbeincludedinthesummary allthedetailsthatexplainthemainpointscanbeleftout 刪除細(xì)節(jié) 只保留主要觀點(diǎn) Writingskill Reducetheexamples Outoffiveorsixexamplesgivenintheoriginalpassageoneortwomaybechosenforthesummary therestaretobeomitted 選擇一至兩個(gè)例子 原文中可能包括5個(gè)或更多的例子 你只需從中篩選一至二個(gè)例子 Writingskill Simplifythedescriptions Ifinthepassagetherearetensentencesdescribingapersonoranobject itwillbeenoughtokeeponeortwointhesummary 把長段的描述變成短小 簡單的句子 如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十個(gè)句子 那么你只要把它們變成一兩句即可 Writingskill Eliminateallrepetitions Sometimesastatementisrepeatedforemphasis Thisisnotnecessaryinasummary Sometimesanideaisrepeatedindifferentwords Suchaveiledrepetitionshouldalsobeavoided 避免重復(fù) 在原文中 為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)主題 可能會(huì)重復(fù)論證說明 但是這在縮寫中是不能使用的 應(yīng)該刪除那些突出強(qiáng)調(diào)的重述句 Writingskill Compresswordysentencesandchangephrasestowords Hereareafewexamples 壓縮長的句子 如下列兩例 Writingskill Usegeneralwordsinsteadofspecificwords Hereisanexample 使用概括性的名詞代替具體的詞 比如 Writingskill Putthemainpointsofadialogueinindirectspeech Thisisadvisablebecauseindirectspeechcanbemadeverybriefwhileitisdifficulttoabridgedialogues Hereisanexample 文章中的第一人稱說的話通常在縮寫中轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱 從而把大段的對(duì)白簡化 比如 Artisinfluencedbycustomsandfaithofpeople thuswesternpaitingsvaryfromagetoage Theauthormainlyfocusonfourpaintingstyles theyare thepaintingsduringMiddleAges theRenaissance ImpressionismaswellastheModernArt TheMiddldAgesistypicalofreligiouspaintings aimmingtoshowrespectandlovetoGod WhileduringtheRenaissance peoplebegantoadoptahumanisticattitudetolife Withtheintroductionofperspectiveandoilpaintings theworksbecamemorerealistic ComparedwiththeRenaissance Impressionistpaintingscenteringonlightandshadowaresoabstract ControversialImpressionistpaintings theyareacceptedasthebeginningofModernArt whichgotwoextremes Oneisabstract whiletheothersorealisticlikeaphotograph Artisinfluencedbycustomsandfaithofpeople thuswesternpaitingsvaryfromagetoage Theauthormainlyfocusonfourpaintingstyles theyare thepaintingsduringMiddleAges theRenaissance ImpressionismaswellastheModernArt TheMiddldAgesistypicalofreligiouspaintingsaimmingtoshowrespectandlovetoGod WhileduringtheRenaissance peoplebegantoadoptahumanisticattitudetolife Withtheintroductionofperspectiveandoilpaintings theworksbecamemorerealis