跨文化交際重點(diǎn)歸納

跨文化交際重點(diǎn)歸納Unit 1 Intercultural CommunicationWhat is culture?Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed down through the generations in an identifiable group of people.Generally speaking, culture is the way of life.Culture is everything and everywhere.Thanks to culture, without it we cant survive in societyA metaphor比喻 of culture We compare culture to iceberg. It suggests that only small part of it is visible while most of it lies concealed.Habits, dress and manners are visible.Worldview, value systems, ways of thinking, national character and any other deep concepts are foundation of visible part. “Where are you going?”in China ,we give a general answer to it.Chinese culture emphasizes on social relationship and the heavy interdependence between Chinese people.In western countries, it may be interpreted as an intrusion into ones privacy.The underlying individual-oriented relationship is the invisible part of the iceberg.exercise1. If you are a tourist guide, what are you expected to say when you are showing the foreign visitors to another site?A. This way, please. B. Come here, please. C. Follow me, please. D. Move on. 2. A visitor stops you in the corridor of your head-office probably to ask for the way. What is your most likely reply to the visitors “Excuse me”?A. Whats the matter? B. Yes?C. Thats all right. D. Dont worry. 3. At a fair, a visitor, accidentally having knocked down your poster, says, “Im terribly sorry.” What should you reply?A. It doesnt matter. B. Never mind. C. Dont worry. D. Thats all right. What is Intercultural communication?“Intercultural communication is contact between persons who identify themselves as distinct from one another in cultural terms.” (Collier & Thomas, 1998)intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities. (Samovar & Porter)To further understand “intercultural communication”, please read the section of “Intercultural Communication Reading” on P.2 and answer the questions:1 In the story, why does Pete could not communicate well with Chinese students?Language problemCulture problemThe way Pete handled the intercultural communication situation2 What are the major barriers in intercultural communication?Language difference.(If we understand others language or dialect, but not their communication rules, we can made fluent fools of ourselves.)Nonverbal communication: gestures, postures, facial expression etc. Stereotypes: like culture, religion, idea, value, etc. Watch a video and get a deeper understanding.Classifications of Communicationverbal /nonverbalDirect /indirectInterpersonal / interorganizational / mass media-basedIntracultural /interculturalIntrapersonal / interpersonal/Case studyRead the passage of “ an Intercultural Classroom”. This is the beginning of this passage:It was a hot day. Since it was still too early to use the air-conditioner, according to the regulations of the university, every class kept its door open to make the classroom cooler. While I was lecturing on Chinese grammar in Class 4, waves of laughter came from the neighboring Class 5. A German student named Stephen raised his hand and stood up. “The laughter from Class 5 is bothering us. I think we should go to their class to protest,” he said.1 How many different solutions did Class 4 propose?2 what is the mode of communication favored by Asians? What cultural values underlie it?Asian people are very courteous and indirect in their communications. They put great emphasis on group harmony, they are very tolerant, even when they are offended. These collectivistic values, shaped by Confusion teachings, were spread from China to many Asian countries. 3 what is the mode of communication favored by Westerners? What cultural values underlie it?Westerners are generally very direct and frank in their mode of communication. And they have a strong sense of protecting their own rights. Individualistic values are the underlying principles governing their behavior.Classroom activity 11. Read the story on P1 and answer: Why do you think the driver is asking for $50 instead of $32.5?2. Work in groups and write down 5 ways to deal with the situation.Some likely interpretationsThe taxi driver is trying to cheat Lee.extra charges for luggage that Lee doesnt know about.Extra charges for tolls that Lee doesnt know.There is an honest misunderstanding.Lee misunderstood what the driver said, or didnt hear what he said clearly.The driver has included a tip for himself an unreasonably large one.Culture NoteTaxi charges: in taxis in the us, it is quite normal to have a small extra charge for each of luggage. In the us there are also sometimes tolls for bridges, tunnels and certain roads. and the taxi driver will pay these first and then add them to the cost of the ride.Tipping: in the us it is normal to add a tip of 10%-15% to the cost of a taxi ride. (tipping is not normal in fast-food restaurants where customs get their own food.Taxis in the Us: while taxis can often be found at Us airports, taxis are rare in all but the largest American cities, and to get a taxi people often need to call a taxi company. This is because most Americans drive their cars. (in large cities, taxi drivers are often immigrants form other countries who do not speak English as their first language.)Classroom activity 2Read Letter to Fran: Not Eating and answer the following questions.1. Why did Nancy eat so little?2. Tell the possible reasons for Nancys problem.Possible reasonsOn the whole, American cooking tends to be somewhat more bland than the cooking in most parts of China.Some westerners have allergic reactions to MSG（often used in Chinese cooking) and get headaches if they eat food containing it.Some Christians wont drink alcoholic beverages.Read Frans Response: Not Eating after class and get more information.Discuss the differences of table manners between Chinese and Westerners. Chinese people often use words like color 、smell 、taste、shape to describe the food.Westerners usually pay more attention to the calories、vitamins、proteins and so on.we would invite many people “the more the better” If the host respect you ,he will give you a seat at first and sit on the left chair .The host will prepare all the things ready. The host will get delicious food into the guests bowl .Westerners would like to keep quiet. They regard the right as a symbol of respect.The host will let the guests choose what to eat or drink. Individualist and CollectivistWhat are the characteristics of Individualist and Collectivist?Classroom activity 3Read the passage Individualist and Collectivist Cultures and finish the following tasks.What are some differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Assignment:Review unit 1 and Preview unit 2Work in teams of 6 and deliver a presentation on following topics:What are differences between an individualist culture and a collectivist one?find out ways of how do Chinese show individualism and how do westerners show their collectivism. You may need to supply your points with examples.Unit 2Review: Interpretation解釋、翻譯 of greetings上哪去？Where are you going?Its none of your business!去哪啦？ Where have you been?吃過了嗎？Have you had your meal?Are you going to invite me to dinner?Acceptable Greetings中文出去呀？ 吃飯去？ 回來了？忙著呢？ 忙什么呢？在洗車呀？這衣服真漂亮，新買的吧？你看起來氣色不錯(cuò)。 英文Whats up?Whats happening? Whats going on? Lovely day, isnt it?Miserable weather, isnt it?Its a heavy rain, isnt it?You look fantastic in this dress!You look very smart in that sweater. Unit 2High-context Low context Gift receiving Self relianceprivacyHigh-context Culture（強(qiáng)交際語境文化）High-context communication can be characterized as being indirect, ambiguous, and understated, with speakers being reserved and sensitive to listeners.Examples of high-context cultures include Chinese, Japanese, Middle Easterners, Mexico etc.Low-context Culture（弱交際語境文化）Low-context communication can be characterized as being direct , explicit, open, precise, and consistent with ones feelings. Examples of low-context cultures include English, North American, German, etc.Hall arranged low-context and high-context countries on a continuum(連續(xù)統(tǒng)一體) as follows.“The nail that sticks up will be pounded down.”Least said, soonest mendedOut of the mouth comes evil. -Japanese saying Low Context ： DirectMinimal non-verbalIndividualismLinear Logic(線性邏輯思維)Highly structuredDetailed High ContextIndirectEmbedded meaningsReads nonverbal Group over IndividualContext and feelingSpiral logic(螺旋式邏輯思維）Ambiguous dialogCommunication style Low-context cultures * place less emphasis on surrounding context than words * take words literally * value straightforwardness * be uncomfortable with silence and impatient with delaysHigh-context cultures * place more emphasis on words describing a negotiation * speak with poetic figures of speech/enjoy plays on words * value evasivenessCase StudyI will do my best to do somethingIn high-context culture1 如果沒有意外的話，我會(huì)盡量去做。（也就是說我有可能不去做）。2 婉言謝絕（不直接拒絕是為了保全自己的面子，也是為了保全對(duì)方的面子）。3 看情況而定。（也許會(huì)做，也許不會(huì)做）。4我一定會(huì)去做。（不管發(fā)生什么，我不會(huì)食言）。But in low-context culture我肯定去做。Another casein high context cultureIn South India the boys family has visited the girls home in order to look over the potential bride and decide upon the marriage. After the visit , they send an emissary who conveys this message “we really enjoyed meeting all of your family members. Usha is a fine cook and is a very nice young woman. But we wish that tea had been served with the mangos instead of coffee.”What does it really mean?In low context cultureDuring a lunch buffet at a conference in China, Wu Fa, the interpreter of the conference, sat with four foreign participants. They were having a good time talking. When Wu Fa stood up for more food, she asked whether she could bring anything back for them.Everyone thanked her and said “no”. A while later, Wu Fa came back with a plate full of food, and asked whether the others would like to have something from her plate.Again, the four others said , “No”.“ Oh, please take something, I cant eat this much food myself.”The foreigners shrugged and one or two of them even frowned a little.More exampleWe will consider it.I love youFor more information, please read “western communication style”on page 42.Classroom activity 1Read the short passage The Gift on page 13 and answer:Why Ms. Kelsen wont accept the gift? List as many possible explanations as you can think of.Example 2In America:Chris: Happy birthday, Jenny. This is for you. I hope youll like it.Jenny: Oh, thank you, Chris. Mm. What is it? (He opens it.) Oh -its a beautiful cotton shirt. How sweet you are! Thank you-thanks very much. Receiving a Gift in China您這么客氣干嘛呢？ 您還是拿回去吧。Chinese with good manners would normally refuse a gift a few times before accepting anything from anyone. When Chinese people finally accept the gift, they do not open the gift in the face of the gift-giver and they say:真不好意思，讓您破費(fèi)了。 下不為例。Receiving a Gift in Western countriesWestern people express themselves in a frank and direct way. They accept others gift quite willingly and say “How sweet you are”. They open the gift immediately and express their appreciation. “Very beautiful. Thank you so much!”U.S. Cultural Note Most of the time Americans do accept gifts that people give to them. But they are more comfortable with being taken out to eat or with a small gift that has more personal significance than monetary value.However, in the workplace, bosses sometimes feel uncomfortable accepting gifts and are not always allowed to do so. The following are some of the reasons: - They do not want to feel that they have to do something special or different for the employee who gives the gift. - They dont want the other employee to think that they have favorites among the employees. - They may find it difficult to criticize their employees work if theyve just received a gift from him/her. - Many companies have a policy saying that the boss is not allowed to accept gifts from employees. Classroom activity 2Read the passage Letter to Fran on page 18 and finish the following task.1. Why do you think the professor became annoyed?2. What cultural values underlie it?Case studyChinese：You look paleWhats the matter?American：Im feeling sick. A cold. Maybe. Chinese：Go and see the doctorDrink more waterDid you take any pill? Put on more clothesHave a good restAmerican：You are not my mother, are you?Case Analysis self-relianceHis response probably had something to do with the emphasis many Americans place on self-reliance. most Americans are taught from an early age that they should take care of themselves , and in general they view self-reliance as a virtue. Because of this, some may even feel a little insulted if someone tries to help them too much - it seems to imply that they cant take care of themselves.AssignmentRead the passage Public and Private Behavior on page 21-22, and give the presentation next week on the topic of differences of privacy between Chinese and Westerners.Unit 3ContentHigh power distanceLow power distanceStereotypes 刻板印象MistakesCultural Dimensions文化維度、尺度Cultural models have been developed to compare the similarities and differences of the two or more cultures in some primary dimensions.Geert Hofstede Prof. Geert Hofstede analyzed a large database of employees, pilots, students, managers, consumers and elites in different countries.Hofstedes model identifies four dimensions of differentiating cultures.What are Hofstedes Four Cultural Dimensions? 1、Power distance 權(quán)力距離2、Individualism collectivism （個(gè)體主義 集體主義） 3、Masculinity femininity （男性化-女性化）4、Uncertainty avoidance （回避不確定性）Power distance One of the famous saying of Confucius is Let the emperor be an emperor, the subject a subject, the father a father, and the son a son”.君君，臣臣，父父，子子。 Whats the implication? Within the family as within the nation, persons are not equal; each has to mind his/her own position and role and act accordingly. It reflects the degree to which the culture accepts the unequal distribution of power. 權(quán)利距離衡量人們接受權(quán)利不平等狀況的程度。Low-PD countriessubordinates are more likely to challenge bosses bosses tend to respect workers and share decision-making.High-PD countries: subordinates tend to be afraid of their bossesbosses tend to be paternalistic and autocratic(專制的). Power distance index for 53 countriesHofstede 將53個(gè)國家和地區(qū)的價(jià)值觀按他分離出來的四個(gè)維度計(jì)算出他們各自的指數(shù)，說明各個(gè)國家和地區(qū)具有該價(jià)值的相對(duì)程度。因H1N1被隔離的美國新奧爾良市市長竟然坐經(jīng)濟(jì)艙，也不告訴別人他是市長。 北川地震時(shí)，“救救我，我是張書記”，被埋在廢墟下仍然身份高調(diào)。在西方，總理，首相就跟普通人一樣。大家過著一樣的生活。都會(huì)去菜市場，去電影院，去超市，去銀行。而在中國，去菜市場的是有權(quán)者的保姆，去電影院的是他們的情人，去超市的是他們的親屬，只有去銀行的是他們自己。Case study 1 An American professor flew to Paris to give a review of his work. He had been instructed to be formal in his mode of addressing those who attended his talk. The evening before his speech, the American had a wonderful dinner with several key people and established excellent rapport with them. The next day when he gave his formal talk, he sometimes forgot to address those he had met by their titles and last names. Fortunately, the professor had an excellent interpreter. When the Prof. referred to “Wolfgang,” he could hear the interpreter translating the reference as “Herr Doctor Schimidt.” Herr: 法 先生Analysis democratic structure in US. informality ignore a persons title; use first names. More hierarchical cultures in France use titles to insure effective communication Case study 2一個(gè)老板和他的秘書面試三個(gè)不同的人。老板給了那三個(gè)人一項(xiàng)任務(wù)。他們是分別面試的，不知道老板分配給他們的任務(wù)是一樣的。任務(wù)是：去外面一個(gè)確定的地方買一個(gè)確定的產(chǎn)品。第一個(gè)人回來說：“對(duì)不起，我去了您讓我去的地方，但是我沒有找到那家商店，我沒有買到您要的東西，真抱歉，還需要我去別的地方再找找嗎？”第二個(gè)人回來說：“對(duì)不起，你讓我去的那個(gè)地方?jīng)]有那家商店，但是我去了另外一個(gè)地方找到了一家店，那兒有您要買的東西。您要不要我去那家店買那個(gè)商品？”第三個(gè)人也回來了，把買到的產(chǎn)品放到老板的桌子上，把找的錢還給了老板，說：“我不清楚，也許您給了我一個(gè)錯(cuò)的地址。在您給的地址那兒根本沒有那家商店，可是我自己找到了別的地方買了你要的東西?！泵貢鴨査睦习澹骸肮蛡蚰膫€(gè)人？”分析In high PD：第一個(gè)人聽從我的指示，值得信賴。第二個(gè)人不那么聽話，去了別的地方，是個(gè)靠不住的人。第三個(gè)人太聰明了，自己拿主意作主張，不能信賴。In low PD選擇第三位因?yàn)樗仟?dú)立自主的，能自己想辦法解決問題。結(jié)論In most Asian countries, people would like defer to (順從） group norms and take rank or power into consideration. Task accomplishment becomes a secondary goal. In the West, superiors put more emphasis on individual initiative and achievement; they are expected to take the responsibilities for their own destinies. Case 3:A Chinese student from an inner-city school lowers his head and casts his eyes downward when his foreign teacher looks at him.The foreign teacher is insulted since the young man “refuses” to look at his teacher. Explanation：The foreign teacher had not recognized important cultural reasons for the students lack of eye contact.The student learned that looking away signifies respect for authority, but the teachers culture emphasized respect by direct eye contact which shows the value of equality.Read “difference in Rank and Power” on page 54 after class.Stereotype Stereotype: A fixed, commonly held notion or image of a person or group, based on an oversimplification of some observed or imagined trait of behavior or appearance.?They reflect ideas that groups of people hold about others who are