分詞的邏輯主語問題.docx

分詞的邏輯主語問題一、什么是分詞的邏輯主語分詞屬非謂語動(dòng)詞，即不用作謂語的動(dòng)詞，所以它沒有真正的主語。但是，分詞作為動(dòng)詞的一種形式，它應(yīng)有自己理論上或邏輯上的主語：I often hear him singing this song. 我經(jīng)常聽他唱這首歌。(him 是singing的邏輯主語)Hearing the news, he couldnt help crying. 聽到這消息，他禁不住哭了。(he是hearing的邏輯主語)若用的是過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式，則上面提到的邏輯主語實(shí)為“邏輯賓語”：I often hear this song sung. 我經(jīng)常聽到有人唱這首歌。(this song是sung的邏輯主語，但是sing 的邏輯賓語)I saw her being taken to the operating room. 我看見她被送到手術(shù)室。(her是being taken 的邏輯主語，但是take 的邏輯賓語)二、使用分詞邏輯主語的易錯(cuò)點(diǎn)分詞作狀語，它的邏輯主語通常應(yīng)是句子主語，否則會(huì)出錯(cuò)。請看下例：(1)Finding her car stolen, _.A. a policeman was asked to help B.the area was searched thoroughlyC. it was looked for everywhere D.she hurried to a policeman for help此題答案應(yīng)選D，因?yàn)榫涫子米鳡钫Z的現(xiàn)在分詞短語finding her car stolen 的邏輯主語應(yīng)是“她”，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等。在使用分詞的邏輯主語時(shí)還要注意根據(jù)句意判斷是主動(dòng)還是被動(dòng)，如：(2)_ many times, he still didnt understand it.A. Having been toldB. Though to be told C. Having toldD. He was told根據(jù)句意，he 與 tell 應(yīng)是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。從時(shí)間上看，應(yīng)該是“被告訴”在先，“沒有理解”在后，故選A。比較下題由于句中用了并列連詞but，情況有所不同：(3)_ many times, but he still didnt understand it.A. Having been told B. Though he was told C. To have been told D. He was told此題答案選D，句中的并列連詞 but 表明整個(gè)句子為并列句，同時(shí)表明 but 前應(yīng)是一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子，而不能是一個(gè)非謂語動(dòng)詞短語(所以不能選A或C)。三、分詞邏輯主語的特例一般說來，分詞作狀語，它的邏輯主語應(yīng)與句子主語一致，但事實(shí)上有少數(shù)例外的特殊情況：(1)某些表示說話人態(tài)度的一些慣用分詞表達(dá)，它們在用作狀語時(shí)其邏輯主語可以與句子主語不一致：Generally speaking, women live longer than men. 一般說來女人比男人活得長。Judging from what you say，he ought to succeed. 從你的話看他應(yīng)當(dāng)能成功。Considering the distance，he arrived very quickly. 考慮到路程，他到達(dá)得很快。Taking everything into consideration, you should leave. 考慮到各種因素，你最好離開。(2)當(dāng)句子含有先行主語it或there時(shí)，有時(shí)有作狀語的分詞短語可以與先行主語不一致：Having so little time, there was not much that I could do. 由于時(shí)間很少，我能做的事很有限。Being French, its surprising that shes such a terrible cook. 她是法國人，但她做飯做得那么糟真是令人感到驚奇。(3)當(dāng)分詞已轉(zhuǎn)化為介詞或連詞，此時(shí)也無需考慮主語一致問題：Supposing she doesnt come, what shall we do? 要是她不來我們怎么辦?(supposing為連詞，意為“假若”)Given their inexperience, theyve done a good job. 考慮到他們沒有經(jīng)驗(yàn)，這工作已做得很不錯(cuò)了。(given為介詞，意為“考慮到”)(4)當(dāng)分詞暗含的邏輯主語為表示泛指意義的one或you時(shí)，也無需考慮主語的一致性問題：In doing such work, patience is needed. 做這種工作需要耐心。(=When one does such work, patience is needed.)四、分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在通常情況下，分詞作狀語時(shí)它的邏輯主語應(yīng)與句子主語一致，若不一致，則應(yīng)改用其他句型，如：誤：Crossing the road, a car knocked him down.正：Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 過馬路時(shí)他被車撞倒了。正：When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他過馬路時(shí)車子把他撞倒了。解決狀語分詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致的問題，也可在分詞前加一個(gè)名詞或代詞，使之成為分詞的邏輯主語。由于加在分詞前的名詞或代詞要用主格形式，故稱分詞的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：The job finished, we went home. 工作結(jié)束后我們就回家了。The weather being fi