公共行政學(xué)經(jīng)典(第五版)翻譯和考試重點(diǎn).doc

公共行政學(xué)經(jīng)典 （第五版） Classics of Public Administration翻譯和考試重點(diǎn)山東工商學(xué)院版P25 nothing but the spirit of that time expressed in abstract thought 任何時(shí)代的哲學(xué)都不過(guò)是用抽象的思維所表現(xiàn)的那個(gè)時(shí)代的精神。P30 The object of administrative study is to rescue executive methods from the confusion and costliness of empirical experiment and set them upon foundations laid deep in stable principle.行政管理研究的目的就是在于把行政方法從經(jīng)驗(yàn)性實(shí)驗(yàn)的混亂和浪費(fèi)中拯救出來(lái)。并使它們深深植根于穩(wěn)定的原則上。P31 To be efficient it must discover the simplest arrangements by which responsibility can be unmistakably fixed upon officials; the best way of dividing authority without hampering it, and responsibility without obscuring it.為了獲得辦事效率必須找到一種最為簡(jiǎn)單的安排，通過(guò)這種安排可以使官員準(zhǔn)確無(wú)誤地承擔(dān)責(zé)任，必須找到不給權(quán)力帶來(lái)?yè)p害的最佳分權(quán)方式，找到不會(huì)導(dǎo)致責(zé)任模糊的最佳責(zé)任分擔(dān)方式。P33 But as superintending the greater forces of formative policy alike in politics and administration, public criticism is altogether safe and beneficent, altogether indispensable.無(wú)論是在政治還是在行政方面，當(dāng)對(duì)制定基本政策的更為較大的力量進(jìn)行監(jiān)督時(shí)，公眾的批評(píng)則是完全安全而且有益的，是完全不可缺少的。P33 The ideal for us is a civil service cultured and self-sufficient enough to act with sense and vigor, and yet so intimately connected with the popular thought, by means of elections and constant public counsel, as to find arbitrariness or class spirit quite out of the question.我們的理想模式是通過(guò)某種方式建立一個(gè)有文化教養(yǎng)和自立精神的文官制度，它完全有理智地開展活動(dòng)，同時(shí)與公眾的思想保持著非常緊密的聯(lián)系，這種方式就是選舉和經(jīng)常性公開協(xié)商，它可以徹底排出武斷和降級(jí)態(tài)度。P37 The Century Dictionary speaks of it as: “The duty or duties of the administrator; specifically, the executive functions of government, consisting in the exercise of all the powers and duties of government, both general and local, which are neither legislative nor judicial.”行政人員的職責(zé)是責(zé)任，特別是政府的執(zhí)行職能。它包括政府整體的和局部的所有的權(quán)力和職責(zé)的形式，它既不是立法的，也不是司法的。P39 背 Finally, popular government requires that it is the executing authority which shall be subordinated to the expressing authority, since the latter in the nature of things can be made much more representative of the people than can the executing authority.民治的政府要求執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)必須服從表達(dá)機(jī)構(gòu)，后者理所當(dāng)然地功能表達(dá)人民。P52 官僚制的特征1. There is the principle of fixed and official jurisdictional areas, which are generally ordered by rules, that is, by laws or administrative regulations. 2. The principles of office hierarchy and of levels of graded authority mean a firmly ordered system of super and subordination in which there is a supervision of the lower offices by the higher ones.3. The management of the modern office is based upon written documents, which are preserved in their original or draught form.4. Office management, at least all specialized office management and such management is distinctly modern, usually presupposes thorough and expert training.5. when the office is fully developed, official activity demands the full working capacity of the official, irrespective of the fact that his obligatory time in the bureau may be firmly delimited.6. The management of the office follows general rules, which are more or less stable, more or less exhaustive, and which can be learned.P102 The need for action in realizing democracy was as great in 1789 as it is today.Our forefathers had broken away from hereditary government and pinned their faith on democratic rule, but they had not found a way to equip the new democracy for action.The president is indeed the one and only national officer representative of the entire nation.今天我們?cè)趯?shí)現(xiàn)民主方面采取行動(dòng)的需要和1789年一樣大。我們的祖先已經(jīng)拋棄了世襲的政府，把信心寄托在民主條例上，但是他們未有找到一種裝點(diǎn)新的民主使之付諸行動(dòng)的方式。總統(tǒng)實(shí)際上只是代表全國(guó)的官員。P223 PPB= Planning Programming Budget 結(jié)論：PPB是第一個(gè)為適應(yīng)多種預(yù)算功能而設(shè)計(jì)的預(yù)算系統(tǒng)。預(yù)算的3個(gè)功能：1. strategic planning 2.management control 3.operational controlP225 Most important, perhaps, are the differential informational requirements of planning, control, and management processes. Informational needs differ in terms of time spans, levels of aggregation, linkages with organizational and operating units, and input-output foci. The apparent solution is to design a system that serves the multiple needs of budgeting.最重要的大概是計(jì)劃管理、控制三種過(guò)程 對(duì)信息的要求是有查缺補(bǔ)漏的，由于時(shí)間跨度、總體水平、組織機(jī)構(gòu)和經(jīng)營(yíng)單位之間的連接及投入產(chǎn)出中心點(diǎn)等所需的信息都是不同的，解決的辦法就是設(shè)計(jì)一套適用于各種需要的預(yù)算系統(tǒng)。P225 背PPB is predicated on the primary of the planning function; yet it strives for a multipurpose budge system that gives adequate and necessary attention to the control and management areas.PPB 被斷言（認(rèn)為）處在計(jì)劃職能的主要位置，然而，它強(qiáng)調(diào)多目標(biāo)的預(yù)算系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)給控制和管理區(qū)域足夠的和必要的重視。P256 Going far beyond the domain of economic policy-making, the economic approach to decision-making views every decision as an allocation of resources between alternatives, that is， as an economic problem.用于決策的經(jīng)濟(jì)方法已遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出經(jīng)濟(jì)政策制定的領(lǐng)域，它將每一個(gè)決策看作是的備選方案之間的一種資源分配，也就是看作一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)問(wèn)題。P258政策分析的一些主要特征 some main features of policy analysis, as compared with system analysis.1. Much attention would be paid to the political aspects of public decision-making and public policy-making.2. A broad conception of decision-making and policy-making would be involved.3. A main emphasis would be on creativity and search for new policy alternatives, with explicit attention to encouragement of innovative thinking.4. There would be extensive reliance on tacit understanding, Gestalt-images, qualitative models, and qualitative methods.5. There would be much more emphasis on “futuristic” thinking.6. The approach would be looser and less rigid, but nevertheless systematic.P291 該節(jié)主要考翻譯 Representativeness 代議制 political neutral competence 政治中立權(quán)限 executive leadership 行政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)力On the contrary, different segments of the population feel differentially disadvantaged by the governmental machinery in operation at any given moment, and agitate for structural changes to improve their position-that is , to increase their influence in the system.各階層人士都不同程度地意識(shí)到了政府機(jī)構(gòu)在其運(yùn)行過(guò)程中給他們帶來(lái)的不利因素，并且鼓動(dòng)改革政府機(jī)構(gòu)，以便提高他們的地位。P293 The most sweeping expression of the unrest over lack of representativeness is the growing demand for extreme administrative decentralization, frequently coupled with insistence on local clientele domination of the decentralized organizations. 人們最大限度地表達(dá)他們對(duì)由于代表性不足所引起的不公正行為的不滿，正在發(fā)展為一種對(duì)純粹的行政分權(quán)的要求，并且這種要求通常伴隨著那些主張由分權(quán)組織的地方委托人管理的活動(dòng)。Community action be “developed, conducted, and administered with maximum feasible participation of residents of the areas and members of the groups served.”團(tuán)體行為是一種發(fā)展的、有指導(dǎo)性的依靠各地區(qū)居民和為其服務(wù)的社團(tuán)成員的最大限度地實(shí)際參與，進(jìn)行管理的活動(dòng)。P295 While decentralization is sometimes defended on grounds of efficiency， it is more frequently justified in terms of effective popular participation in governments.然而有時(shí)行政分權(quán)只是基于對(duì)行政效率的追求，但在更多情況下，行政分權(quán)被解釋為大眾對(duì)政府工作的有效參與。P322 怎樣認(rèn)識(shí)新公共行政？1. New Public Administration adds social equity to the classic objectives and rationale.2. Social equity includes activities designed to enhance the political power and economic well-being of these minorities.3. New Public Administration attempts to answer it in this way: Administrators are not neutral. They should be committed to both good