人機(jī)工程 外文翻譯 外文文獻(xiàn) 英文文獻(xiàn) 人機(jī)工程學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)舒車輛內(nèi)飾設(shè)計(jì)并提出改善建議.doc

Ergonomic evaluation of interior design of Shoka vehicle and proposing recommendations for improvement Adel Mazloumi * , PhD Department of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Mohammadreze Fallah, MSc Department of Ergonomics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Hedayat Tavakoli, MSc Department of Occupational Health, Polytechnic University of Chamran, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Objectives: One of the applications of ergonomics disciplinary is designing driver workstation compatible to users characteristics. The aim of this study was evaluation of interior design of Shoka vehicle with respect to the accommodation for Iranian population and proposing suggestions for customizing design of the vehicle. Method: This study was a descriptive-analytical study conducted among thirty men from Iranian drivers population in 5, 50, 95 percentiles of the stature variable. Objective variables related to the occupant packaging and vehicle visual aspects including anthropometric variables, frontal, lateral, and side view and so on were investigated first. Then, subjective variables related to the driver mental workload and body comfort discomfort were studied using BMDMW and comfort questionnaires during 2-hour driving trial sessions. Results: Occupant packaging variables and hand-arm angle showed the least accommodation percent(%53).Seating angles showed low accommodation as well (%73). Among three percentile groups there were no significant differences between the mean values of mental Workload during two hours driving task. The mean value related to the comfort discomfort was 3.9 during driving sessions. Conclusion: Considering the findings in this study, it can be concluded that seating angles need correction and optimization. Taking mental workload results into account, it can be concluded that the interior design of the studied car had no influence on driversmental workload. From the aspect of comfort/discomfort, Shoka vehicle showed neutral state among drivers.Optimizing seating angles, decreasing vibration, correcting stiffness of seating pan are suggested for customization of the ergonomics aspect of this vehicle. Keywords: Ergonomic evaluation, Vehicle, Shoka, Anthropometric, Compatibility Introduction Safety and comfort are of the most important criteria for both car manufacturing companies and for drivers as well as occupants from many points of views. Therefore considering the principles of ergonomics in automotive design will make remarkable benefits to many extents .Different researches have shown that fatigue played an important role in incidence of thirty percent of traffic accidents. One of the major causes of fatigue while driving is the car interior design. Features such as seats, steering wheel and pedals have shown a large impact on driver fatigue. The interior design may also cause human error .Inappropriate design of the vehicle may lead to some health problems among driver population as well. The risk of lumbar discs deformation, pain in neck, back and shoulder tension,reduced blood circulation in the legs and buttocks are the instances of those problems .Moreover, interior design has impact on driver mental workload.Mental workload refers to engaging the mind while performing a task like driving task. Problems such as distraction,performance reduction and human error are somehow related to the drivers mental workload.Several ergonomics indicators are used by car manufacturing companies for car design evaluation. These indicators are either qualitative (subjective) or quantitative indicators.Qualitative indicators are achieved with the use of questionnaires and special checklists among users population.Quantitative indicators such as anthropometric measures, access limits,forces and so on are also used to evaluate interior design and its compatibility with the user population in different percentiles. Several questionnaires, such as BMDMW and body comfort-discomfort questionnaire,have been published to evaluate the vehicle design. BMDMW questionnaire is a subjective measure based on driving behavioral patterns which evaluate driversmental workload and state.Body comfort discomfort questionnaire also evaluate whole body and comfort-discomfort related to body limbs.Quantitative indicators to assess ergonomics-related aspects of interior design are generally related to the design dimensions.Dimensions can indicate human accommodation;and many research studies are based on evaluating those dimensions in 5,50,95 percentiles.The greatest differences in anthropometric values that are more relevant to the driver accommodation are three variables:stature, sitting height and weight. But, some research studies have shown that stature is most important anthropometric variable involved in the automotive design .Occupant packaging can be used for ergonomic quantitative evaluation of car design when considering stature as an anthropometric variable.Occupant packaging is the interior design process of a vehicle to achieve a good level of accommodation, comfort and safety for passengers. The most relevant to the ergonomics variables when considering occupant packaging are: interior dimensions (SAE J1100), hand control reach (SAE J287), ellipse (SAE J941) and driver selected seat position (SAE J1517 . The optimal dimensions of the anthropometric data that utilized or ergonomic design are valuable; but it dose not comprehensively cover other aspects of vehicle design such as: ease of use, comfort, field of view and safety aspects . That is the reason why vehicles are evaluated after design process.Particularly, if the vehicle would be an imported car, its design features and compatibility with the users are of crucial importance. Car manufacturers that are not original designer and they just assemble car products need to do researches in the field of vehicle ergonomics evaluation. Methods and materials This study was a cross-sectional case study to evaluate the Shoka vehicle. It is a small truck car as a new model of the Nissan Z 24 which is manufactured in Zamyad Car Company in Iran.Main chassis as well as engine for this car are exactly for the Nis-san model Z 24. But, its body is completely a new design.There were two groups of variables to evaluate this car: 1) Quantitative variables selected from occupant packaging and were related to SAE J1100 (interior dimensions),SAE J941(drivers eye location) SAE J1517 (accommodation) these variables and the comparison standard values are shown in Table 1. Tools used for measuring these variables included: goniometer, rulers in various sizes, tape and label as marker. Sitting pattern in the vehicle,definitions of the variables and measuring methods and required adjustment of the vehicle during measurement activity was done according to the requirements of the SAE J1100 standard. Reference points of measurement were: seating reference point (SgRP), accelerator heel point (AHP) and Pedal Reference Point (PRP) that the other variables were deter-mined with respect to these points . Vision related quantitative variables included: nearest visible point on the ground from left sides and front that determined by a marker in meter Fig 1 shows the quantitative variables related to this study. 2) Qualitative variables: Qualitative variables were investigated using BMDMW and body comfort-discomfort questionnaires during 2-hour driving sessions. The BMDMW questionnaire, which evaluates driver mental workload, has been developed by Francesco Di Nasera in Rome University . Reliability and face validity of the BMDMW questionnaire was investigated and confirmed after translating into Persian language. BMDMW has six internal factors include: Disengagement, Vehicle Monitoring,Route Monitoring,Road Awareness,Control and Fatigue and has Likert scale that shows driving events from one rarely to five high. Variables related to comfort-discomfort were collected during the two-hour road trial sessions by body comfort-discomfort questionnaire. This is one of the common tools for assessing comfort-discomfort that measures comfort-discomfort state by averaging twelve members state of the body during the driving. Validity and reliability of this questionnaire has been done in previous researches (4, 5). This questionnaire has seven point Likertscale that shows comfort-discomfort state from one “very comfortable” to seven very uncomfortable” . Data for the occupant packaging and vision was collected first and then,after a two-hour road trial test the questionnaires were administered by selected drivers as participants. Statistical software of SPSS version 15 was conducted for data analysis. Data analysis included two parts: examine the aspects of the mean and standard deviation of the variables related to the descriptive statistics. Then from aspect of analytical statistics data normality was assessed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and normal data was used for the ANOVA test to examine mean differences. Conclusion Considering the findings of this study it can be concluded that some changes in interior dimensions specially in sitting angles required in this vehicle. These changes should cover the entire percentile groups. The angles of trunk and hand-arm should be increased and the angles related to the knee and foot should be decreased.This car has neutral conditions for Iranian drivers.Vehicle interior dimensions have no remarkable effects on whole body comfort-discomfort and other factors like: softness and rigidity of the seat, vibration of the vehicle and contact pressure will be effective on the drivers comfort-discomfort.Tall drivers have more control over the vehicle.Fatigue, vehicle monitoring, route monitoring are same be-tween the drivers with different statures. Changes in H-Point, front hood bulge and wipers would be effective ways for improving driver view. 人機(jī)工程學(xué)評(píng)價(jià)舒車輛內(nèi)飾設(shè)計(jì)，并提出改善建議阿德?tīng)朚azloumi *，博士職業(yè)衛(wèi)生部門，公立學(xué)校健康，德黑蘭大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院，伊朗德黑蘭mohammadreze法拉赫，碩士人類工效學(xué)系，大學(xué)和社會(huì)福利 康復(fù)治療科學(xué)系，德黑蘭，伊朗hedayat Tavakoli，碩士職業(yè)衛(wèi)生署，理工大學(xué)chamran，德黑蘭，伊朗德黑蘭大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué)院，公共衛(wèi)生學(xué)院，目標(biāo)：人體工程學(xué)的應(yīng)用學(xué)科之一，是兼容的驅(qū)動(dòng)程序的工作站用戶的特點(diǎn)設(shè)計(jì)。本研究的目的是舒卡汽車內(nèi)飾設(shè)計(jì)的評(píng)價(jià)與尊重伊朗人口和提出建議，自訂車輛設(shè)計(jì)提出建議。方法：本研究是一個(gè)描述性的分析研究，5，50，95百分位人體變量從伊朗司機(jī)人口30人之間進(jìn)行。首先關(guān)系到乘員的包裝和車輛，包括人體的變量，正面，橫向，和側(cè)視圖等視覺(jué)方面的客觀變量進(jìn)行了調(diào)查。然后，有關(guān)司機(jī)的心理負(fù)荷和人體舒適感不適的主觀變量，駕駛2小時(shí)的審訊會(huì)議期間使用BMDMW和舒適問(wèn)卷進(jìn)行了研究。結(jié)果：乘員乘坐變量和手臂角度表明至少容納空間（53），座位的角度表現(xiàn)出低的調(diào)節(jié)性（73）。其中有三個(gè)百分團(tuán)體心理負(fù)荷的平均值之間沒(méi)有顯著性差異在兩個(gè)小時(shí)駕駛?cè)蝿?wù)。舒適不適的平均值為3.9%期間駕駛研究。結(jié)論：考慮到這項(xiàng)研究的結(jié)果，可以斷定，座位的角度需要修正和優(yōu)化。以精神考慮工作量的結(jié)果，可以得出結(jié)論，研究汽車內(nèi)飾設(shè)計(jì)沒(méi)有影響駕駛員心理的工作量。從舒適/不適方面，舒卡車輛之間的駕駛.優(yōu)化座位角度表明中性狀態(tài)，減少振動(dòng)，糾正剛度座位泛定制這款車的人體工程學(xué)方面的建議。關(guān)鍵詞：人機(jī)工程學(xué)，車輛，舒卡汽車，人體，兼容性 介紹對(duì)于汽車制造公司和駕駛員來(lái)說(shuō)，安全性和舒適性是最重要的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，以及從許多意見(jiàn)居住者。因此考慮人體工程學(xué)在汽車設(shè)計(jì)的原則，將使許多程度的顯著效益。不同的研究表明，在30的交通事故發(fā)生率中，疲勞駕駛是其發(fā)生的重要因素。疲勞駕駛的重要原因之一，是汽車內(nèi)飾設(shè)計(jì)。功能，如座椅，方向盤和踏板都表現(xiàn)出了對(duì)司機(jī)疲勞有很大的影響。室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)也可能會(huì)造成人為的錯(cuò)誤。車輛設(shè)計(jì)不當(dāng)，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致一些健康問(wèn)題。腰椎間盤變形，疼痛，頸部，背部和肩部的緊張的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)減少了腿部的血液循環(huán)和臀部疼痛是這些問(wèn)題的實(shí)例。此外，室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)工作量。心理的工作量，是指從事頭腦，而對(duì)駕駛員的影響執(zhí)行任務(wù)像駕駛?cè)蝿?wù)。如分心，性能下降和人為錯(cuò)誤的問(wèn)題在某種程度上涉及到司機(jī)的心理負(fù)荷。幾個(gè)人機(jī)工程指標(biāo)用于汽車制造公司的汽車設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)估。這些指標(biāo)與定性（主觀）或定量指標(biāo)，定性指標(biāo)達(dá)到人體測(cè)量，訪問(wèn)限制，部位等，如人口數(shù)量。定性指標(biāo)也被用來(lái)評(píng)估室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)和用戶之間的使用問(wèn)卷和特殊的清單其兼容性與用戶在不同的百分人口。幾個(gè)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查，如BMDMW和身體舒適不適。問(wèn)卷調(diào)查，已公布評(píng)估車輛設(shè)計(jì)?；隈{駛行為模式評(píng)估駕駛員心理工作量和狀態(tài)。身體的舒適感不適問(wèn)卷也評(píng)估全身不適舒適BMDMW問(wèn)卷是一種有關(guān)身體四肢主觀評(píng)價(jià)的措施。設(shè)計(jì)尺寸一般與評(píng)估有關(guān),室內(nèi)設(shè)計(jì)的人體工程學(xué)方面的量化指標(biāo)可以表明成員空間和許多研究評(píng)估5,50,95人體百分位。在這些基礎(chǔ)方面的最大的差異，有關(guān)司機(jī)的空間，是三個(gè)變量：身材矮小，坐在身高和體重。但是，一些研究表明，身材最重要的是人體在汽車設(shè)計(jì)中所涉及的變量。乘員活動(dòng)時(shí)，可用于汽車的設(shè)計(jì)符合人體工程學(xué)的定量評(píng)價(jià)考慮身形作為人體參數(shù).成員空間的布置是車輛內(nèi)部的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中重要部分，舒適性和乘客的安全，實(shí)現(xiàn)了較好的水平?？紤]乘員空間布置時(shí)最相關(guān)的人機(jī)工程變量是：人體測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)的最佳尺寸，內(nèi)部尺寸（SAE J1100），手的控制范圍（SAE J287），橢圓（SAE J941）和駕駛過(guò)程中選擇座位位置（SAE的J1