園林施工中的苗木管理.doc

/ 園林施工中的苗木管理摘要：隨著我國城市化進(jìn)程的加快，園林綠化施工已經(jīng)成為城市建設(shè)的重要內(nèi)容，園林綠化具有美化環(huán)境、改善城市生態(tài)狀況、滿足城市居民的審美需要等作用。在園林綠化中苗木管理是其中的重要內(nèi)容。苗木管理知識(shí)的匱乏會(huì)降低苗木的成活率，達(dá)不到綠化設(shè)計(jì)造型、藝術(shù)表現(xiàn)的效果，制約著園林施工的質(zhì)量和發(fā)展。Pick to: along with the speeding up of urbanization in our country, the botanical garden afforestation construction has become an important content of urban construction, landscape with beautify the environment, improve the urban ecological situation, meet the aesthetic need of urban residents, and so on. In landscaping nursery stock management is one of the important content. Nursery stock management the lack of knowledge can reduce the survival rate of seedlings, short of greening design modelling, art performance, the effect of restricting the quality and the development of gardens construction. 關(guān)鍵詞：園林施工;苗木管理;綠化;特點(diǎn)Keywords: the botanical garden construction; Nursery stock management; Greening; Characteristics of the 隨著人民生活水平的提高和人們對環(huán)境質(zhì)量的要求越來越高，對城市中的園林綠化要求亦多樣化，施工的規(guī)模和內(nèi)容也越來越大，施工中所涉及的面廣泛，高科技已深入到施工的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域，如光-機(jī)-電一體的大型噴泉、新型的鋪裝材料、新型的施工方法以及施工過程中的計(jì)算機(jī)管理等等，無不給從事此項(xiàng)事業(yè)的人帶來新的挑戰(zhàn)。1 苗木管理的物料要求（1）綠化苗木的選購在園林綠化當(dāng)中，選擇株型好、根系發(fā)達(dá)的苗木有利于苗木的栽植以及后期的管理，為此在苗木管理中應(yīng)該注意一下幾點(diǎn)。第一，選購喬木的時(shí)候應(yīng)該盡量選擇生長健壯、樹冠開展、根系發(fā)達(dá)、無病蟲害的樹苗，胸徑應(yīng)該大于2m，樹高一般不低于1.5m，樹干上不能有傷痕或截枝。第二，購置灌木的時(shí)候應(yīng)該選擇常綠、根蔓、梳打、植株茂盛的樹苗，要根據(jù)本地區(qū)的氣候特點(diǎn)和土壤要求，不破壞周圍的自然環(huán)境。第三，所選擇的草本竹屋應(yīng)該具有耐旱、耐澇、生長快、根部發(fā)達(dá)、多年生的植物，并且應(yīng)該具備一定的觀賞性。（2）苗木管理的土質(zhì)要求苗木生長對土質(zhì)一般沒有太高的要求，但是應(yīng)該保證提讓中鹽、堿、酸形狀符合種植要求，一般來說粘性較大、貧瘠、鹽堿地、受工業(yè)污染的土地是不適合苗木種植的，在這種情況下可以通過土壤置換、形狀改良的等多種方法使土壤達(dá)到苗木成長的要求。對于比較貧瘠的土地還可以通過牲畜肥料改良或有機(jī)肥改良的方法，提高土壤營養(yǎng)成分。（3）苗木管理的水質(zhì)要求苗木管理中要按照苗木的生長期，正確的給他們澆水，一般情況下對水質(zhì)沒有太多的要求，但是酸、堿、鹽等成分較多的水源，并不適合苗木澆水，污染嚴(yán)重的水源也不能用于苗木灌溉。2 苗木管理中的重要環(huán)節(jié)（1）苗木病害與苗木蟲害病蟲害防治是夏季苗木管理中最重要的工作之一，對苗木生長影響極大，特別是大苗移栽苗，如連續(xù)二次新葉被蟲食光，就會(huì)致死。夏季苗木的病蟲害主要有根腐病、立枯病、食芽害蟲、食葉害蟲、地下害蟲等。因此應(yīng)經(jīng)常檢查，及時(shí)及早防治。（2）日灼和霜凍今年新種的芽苗或大田直播苗，一般夏季最好適當(dāng)遮蔭，如無條件應(yīng)做好松土除草工作，以防高溫高濕而灼傷苗木，最常見的是引起葉片枯萎及接近地面的苗干萎縮，但對于松類苗木不應(yīng)遮蔭，遮蔭反而生長不良。對于冬季容易凍害的苗木，一般在夏秋季就應(yīng)停施氮肥、控制灌溉，增施磷鉀肥，促使苗木充分木質(zhì)化。易發(fā)生凍害的苗木主要有：醉香含笑、山杜英、天竺桂、浙江楠、無患子、重陽木等。（3）適當(dāng)遮蔭對于耐陰的茶花、南方紅豆杉、竹柏等樹種，苗木若移栽過遲，應(yīng)選擇在生長的初期進(jìn)行降溫，以防止高溫?zé)岷ΑＳ袟l件的可進(jìn)行適當(dāng)遮蔭，如搭蔭棚、覆蓋遮陽網(wǎng)等?？筛鶕?jù)樹木的生活習(xí)性、種類及樹體本身情況確定遮陽程度。為了保證苗木正常地進(jìn)行光合作用，不可選擇遮陽率過高的遮陽傘，以讓樹體接受一定的散射光，一般可選用遮陽率在40%60的遮陽網(wǎng)。遮陽不僅可以降低樹冠溫度，還可以減少樹體水分的蒸發(fā)，避免日灼危害苗木。若溫度過高，可對幼苗的生長產(chǎn)生不利的影響。一般遮陽后可使地表溫度降低約10 ，因此，為了給苗木的生長創(chuàng)造有利的條件，有條件的地方應(yīng)對苗木進(jìn)行遮陽。（4）灌溉和排水灌溉和排水也是夏季苗木管理中的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)。對于苗圃地來說必須要做到能灌能排，特別是當(dāng)年播種或移栽的苗木更應(yīng)重視做好此項(xiàng)工作。大部份苗木在夏季少雨干旱時(shí)最好十天灌水一次，時(shí)間最好在早晚進(jìn)行，對于銀杏、松類苗木抗旱性強(qiáng)，一般不用灌水，而對于楊樹、垂柳、水杉等苗木灌水次數(shù)可適當(dāng)增加。對于苗地排水須做到雨后苗地?zé)o積水，一般苗床溝深最好在25厘米以上。（5）合理追肥苗木施肥的肥料種類一般采用速效肥或腐熟的人糞尿。施肥應(yīng)勤施、薄施，次數(shù)宜多但每次用量宜少。施肥一般選擇在苗木生長穩(wěn)定后開始，施肥應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)方面：必須待苗木生長穩(wěn)定后才可以開始施肥。小苗、營養(yǎng)杯苗生根快、生長穩(wěn)定快，種植當(dāng)年夏季可開始施肥；大苗、大樹在種植當(dāng)年夏季一般不進(jìn)行施肥。圃地苗木應(yīng)以施水肥為主，山地種植的苗木可在雨后離苗木10 cm處進(jìn)行圈施尿素10 g/株左右。（6 ）松土除草夏季每次灌溉或降雨后應(yīng)及時(shí)進(jìn)行松土。為利于苗木的生長，松土的深度宜淺，以促使表土的疏松。中耕松土應(yīng)逐次加深，切記不可傷苗和壓苗。據(jù)試驗(yàn)，晴天的中午，松土后的地表溫度高8 左右，因此，在高溫、干旱的晴天中午不宜松土、除草，最好選在陰天早、晚或雨后進(jìn)行。清除雜草是減少苗木病蟲害、促進(jìn)苗木旺盛生長的必要措施，除草宜“除早、除小、除了”。主要方法有人工除草和化學(xué)除草。人工除草是通過人工鏟除地表雜草，對不便除草和松土的小苗，可將苗間雜草拔掉，再在苗床上撒蓋1層細(xì)土，防止露根透風(fēng)。如果利用化學(xué)除草則應(yīng)注意保護(hù)好苗木，防止傷苗?？傊趫@林綠化施工苗木管理中，要根據(jù)栽種苗木的種類和特點(diǎn)，確定最佳的栽種方案，注重苗木管理的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，只有這樣才能保證苗木栽種的質(zhì)量和成活率。With the improvement of peoples living standard and people is higher and higher requirement for the quality of environment, landscaping requirements also diversified in cities, construction scale and content of also more and more big, face is widely involved in the construction, high-tech has been deep into the construction of various fields, such as optical - mechanical - electrical integration large fountain, a new type of pavement materials and new construction methods and construction in the process of computer management, and so on, which brings new challenges for people engaged in the business. 1 material requirements (1) managing the choose and buy of greening seedlings in landscaping, choose good plant type, the root system developed seedling is advantageous to the late seedling planting and management, therefore should pay attention to the points in the management of nursery stock. First, trees of choose and buy should choose as far as possible when growth robust, crown, root developed, no plant diseases and insect pests of trees, diameter at breast height should be greater than 2 m, tree height is generally not less than 1.5 m, not a wound, or trunk branches. Second, purchase shrubs should choose evergreen and tendril, soda, plant roots, lush trees, according to the regional climate characteristics and soil requirements, do not damage the surrounding natural environment. Third, the choice of the herb bamboo house should have tolerance to drought, waterlogging, fast growth, root developed, perennial plant, and should have a certain appreciation. (2) soil requirements of managing growth of soil is generally not too high requirements, but should make sure to mention the shape of salt, alkali, acid conform to the requirements of the plant, generally larger viscous and saline-alkali land barren, and the industrial pollution of the land is not suitable for tree planting, in this situation can be improved through soil displacement, shape of a variety of methods, such as soil reached the requirements of seedling growth. For comparison, barren land can be improved through livestock manure or fertilizer improved methods, increase soil nutrients. (3) in the management of water quality requirements of managing according to seedling growth period, the right to water, they generally dont have much water quality requirements, but more acid, alkali, salt and other components of water sources, water is not suitable for nursery stock, polluted water is not used for seedling irrigation. 2 (1) the important procedures in managing diseases and pests and seedling diseases and insect pests prevention and control is one of the most important work in summer seedling management, have a powerful effect on seedling growth, especially went transplanting seedlings, such as the leaves grow in 2 consecutive be worm eat light, will be death. Summer seedling diseases and insect pests are root rot, damping off and eat bud, defoliator pest, the underground pests and so on. So should be regularly check and timely prevention and treatment as early as possible. (2) burning and frost this year new species seedlings or field broadcast seedlings, general appropriate best summer shade, such as unconditional should do a good job in cultivating weed control in case of high temperature and high humidity and burn seedlings, is one of the most common cause of leaf blight and close to the ground of seedling dry contraction, but for the pine seedlings should not shade, shade poor instead of growth. For easy cold winter nursery stock, generally in the fall should stop nitrogen, control, irrigation, increasing under phosphorus application, prompting seedling lignification in full. Prone to frost damage of seedling mainly has: drunk sweet smiling, elaeocarpus decipiens, tianzhu mountain laurel, zhejiang nan, no child, chongyang wood, etc. (3) the appropriate shade for resistance to Yin camellia, stocking, bamboo, cypress tree species, such as if seedling transplanting too late, should choose to cool down in the early stages of the growth, in order to prevent the high temperature thermal pollution. Conditional shade can be appropriate, such as build YinPeng, covering the sun-shade net, etc. According to the habits of trees, species and the tree itself determine the degree of shading. In order to ensure normal for photosynthesis of the nursery stock, cannot choose sunshade shade rate is too high, some scattered light to let the tree body acceptance, generally can choose shading rate at 40% 40% of the sun-shade net. Shade can not only lower canopy temperature, can also reduce the tree body moisture evaporation, to avoid burning harm seedlings. If temperature is too high, but unfavorable influence on the growth of seedlings. Generally after shading can reduce surface temperature around 10 , so in order to create favorable conditions for the growth of seedlings, conditional place should make shade for the seedlings. (4) the irrigation and drainage, irrigation and drainage is an important part in the summer nursery stock management too. For viability must be to do can fill line, especially when sowing or transplanting seedling more should pay attention to do the job. Most seedling drought less rain in the summer the best irrigation time, ten days time in the morning and evening, best for ginkgo, pine seedling drought resistance is strong, generally dont need to infuse water, and for poplar, willow, metasequoia such as seedling irrigation frequency can be appropriately increased. There is little need to do it after the rain MiaoDe MiaoDe drainage without water, usually seedbed furrow best in more than 25 cm. (5) reasonable fertilizer seedling fertilizer fertilizer kinds commonly used organic fertilizer or rotten faecal matter. Fertilization should be diligent, and thin, the appropriate number but every time the dosage should be few more . Fertilization generally choose start after seedling growth stable, fertilizer should be paid attention to the following aspects: must stay stable seedling growth can start only after fertilization. Rootstocks, nutrition cup seedling roots fast and stable growth fast, summer can begin to fertilizing; Went, trees grow in that year the summer is generally not for fertilization. Nursery seedling should give priority to with sewage sludge, mountain planting seedling can be in after the rain of seedling 10 cm for circle of urea about 10 g/plant. (6) digging weeding summer shall promptly carry out vehicle after each irrigation or rainfall. To benefit for the growth of the seedlings, digging depth is shallow, to encourage loose topsoil. The row dirt should be gradually deepen, remember not to hurt seedlings and seedlings. According to the test, sunny day at noon, after digging high surface temperature 8 o