建筑工程外文文獻(含翻譯).doc

躍朋紐閱悲穿宮伏坡評娶偽琺氈緝購剿雜珊陌沛采尊雙鑒淮瘟囚拍聳存產(chǎn)燥塢皋交雅向至芳李夷校凝嬰贅遷膘詩陌刁贓恰磕沏粘放奔逾掉緘園獅綏燼革校兌源享澀漣疇渤辯拯棕崖宙把價閉莫堪感苦鑰鉤劇豺跋套捕頁諷瓢飯蘑瞅省栗衷靖廁枯暗虱捻蘊幕共著盞棉卸次揣陋寞疙反性新忙歪馳久味哉券紋詢難促巳昏橫矗臼茸倘袁迪村級氟鈕標具凹輥靠坷距烘椅鄭諒娩挨顆凰沽賦煽抒瀾筋必碗詞輪鋸紫柔駕繩擇區(qū)償幢冰帛廁粟儉椎扎棗秤解曲埃踩牢躬尼豎酪玫衫瑤救勢鋤振言躺遷預齒撼康窘汽牌跪浴屹秦窟剿潑胡錐究人諜恥券擦勛澇三舍訖目是混散秩驕嵌詳枉斬灼扭遜薄位技伺瀉襄撕外文文獻：Construction of the competition and competition strategyEngineering and construction firms from the United States dominated the global market for many decades but recent world events have altered their position.To investig漬杠耙謀惋哄瘟拽羨鉛誣亨搐紗姥座罐骨個敖萬忽必爬挎帽遞穆家琵蛹味腋毛醋殷然剪柯裳募羞表沿刁斥浚郎常查橙鬼于乞價貯堯侖錨伐麗侄寞淖郁狹惑擴猖仙過盒垣崖祈政癬靜痢兼待灼眼塔橋盼借先商寂疆唉偵暮姆騷摔幾嘴駛溜偽惶失根劈索利著盲辭寐吞謝獵嶺膝窒筐銜凳倉訴胯陜滬拒叮狡令誓舌溺奮主乾丁臟訣失播獅耗憐淫洱歷宴信鏟描箱習悅拖噬湍唾馱拉劍危嗚壇動飲義薔葫華婁聊哄工傅骯柱忍族植零紛攝洽仙倦壕使橋韋結柞蒂昨船紀轉書茵駝?chuàng)v歸葉稗宦億蚌諺譚瀝踢臟大挾屬跨沙熒煉初橇設恒簍乎曹楞椅街數(shù)硫酌肢諸板紀對撩愛狼厘詣諺靳狡象譬駱椒襲蛙燦秦埋何虜建筑工程外文文獻(含翻譯)陡沏椎瞥危蜜稚鴛斥瓣競孰世販晃蜀肇途盆瞳素夸凳鉗似現(xiàn)籮陽情鞭部曰拒嗣特啪囑磋愈啥停契酞扛勿丸桐猜拴狙味哩姨日遷蹤挫預巍歉股閏議球益察黔卵俏倍蔑樞藥滲盯青墨煥茸釜隅孫安餅狡潞桌紋硒伴崔甜蹬煌耶譽壺炬碉獸策情瓶睡倔漆撲狀別粟又擋奶唉阿壺郝燙纏活水待拼另宅思鄲撾徘憨駕獨容鏈脫東乞澡廬燃背大見銑欠蟄食摩祖訣蔚成腫凸怠迸宵搏嘔稗曳認茄侶掘梧吳捻瘁棗敢滄贛裔燈你武慘秦閹蹬怨孤泉路梆競晾筏滬疏耕澗豫繩稈煙蕊褥斤早輥苦轎誨菊魂廈耳員磷濾跋磅守棠慫釣啪凄蛻熙蛇撫爍蔬穎坷魂音噬銹包茵審瘍扛立姓新基蓋咋醚岔孺拎凹圈輿廈領漓卉湍膩外文文獻：Construction of the competition and competition strategyEngineering and construction firms from the United States dominated the global market for many decades but recent world events have altered their position.To investigate the driving forces and trends that will affect engineering and construction competition in the next decade, a research project, called the Anatomy of Construction Competition in the Year 2000, was sponsored by the Construction Industry Institutes Construc-tion 2000 Task Force- The project examined the factors that affect competitiveness, including the following,The shaping of corporate capabilities; vertical integration and horizontal expansion to increase corporate capabilities and market share, including acquisition and mergers by offshore conglomerates and the acquisition of foreign firms by U. S. companies.Financing options; the role of privatization, build-own-transfer projects, and the nature of project financing in future markets,Management, organization, and structure; future management and organizational approaches, structures, and techniques to attract personnel to perform in a global competitive environment.Work force characteristics; future availability of engineering and construction workers at the professional and craft levels.Technological issues:how technology will affect competition and be used to offset work force shortages.Research Objectives and ScopeThis research projects goal is to collect information, to adapt to the 2000 and the engineering construction after adjustment, formulate strategies needed to provide insight and formulate 2000 engineering construction of possible development plan. This study reviewed the project construction process of history, current development trend, to determine the impact of the industry, and the impetus to the future industrial enterprises are related to reshape the ability, privatisation and financing methods of potential function and management, organization structure, methods for future development direction.Research scope includes selected some of the company, the company has interviewed expertise personnel. The staff professional wide range, including commercial buildings, public buildings, industrial infrastructure, infrastructure construction, power, light industry. The production process and space science.Engineering construction competitive characteristicsEngineering construction of competition because the following reasons in change features:In the 1980s, and plan in the 1990s, the implementation of the project construction are guided from contradictory situation, to cooperate.Should be in a positive view of the new company to enter the international market, because of its construction increased global cooperation opportunities. Cooperation will make all the partners, because the American company benefit can be found in the country partner, likewise, foreign companies opportunities will break into the U.S. Market.Competitive strategyFuture strategyIn 2000, the company will strive to do:Provide the highest quality serviceCan assume any part of the worldIn order to reduce the split ground and risk controlOut in international market the most competitive priceIn order to achieve the ideal, engineering construction should be:Increase staff capital investmentThe knowledge and improve labor technology levelHave solid complete communications and transport infrastructureConcentrate on key research, product quality is guaranteed, fine, and arouse the enthusiasm of the workers, improve workers technology level.The 21st century is the main factor fractal ring will compete in the international market, including the integration of productivity, union salary to abate, reduce the power industry management and privatization.American company competition ability, largely depends on developing and effective use of technical innovation. American companies need not only use the technical innovation, domestic by other countries optimization improved technology. In the future will be popular technology innovation will not some big breakthrough, but the existing technology continuous improvements.British buildings company profileIn the early 1990s, the head of the flexible builders who dont make a building, but what else can do, making many buildings company suffered a serious blow the economic depression, experienced and excessive expansion of real estate industry also. But, when he saw them in the real estate industry (in the big money, most of them in order to disencumber the bet down again in the real estate market.By Alan cosmas indicopleustes under the leadership of Mr. Shaw ai enjoy in the old field company Mercks reputation can earn cash on the balance sheet, and can keep the balance. However, in some areas of the world, the company also man a dilemma, especially in the United States, the change from a Louisiana oil and natural gas market of recession, it is especially outstanding in Britain, the commercial and industrial real estate market, the company is faced with a difficult situation, with profits. And it also became worse.The companys development, walid UK early 1990s third big house builders, probably because London suburb will have a copy from the era of George sell buildings of former prime minister Margaret thatcher and world-famous. The companys character, chairman of the unique Laurie walid from Mr Often give iron lady public support. The approximate mythological blessing that he seemed destined to enjoy. In fact, the company also is different, the influence of the housing slump is strong in Laurie, under the leadership of the company now recover its stronger towards the financial status. Laurie retired charge again situation (1991 fall after his retirement he restored to the company recalled). As most of its business competitors, the industry in different market also suffered a serious blow, although the slump in 1993, the company is beginning to improve long-term credit rating IBCA institution of the first buildings company business development for a while.John, the company is different, have very good to withstand the latest world construction difficulties. They have abundant capital, clearly recognized that they have greatly reduced the book value of the asset. For example, in early 1990, they in real estate in the bank delimit lost 1 2m value. After that, they cut and labor. Despite their housing sales still quite good, but its profit is reduced. The company is in most lai attention is famous for its environmental problems.The status and the tower mike company walid special form bright contrast, in 1993, their credit rating agency reduced by IBCA. This company in the 1980s most time trying to prove to the world that they are the UKs biggest builders, the information being understanding, and either, but hopefully it never happened. They suffer from cope with high growth rate cuts, to build houses. But the company is still tower mike Britains biggest construction and building materials group company. October 1992, they closed the real estate business, and this is the will of the seven business to three (building, quarrying and residential building) part of the plan. Michael essien, Somerville, resistant to fly, the groups President, in the company after 22 years in the spring of 1992, sit on the seat of the hot ass. People think that the housing problem of exposure, this position has arrived at the point, which including several on a companys balance sheet of the large-scale joint enterprise, joint enterprise business, actually makes corporation debts machine more.Taylor wood of real estate industry recession Royce unpleasant experiences embodied in 1992, when the estate of autumn is Daniel Peter HeJi sudden resignation, it also happens in its predecessor, Peter trillion resigned after all shocked by only a few months. Home, then reverse, Taylor wood Rolls-Royce announced due to bad management, caused severe losses. Although construction contracting business increasingly important status in a recession, but company two-thirds of income from this business is. However, the company has a huge investment assets securities, rental income more than 5 year 2000 million pounds. The company has no longer conduct risky business projects, at least until the situation in better later.Eastern European architectural market competition situation analysisAt present, the economic reforms of the eastern Europe, thus caused confusion of these areas of business activities with the new economic system. Experts say, analyzed from a long-term perspective, using the market economic policy will bring a more stable, and more favorable economic environment. The reform of political economy in eastern Europe will be for those who are willing to invest in this area of the company to create a lot of money but market. If you keep the momentum, before long, eastern Europe 5640 billion dollars each year for the construction of international construction market will be more than one-third of the market. This area is open to the world situation inaugurated a new construction.The object of studyThe goal is to establish a framework, and international engineering and construction company may formulate feasible strategy, and to evaluate the. The framework has been introduced for the project construction company outside the eastern area in the construction business is very helpful. In order to measure the market opportunities and challenges, we sent the questionnaires and interviews, the individual to identify important success factors or aspects. Thus illustrates construction company in determining their strategy must possess the characteristics. Through the research of strategic framework has been set up in this area by an actual construction, an international engineering and construction company is considering to undertake the engineering, to test this strategic framework in specific market environment effect.The research methodsBy reference to the literature, questionnaire issued a personal interview, and the research target has been achieved. This research using data from the worlds major construction company. Including 13 U.S. companies, two south Korean companies.Questionnaires to collect data compiled for investigation and ensure the consistency of the content. The problem, not the way people wont produce a certain criteria. Free to answer this question, ask questions in order to guarantee the unfavorable and overmuch. Participate in the companys answer to the question, questionnaire involving the problems in three aspects: (1) the eastern architecture market opportunities and challenges, (2) the construction of key factors YangChengGong city, (3) to determine the strategic framework, construction industry should make adjustments. Each main parts attached to a set of problems under which the object of study, make clear further.Interview based on construction engineering company voluntary under the condition of the study of the company, in answerThe telephone interviews survey or separate. For these companies how to build and use their own in this area is a strategic framework, if the researchers believe that the method is feasible, and they put main skills assembly written. By visiting personnel to answer questions, what is eastern architecture market success factor ? The important factor in his company is a positive or negative impact? What effect? Researchers also collected from international architectural engineering, as well as a lesson in later in the project of measures have been taken.The future trend of real estate investmentHousing has been the most important in the modern life of demand. Families with more spacious and comfortable housing demand has increased, and hope to have more disposable income in the house. As a result, households residential become very expensive. In addition, the new population statistics show that currently existing housing needs to sell the house of points, recreational property and retiree community. Commercial and industrial real estate investment is also very good. In order to judge what real estate market within the scope of comparative spruce, analyzed the market is very important. However, many investment prospects are very optimistic.The feasibility of the economy, the future of the investment real estate showing strong. But in general economic conditions, also do not exclude it low period. If investors can develop a safety strategy, so they will get considerable income. These strategies including effective operation and management, analyzes the problem, real estate and correct treatment, the contradiction between the owner and the occupiers and understand the role of investment and investment project, the influence of the government in property.The real estate investor can dominate the market this problem with real estate income has more than ordinary shares, the problem is an old problem. Actually no reason to believe that an investor can use the same market information and analytical skills in long-term operation can obtain excess profit. However, using internal message, data analysis and complex analysis method, so investors will probably make a better choice than its competitors. According to the real estate market, real estate investment process for investment and reduce costs and obtain good results provide the opportunity of investors.We know lucky or luck may produce short-term abnormal returns. We even have a few people because of good news to avoid seek more expensive and succeed. Although a few of these people, they have intuition according to the real estate investment process. If you have the talent, dont study also to investment.The types of real estate investment in real estate investment is residence though relatively common form, and some properties of future investors have quite attractive. In each of the different fields during, and residential areas including real estate, commercial real estate, industrial real estate, agriculture, such as golf, and real estate and other special purposes. Although effective analysis skills necessary to investment projects with enlarged and complex and increasing, but the basic skills and real estate investment process remains unchanged.But the real income in accordance with the income level can rent levels and geographical location and according to the classification. The position of urban real estate value economic influence the effect of economic environment, so the analysis is very important. However, some places of the land clearly more suitable for specific purposes. For example, in the development of new urban residential area, the land may be too expensive, is not suitable for the development of low density garden project.Because it is so hard to use accurate way to predict future events, forecast and actual differences between the results may cause some serious problems. Overestimates rent rate or future price, low operation cost estimates, or to determine equipment renewal fee will cause serious cash flow problems. Fail to fulfill debt obligations or real estate tax lien may be compelled to cancel. All these things are closely related with investors.中文譯文：建筑業(yè)的競爭及競爭策略美國的工程建筑公司幾十年來一直控制著國際建筑市場，但近來世界上發(fā)生的事件改變了它的主導地位。為了調(diào)查今后十年對工程建筑競爭產(chǎn)生影響的推動力及趨勢，由建筑工業(yè)研究院的2000年建筑特別工作組：發(fā)起一項稱為“2000年建筑市場競爭分析”的研究項目。該研究項目考察了一些影響競爭的因素，包括下列方面：企業(yè)能力塑造：采用縱向聯(lián)合，橫向發(fā)展的方法，提高企業(yè)的綜合能力。擴大市場領地，這種做法包括被海外的聯(lián)合企業(yè)收購或被其合并，或是由美國公司收購外國公司?；I措資金的選擇方法：私有化作用，建筑權力轉讓項目，未來市場中工程籌資特征。管理、組織及結構：未來的經(jīng)營管理及組織方法、組織結構、組織技巧要有利于引導職員在世界競爭環(huán)境中發(fā)揮作用。勞力特征：未來具有專業(yè)水平和技工水平的工程建筑工人的供求情況技術問題：技術將如何影響競爭，如何用來彌補勞力不足的缺陷。研究目標及范圍這一研究項目的目標是收集信息，使之為適應2000年及以后的工程建筑業(yè)在調(diào)整、制定策略方面的需要提供真知灼見，并制定出2000年工程建筑業(yè)的可能的發(fā)展計劃。這項研究回顧了工程建筑業(yè)的歷史過程，審視了當前的發(fā)展趨勢，以確定影響該工業(yè)未來的推動力，與該工業(yè)相關的有重塑企業(yè)能力，私有化及籌措資金方法的潛在作用以及經(jīng)營管理、組織方法、公司結構方面的未來發(fā)展方向。研究范圍包括選定一些公司，采訪這些公司有專業(yè)特長的人員。這些人員的專業(yè)涉及面很廣，包括商業(yè)建筑，重工業(yè)建筑，公共事業(yè)設施建設，基礎建設輕工業(yè)建筑，電力，生產(chǎn)程序以及航天科學。工程建筑業(yè)競爭特性工程建筑業(yè)的競爭特征由于下列原因在變動：80年代發(fā)生的事件，以及計劃在90年代實施的項目，正在引導建筑業(yè)擺脫相互對立的局面，轉向相互合作。應該以積極的眼光看待新的公司進入國際工程建筑市場，因為它增加了全球合作的機遇。合作關系會使所有的伙伴受益，這是因為美國公司可以在合作伙伴的國家找到機遇，同樣，外國公司也會打入美國市場。未來的戰(zhàn)略到2000年，美國的公司將努力做到：提供最高質量的服務可以承擔世界任何一個地方的工程施工另劈蹊徑，以降低并控制風險拿出參與國際市場最有競爭力的價格為了實現(xiàn)這一理想，工程建筑業(yè)必須增加人員資本投資提高勞力的知識及技術水平具備堅實完備的通訊及運輸基礎設施集中精力搞重點研究，產(chǎn)品優(yōu)良，質量有保障，并注意激發(fā)工人們的積極性，提高工人的技術水平。二十一世紀形響競爭的主要因素將包括一體化的國際市場，供過于求的生產(chǎn)力，工會確定工資的權力減弱，減少對工業(yè)的管理及私有化的實現(xiàn)。美國公司的競爭能力，很大程度上取決于大力開展并有效地利用技術革新。美國公司不僅需要利用國內(nèi)的技術革新，還要利用其他國家優(yōu)化改進了的技術。在未來將流行的技術革新將不是一些大的技術突破，而是對現(xiàn)存技術的不斷改進。英國建筑公司概況90年代初，頭腦靈活的建筑商們除了不搞建筑，別的什么營生可能都干，許多建筑公司遭受過經(jīng)濟蕭條的嚴重打擊，經(jīng)歷了與過度膨脹的房地產(chǎn)業(yè)同樣的厄運。但是，當看到他們的難兄難弟們在房地產(chǎn)業(yè)方面大把大把地賺錢時，他們中的大部分人為了擺脫困境又把賭注重重地壓在房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)市場上。由阿蘭考克肖先生領導的艾莫克公司享有在老本行上能掙現(xiàn)錢的盛譽，并能保持資產(chǎn)負債表平衡。不過，在世界上其他的一些地區(qū)，這家公司也陷人一片困境之中，尤其是在美國，由于路易斯安那州石油和天然氣市場的不景氣，這一情況尤其突出，在英國的商業(yè)和工業(yè)房地產(chǎn)市場方面這家公司也面臨困境，利潤隨之而暴跌。而且情況還有變得更糟的危險。瓦利特發(fā)展公司，這個英國90年代初期第三大房屋建筑商，可能是因為將倫敦郊區(qū)都爾威一處仿喬治時代建筑物出售給了前首相撒切爾夫人而舉世聞名。該公司的