大學英語四級考試習題集.doc

寫作Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Creating a Green Campus. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:Essay 1書寫提綱：1. 建設(shè)綠色校園很重要2. 綠色校園不僅指綠色的環(huán)境3. 為了建設(shè)綠色校園，我們應(yīng)該Essay 2 書寫提綱：1. 越來越多的博物館免費對外開放的目的是什么？2. 也會帶來一些問題3. 你的看法？Essay 3書寫提綱：1. 學生心理健康的重要性2. 學校應(yīng)該怎樣做3. 學生自己應(yīng)該怎樣做Essay 4書寫提綱：1. 娛樂活動多種多樣2. 娛樂可能使人們受益，也可能有危害性3. 作為大學生，我的看法Essay 5書寫提綱：1. 各大學開設(shè)了各種各樣的選修課；2. 學生因為各種原因選擇了不同的選修課3. 以你自己為例Essay 6歡迎辭，歡迎加入俱樂部。標題：Welcome to our club書寫提綱：1. 表達你的歡迎；2. 對你們俱樂部作一個簡要介紹。Essay 7標題：Spring Festival Gala on CCTV書寫提綱：1. 很多人喜歡在除夕觀看春節(jié)聯(lián)歡晚會2. 有些人卻提出取消春節(jié)聯(lián)歡晚會3. 在我看來Essay 8書寫提綱：1. 校學生會將組織一次暑假志愿者活動，現(xiàn)招募志愿者2. 本次志愿者活動的目的. 活動安排等3. 報名條件及聯(lián)系方式Essay 9書寫提綱：1.名校校園正成為旅游新熱點2.校園是否應(yīng)對游客開放，人們看法不同3.我認為Essay 10標題：It Pays to Be Honest 書寫提綱：1.當前社會上存在許多不誠實的現(xiàn)象2.誠實利人利己，做人應(yīng)該誠實A Campaign Speech閱讀理解Direction: In this section there are some passages. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements with four choices marked A), B), C), and D). You are supposed to read the passage and make the best choice to complete each question or unfinished statement. 題 15Trees are useful to man in three very important ways: they provide him with wood and other products; they give him shade; and they help to prevent droughts and floods.Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, man has not realized that the third of these services is the most important. In his eagerness to draw quick profit from the trees, he has cut them down in large numbers, only to find that without them he has lost the best friends he had. Two thousand years ago a rich and powerful country cut down its trees to build warships, with which to gain itself an empire. It gained the empire but, without its trees, its soil became hard and poor. When the empire fell to pieces, the home country found itself faced by floods and starvation.Even though a government realizes the importance of a plentiful supply of trees, it is difficult for it to persuade the villager to see this. The villager wants wood to cook his food with; and he can earn money by making charcoal or selling wood to the townsman. He is usually too lazy or too careless to plant and look after new trees. So, unless the government has a good system of control, or can educate the people, the forests will slowly disappear.This does not only mean that the villagers sons and grandsons have fewer trees. The results are even more serious: for where there are trees their roots break the soil up-allowing the rain to sink in-and also bind the soil, thus preventing its being washed away easily; but where there are no trees, the rain falls on hard ground and flows away from the surface, causing floods and carrying away with it the rich topsoil, in which crops grow so well. When all the topsoil is gone, nothing remains but a worthless desert.1. What is the most important function of trees?_ A. Providing fuel. B. Offering shade. C. Preventing natural disasters. D. Providing charcoal.2. What eventually happened to the rich, powerful country 2000 years ago?_ A. Its people died of hunger. B. It fell to pieces. C. It became a giant empire. D. It built many ships with wood.3. It is implied in the passage that the villager_. A. wants a plentiful supply of trees B. wants fire wood C. wants to get money D. is not aware of the importance of environmental protection4. The role of trees is to_. A. loosen soil B. keep soil in position C. harden soil D. both A and B5. What is the passage mainly concerned with?_ A. The three benefits provided by trees. B. Trees and soil conservation. C. The various uses of trees. D. The different attitudes of the government and the villagers toward trees. 題 610Improving Industrial Efficiency Through RoboticsRobots, becoming an increasingly prevalent adjunct in factories and industrial plants throughout the developed world, are programmed and engineered mechanical manipulators designed to perform industrial tasks without human intervention.Most of todays robots are employed in the automotive industry, where they are programmed to take over such assembly line operations as welding and spray painting automobile and truck bodies. They also load and unload hot, heavy metal forms used in machines casting auto and truck frames. In addition, they install bulbs in instrument panels.Robots, already taking over human tasks in the automotive field, are beginning to be seen, although to a lesser degree, in other industries as well. There they build electric motors, small appliances, pocket calculators, and even watches. The robots used in nuclear power plants handle the radioactive materials, sparing human personnel exposure to radiation. These are the robots responsible for the reduction in job-related injuries in this new industry.What makes a robot a robot and not just another kind of automatic machine? Robots differ from automatic machines in that after completion of one specific task, they can be reprogrammed by a computer to do another one. As an example, a robot doing spot welding one month can be reprogrammed and switched to spray painting the next. Automatic machines, on the other hand, are less versatile; they are built to perform only one task. Robots are more flexible and adaptable and usually more transportable than other machines.Future Robots Will See, Touch, and ThinkThe next generation of robots will be able to see objects, will have a sense of touch, and will make critical decisions. Engineers skilled in microelectronics and computer technology are developing artificial vision for robots. With the ability to see, robots can identify and inspect one specific class of objects out of a stack of different kinds of materials. One robot vision system uses electronic digital cameras containing many rows of light-sensitive materials. When light from an object such as a machine part strikes the camera, the sensitive materials measure the intensity of light and convert the light rays into a range of numbers. The numbers are part of a gray-scale system in which brightness is measured in a range of values. One scale ranges from 0 to 15, and another from 0 to 255. The 0 is represented by black. The highest number is white. The numbers in between represent different shades of gray. The computer then makes the calculations and converts the numbers into a picture that shows an image of the object in question. It is not yet known whether robots will one day have vision as good as human vision. Technicians believe they will, but only after years of development.Engineers working on other advances are designing and experimenting with new types of articulated metal hands and fingers, giving robots a sense of touch. Other engineers are writing new programs allowing robots to make decisions such as whether to discard defective parts in finished products. To do this, the robot will also have to be capable of identifying those defective parts.These future robots, assembled with a sense of touch and the ability to see and make decisions, will have plenty of work to do. They can be used to prospect for minerals on the ocean floor or in deep areas of mines too dangerous for humans to enter. They will work as gas station attendants, firefighters, housekeepers, and security personnel. The robot business will continue to grow also. Anyone wanting to understand the industry of the future will have to know about robotics.6. Robots are a good choice for loading and unloading the auto- and truck-casting metal forms because_ A. the work is boring B. they cannot get burned C. they cut down on costs D. the work is heavy 7. Why were robots introduced first into automobile manufacturing plants?_ A. Because they can do assembly work quickly. B. Because they are more versatile than humans. C. Because they can be reprogrammed to do many things. D. Because they are well suited to do assembly line tasks. 8. What causes most injuries in nuclear power plants?_ A. The newness of the industry. B. Breakdowns of nuclear reactors. C. Exposure to radiation. D. The poor quality of protective suits. 9. The gray-scale system helps robots to_ A. make critical decisions B. convert relative brightness to pictures C. assess the quality of stacked items D. improve their sense of touch 10. It can be inferred from the passage that robots are suitable for_ A. arduous tasks B. repetitive and dangerous tasks C. time-consuming tasks D. difficult and demanding tasks題 1115Ozone, Naturally? The air Americans breathe contains more ozone (臭氧) from pollution than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates, Harvard scientists report. To calculate air quality standards for ozone, EPA distinguishes between background levels of ozone in the air and the ozone that is associated with North American pollution emissions. Our results actually indicate that EPA is overestimating the background level, says the lead author of the study, atmospheric chemist Arlene Fiore. This assumption skews (扭曲) the air quality standards that EPA sets, making them weaker than they could be, Fiore and coauthors report in the Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres. According to EPAs Web site, exposure to ozone has been associated with somewhat minor symptoms such as coughing or other respiratory discomfort, but relatively high doses in a short period can reduce lung function, worsen asthma, and inflame or damage cells that line the lungs. Even more serious is its potential to intensify chronic lung diseases, or, over the long-term, cause permanent lung damage. It is currently believed that exposure to any level of ozone is associated with some health risk, says Fiore. This means that even naturally occurring ozone poses some danger to health. However, she says, because EPA cannot control naturally occurring ozone - which originates in the stratosphere (平流層) - or ozone originating from emissions outside North America, it considers these two sources as background, to be subtracted out when considering the health risk associated with ozone. Overestimating this background, therefore, would underestimate the amount of ozone - and its corresponding health risk - that is within the authority of EPA to control. Using a three-dimensional model of atmospheric chemistry, the scientists simulated background ozone for the United States and found great variability in ozone, depending upon the season, elevation, and geographic area. It is highest at high-altitude western U.S. sites in spring, Fiore says. Results from our modeling study also indicate that frequent springtime high-ozone events, which were previously attributed by some researchers to a natural, stratospheric source, are driven largely by pollution. The Harvard teams research seems to refute earlier findings that EPAs background levels are too low: led by Allen S. Lefohn of the consulting firm A.S.L. and associated in Helena, Montana, researchers reported in Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres in 2001 that they had observed natural levels of ozone that frequently exceeded EPAs background determination. Lefohn is continuing research on the matter, but he pointed out that Fiores findings were an interpretation of the observational data based on a specific global model, whereas his findings were primarily based directly on meteorological (氣象的) data. He added that his teams current results support previous findings-and that ground-level ozone levels exceeding EPAs background originate from natural sources more often than the Fiore article might indicate. Fiore agreed with Lefohn that more research is needed. We need to reconcile modeling results with what is deduced from observations, she says. The challenging part of the background ozone issue is that we cant directly measure it; we can only measure total surface ozone concentrations. She will be looking at the issue using other models in her new position at Princeton University. In the meantime, Fiore and her coauthors believe that the big question now facing EPA and the scientific community is how to calculate risk levels of ozone on a type of sliding scale, depending upon the season and place. (562 words)11. The word they (Line 8, Para. 1) most probably refers to_. A. Fiore and coauthors B. all the researchers in EPA C. the air quality standards D. background levels of ozone12. According to EPA, high doses of exposure to background levels of ozone in a short period will_. A. make people cough a little B. worsen lung function C. incur little health risk D. cause heart disease13. According to the three-dimensional model of atmospheric chemistry, the phenomena of frequent springtime high-level ozone are mainly caused by_. A. season B. location C. pollution D. stratosphere14. Which of the following best describes Fiores attitude towards Lefohns evaluation on her findings?_ A. Critical. B. Arbitrary. C. Optimistic. D. Objective.15. According to Fiore, what is the big question that now EPA is confronted with?_ A. How to measure risk levels of variable ozone. B. How to estimate background levels of ozone. C. How to solve the problem of air pollution. D. How to urge the EPAs authority to protect the environment.題 1620 Cheating. What could be more American? From the snake oil salesmen of the late 19th century to the stock manipulators of the 1920s to the spitballers of modern baseball. But today it seems absolutely everybody is doing it. Americans cheat or at least try to cheat in every aspect of their lives. One out of four Americans surveyed say its acceptable to cheat on their taxes. After a depressing 2002 in which corporate executives too numerous to count cheated shareholders by fudging their accounts or manipulating markets, we have to ask whether cheating has become the new national norm. People cheat to get ahead, even if they dont qualify for the advancement and even if they cant win a fair competition. Such people dont care about anyone else but themselves. But there are new reasons why people cheat and these may give us a clue about how to stop the rising tide of cheating. Some people cheat today because they simply cannot get everything done which needs to be done. American life has become so intense, so rushed, so fully packed. Some people cheat today not just because they want to get ahead, but more because they fear the embarrassment of failure. Parents put huge expectations on children you are a failure if you dont go to an Ivy League school. You have to win; weve sacrificed so much to make you a competitive swimmer. Companies put huge pressures on employees you now have to do the job of two, or you will be laid off too. Finally, an increasing number of cheaters are arguing that they must cheat to resist unfair new systems of accountability. Teachers in schools are resistant to performance-based testing because it may threaten their jobs. Employees cheat to resist systems that silently measure their output. What can we individually do? The first thing is to stand up for fair play in our own lives. Second, each of our institutions businesses, schools, athletic teams, and voluntary associations need their own tough rules against cheating. Third, leaders in government and the private sector are going to have to invest in new systems to enforce standards against cheating. Finally, leaders must contribute to building a new American culture in which wealth and celebrity are not the defining marks of success, but instead old-fashioned values such as integrity, faithfulness, and service to those in need.16. The authors purpose in writing the passage is to_. A. expose the cheating nature of American people B. analyze the causes of cheating and offer some solutions C. expose the new reasons why people cheat D. condemn the decline of moral standards of Americans17. Which of the following statements can NOT be considered as the reason causing peoples cheating?_ A. Many people think it is acceptable to evade taxes. B. Companies manipulate markets to make illegal profits. C. Sportsmen facing intense pressure to win are compelled to cheat. D. People try to qualify for the promotion in a fair competition.18. According to the passage, the main reason some people cheat today is that_. A. greed makes them eager to get everything done B. American society has become fully packed with cheating C. they are confronted with intense competition D. they fear that they may lose in the game19. What does the word accountability in line 2, Para 5 probably mean?_ A. performance B. testing C. unemployment D. calculation20. In order to improve moral values in America, companies should_. A. fight for fair play in their own lives B. enforce new laws against cheating C. set up their own rules against cheating D. give up the old-fashioned values題 2125 Are you worried by the rising crime rate? If you are, they you probably know that your house, possessions and person are increasingly in danger of suffering from the tremendous rise in the cases of burglary and assault. Figures indicate an ever-increasing crime rate but it is only too easy to imagine It will never happen to me. Unfortunately, statistics show that it really can happen to you and, if you live in a large city, you run twice the risk of being a victim. Fortunately, there is something definite which you can do. Protect Alarms can help to protect our house with a burglar alarm system which is effective, simple to operate and easily affordable.