自考英語(yǔ)句子翻譯.doc

(1) Todays a verage car contains more than 15,000 separate, individual parts that must work together.These parts can be grouped into four major categories: body, engine, chassis and electrical equipment 。當(dāng)今的車輛一般都由15000多個(gè)分散、獨(dú)立且相互配合的零部件組成。這些零部件主要分為四類：車身、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、底盤和電氣設(shè)備。(2) The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provides an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle. 車身的設(shè)計(jì)要保證乘客安全舒適。車身的款式使得汽車看起來(lái)漂亮迷人、色彩斑斕、時(shí)尚前衛(wèi)。 (3)The internal combustion engine is most common: thisobtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine: gasoline and diesel . Both engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the transmission .內(nèi)燃機(jī)是最常見(jiàn)的，其動(dòng)力來(lái)自氣缸里液體燃料的燃燒。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)有汽油機(jī)和柴油機(jī)兩種，都稱為熱機(jī)。燃料燃燒產(chǎn)生熱量，使得氣缸內(nèi)氣體壓力升高，從而提供動(dòng)力，帶動(dòng)連接變速器的軸旋轉(zhuǎn).(4) The purpose of the complete suspension system is to isolate the vehicle body from road shocks and vibrations, which will otherwise be transferred to the passengers and load. It must also keep the tires in contact with the road regardless of road surface.整個(gè)懸架系統(tǒng)的作用是隔離來(lái)自路面的沖擊和振動(dòng)對(duì)車身的影響,防止它們傳遞給乘客和貨物。另外不論路面如何,懸架系統(tǒng)都應(yīng)該保持輪胎和路面的接觸。(5) Drum brakes have a drum attached to the wheel hub, and braking occurs by means of brake shoes expanding against the inside of the drum. With disc brakes, a disc attached to the wheel hub n two brake pads.在鼓式制動(dòng)器上，制動(dòng)鼓和輪轂連接，制動(dòng)蹄張開(kāi)壓緊制動(dòng)鼓內(nèi)側(cè)從而產(chǎn)生制動(dòng)。在盤式制動(dòng)器上，連著輪轂的制動(dòng)盤，被緊緊夾在兩個(gè)制動(dòng)塊之間。 (6) The electrical system supplies electricity for the starter, ignition, lights and heater. The electricity is clenched betweelevel i s maintained by a charging crcuit. 電器系統(tǒng)為起動(dòng)機(jī)、點(diǎn)火系、照明和加熱設(shè)備提供電流。電流的大小由充電電路來(lái)維持。2) Cylinder sleeves are used in engine blocks to provide a hard wearing material for pistons and piston rings. The block can be made of one kind of iron that is light and easy to cast while the sleeves uses another that is better able to stand up wear and tear. There are two main types of sleeves: dry and wet. (Page 10)缸體中的氣缸套為活塞和活塞環(huán)提供了一種堅(jiān)硬耐磨的材料。缸體可以采用某種重量輕且易鑄造的鐵來(lái)制造，而缸套使用的卻是另一種更加耐磨損的材料制成。主要有兩種類型的氣缸套：干缸套和濕缸套。3) The cylinder head fastens to the top of the block, just as a roof fits over a house. The underside forms the combustion chamber with the top of the piston. In-line engines of light vehicles have just one cylinder head for all cylinders; larger in-line engines can have two or more. (Page 14)氣缸蓋安裝在缸體的頂部，就像安在房子上的屋頂一樣。缸蓋的下方和活塞頂部形成燃燒室。輕型車上使用的直列發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，所有氣缸僅有一個(gè)氣缸蓋，較大的直列發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)有兩個(gè)或更多缸蓋。4) The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine. The oil drains off and runs down into the pan. Thus, there is constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working pats of the engine. (Page 15)潤(rùn)滑系的機(jī)油泵從油底殼抽出機(jī)油，并把機(jī)油輸送給發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的所有工作部件。機(jī)油從油底殼流進(jìn)流出。因而在油底殼和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的工作部件之間就有機(jī)油定向循環(huán)流動(dòng)。 1) Most pistons are made from cast aluminum. The piston, through the connecting rod, transfers to the crankshaft the force created by the burning fuel mixture. This force turns the crankshaft. (Page 大多數(shù)活塞由鋁鑄造而成。通過(guò)連桿的作用，活塞把可燃混合氣燃燒產(chǎn)生的力傳遞給曲軸，帶動(dòng)曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。2) In diesel engines, the combustion chamber may be formed totally or in part in the piston crown, depending on method of injection. (Page 18柴油機(jī)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)根據(jù)噴油方法不同，活塞頭部可以形成全部燃燒室，也可以是燃燒室的一部分3) In modern engines, each piston has three rings. (Piston in older engines sometimes had four rings, or even five.)The inside surface of the ring fits in the groove on the piston. The rings outside surface presses against the cylinder walls.在新型發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上，每個(gè)活塞有三個(gè)活塞環(huán)。（在老式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上，每個(gè)活塞有四個(gè)甚至五個(gè)活塞環(huán)）環(huán)的內(nèi)側(cè)裝在活塞的環(huán)槽里，環(huán)的外表面緊壓在氣缸壁上。4) The connecting rod little end is connected to the piston pin. A bush made from a soft metal, such as bronze, is used for this joint. The lower end of the connecting rod fit the crankshaft journal. This is called the big end. (Page 19)連桿小頭與活塞銷連接，連接處有像青銅這樣軟金屬制成的襯套，連桿下端連接在曲柄軸徑上，稱為連桿大頭。5) N.B. No.4 piston is always performing the companion stroke to No.1: when the inlet valve in No.4 cylinder is fully open, No.1 cylinder inlet valve is fully closed - this feature is useful to remember when checking valve clearances. (Page 20注意4號(hào)活塞和1號(hào)活塞總是成對(duì)運(yùn)行：1號(hào)氣缸進(jìn)氣門全閉時(shí)，4號(hào)氣缸進(jìn)氣門全開(kāi)這個(gè)特點(diǎn)在檢查氣門間隙時(shí)是很有用的。6) As each cylinder fires, it causes the crank throw to speed up. The inertia of the rest of shaft cause it to stay slightly behind, resulting in a twisting action on the crankshaft. (Page 20)當(dāng)一氣缸點(diǎn)火時(shí)，使曲拐的轉(zhuǎn)速提高，而軸的其它部分由于慣性作用，有所滯后，從而導(dǎo)致曲軸扭轉(zhuǎn)。Each cam must revolve once during the four-stroke cycle to open a valve. A cycle, remember, corresponds with two revolutions of the crankshaft. Therefore, the camshaft must revolve at exactly half the speed of the crankshaft. This accomplished with a 2:1 gear ratio. A gear connected to the camshaft has twice the number of teeth as a gear connected to the crankshaft. （p29）在一個(gè)四沖程的循環(huán)里，每個(gè)凸輪轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)一次來(lái)打開(kāi)一個(gè)氣門。在一個(gè)循環(huán)里曲軸是轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)兩圈的。因此，凸輪軸必須以曲軸轉(zhuǎn)速的一半旋轉(zhuǎn)，這是由2:1的傳動(dòng)比來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。連接凸輪軸的齒輪齒數(shù)是連接曲軸的齒輪齒數(shù)的2倍。An electronic valve control system replaces the mechanical camshaft, controlling each valve with actuators for independent valve timing. The EVC system controls the opening and closing time and lift amount of each intake and exhaust valve with independent actuators on each valve. Changing from a mechanical driven valve into independently controlled actuator valve provides a huge amount of flexibility in engine control strategy. （p30）電子氣門控制系統(tǒng)代替了機(jī)械式的凸輪軸，用執(zhí)行器控制每個(gè)氣門獨(dú)立的進(jìn)、排氣正時(shí)。EVC通過(guò)每個(gè)氣門上的獨(dú)立執(zhí)行器控制進(jìn)氣門和排氣門的開(kāi)啟、關(guān)閉時(shí)間以及升程量。由機(jī)械式驅(qū)動(dòng)氣門到獨(dú)立控制執(zhí)行器氣門的轉(zhuǎn)變，極大的增加了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制策略的靈活性。Diesel engine gets this name from the pioneer work done by Dr Rudolf Diesel. The diesel is used for the majority of heavy vehicles and the excellent fuel economy makes it an attractive alternative to the petrol engine for light commercial vehicles, delivery vans and taxis.柴油發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的名稱來(lái)源于Rudolf Diesel博士所完成的開(kāi)拓性工作。大多數(shù)重型車輛使用柴油，優(yōu)良的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性使得柴油機(jī)成為具有吸引力的替代品,來(lái)代替輕型商用車、廂式運(yùn)輸貨車和出租車上汽油機(jī)。As diesel engines always deal with interior mixture formation only a heterogeneous mixture is obtained in the combustion chamber. In heterogeneous mixtures the excess-air factor extends from pure air in the spray periphery (l= infinite) to pure fuel in the spray core (l= 0)由于柴油機(jī)總是只在氣缸內(nèi)部形成可燃混合氣，在燃燒室內(nèi)就會(huì)得到不均勻的混合氣。不均勻混合氣的過(guò)量空氣系數(shù)范圍從噴射外圍純空氣的無(wú)窮大到噴射中心純?nèi)剂系牧恪he fuel-injection system on a diesel engine must do a number of important things. First, it must meter the correct amount of fuel to run the engine at the speed and load demanded by the driver. Then it must deliver the metered fuel equally to all cylinders, at exactly the right time. Next, it must inject the fuel at the correct rate and spray pattern for the best burning in the combustion chamber. (P48)柴油機(jī)的燃油噴射系統(tǒng)要完成許多重要的工作。首先，它必須定量供應(yīng)準(zhǔn)確數(shù)量的燃油，使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在駕駛員所要求的轉(zhuǎn)速和負(fù)荷條件下運(yùn)行。然后，它必須準(zhǔn)確地在恰當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)刻把定量供應(yīng)的燃油平均分配給每一個(gè)氣缸。為使燃燒室中燃料燃燒效果最好，它又必須以準(zhǔn)確的速度和噴射方式噴油。With the injector pump on the low part (base circle) of the camshaft, the inlet and spill ports are open. This allows fuel to flow at 268 kPa into the venturi on top of the plunger. As the camshaft turns, the lobe moves the plunger upward. This raised the fuel pressure, forcing fuel through the delivery valve and on through the lines. The lobe continues to move the plunger upward to a point where the spiral groove in the plunger uncovers the spill port in the venturi. At this point, fuel above the plunger drains through the spill port. This is the end of injection. (P.49)當(dāng)噴油泵處于凸輪軸基圓時(shí)，進(jìn)油孔和回油孔都打開(kāi)，柴油以268KPa的壓力流入柱塞上方的柱塞腔。凸輪軸旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，凸圓使柱塞向上移動(dòng)，油壓增加，柴油從出油閥流出送入高壓油管。凸圓繼續(xù)推動(dòng)柱塞向上移動(dòng)，直到柱塞運(yùn)動(dòng)到螺旋槽打開(kāi)柱塞腔上的回油孔時(shí)的位置，此時(shí)，柱塞上方的柴油從回油孔流出，噴油過(guò)程結(jié)束。1) Dry Friction Clutch When a vehicle is to be moved from rest the clutch must engage a stationary gearbox shaft with the engine; this must be rotating at a high speed to provide sufficient power or else the load will be too great and the engine will stall (come to rest).當(dāng)汽車原地起步時(shí)，離合器要將靜止的變速器軸同發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)接合起來(lái)，此時(shí)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)必須高速旋轉(zhuǎn)以提供足夠大的功率，否則載荷過(guò)大將引起發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)熄火。2）The driving member（主動(dòng)部分）The driving member consists of two parts: the flywheel and the pressure plate. The flywheel is bolted directly to the engine crankshaft and rotates when the crankshaft turns. The pressure plate is bolted to the flywheel. The result is that both flywheel and pressure plate rotate together. 主動(dòng)部分由飛輪和壓盤兩部件組成。飛輪用螺栓直接連接到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)曲軸上，隨曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)而旋轉(zhuǎn)。壓盤與飛輪連接，這樣飛輪和壓盤一起旋轉(zhuǎn)。1) The modern automobile engine is a powerful, lightweight, and dependable powerplant. However, it is not perfect for three reasons. 新型的汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是一個(gè)動(dòng)力強(qiáng)勁、質(zhì)量輕便而且性能可靠的動(dòng)力裝置。然而它美中不足有三個(gè)原因。3)Sliding-mesh transmission(滑動(dòng)嚙合變速器):In the case of a sliding-mesh gearbox, gear changing demands skill if noise is to be avoided. Crashing (or clashing) of the gears as the result of a bad change suggests the reason why this type is often called a crash type gearbox. (P.79)對(duì)滑動(dòng)嚙合變速器來(lái)說(shuō)，換擋時(shí)要避免噪聲是需要技巧的。齒輪打齒是由換擋不當(dāng)引起的，這也是滑動(dòng)嚙合變速器經(jīng)常被稱為“碰撞”型變速器的原因。4) Constant-mesh transmission(常嚙合變速器)（P.79）This type uses helical or double helical gears which are always in mesh. The mainshaft gear wheels are mounted on bearings and when a gear is required the mainshaft gear is locked to the shaft by a dog clutch. 常嚙合變速器采用斜齒輪或人字形齒輪，這些齒輪總是處于嚙合狀態(tài)。輸出軸上的齒輪安裝在軸承上，換擋時(shí)爪形/牙嵌式離合器（接合套）使輸出軸齒輪和輸出軸鎖止在一起。5) Although the mechanical efficiency is lower the helical gears are quieter and any damage resulting from a bad gear change occurs to the dog teeth instead of the actual gear teeth. (P.79)盡管斜齒輪的機(jī)械效率較低，但其工作噪聲較小，而且由于換擋不當(dāng)所引起的任何損害都不會(huì)作用在換擋齒輪的輪齒上，而是作用在接合齒圈的輪齒上。As the name suggests this type has a synchronization device which equalizes the speeds of the two members that have to be meshed to obtain the gear. The layout is similar to the constant-mesh but has friction cones fitted between the dog clutch and the gear wheel. (P.80)顧名思義，同步嚙合變速器帶有同步裝置，使得換擋時(shí)要嚙合的兩齒輪轉(zhuǎn)速達(dá)到相同。同步嚙合變速器的結(jié)構(gòu)與常嚙合變速器類似，不同之處是在接合套和齒輪之間有摩擦錐環(huán)8)The operation of the friction device performs a duty which, in older designs, was carried out by the driver during double-declutching. The synchro-mesh gearbox gives a simpler, quieter and quicker gear change. (P.80)在老式變速器上，摩擦裝置（同步器）完成的工作要通過(guò)駕駛員利用兩腳離合來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。同步嚙合變速器使得換擋更為簡(jiǎn)單、安靜而快捷。1） Automatic transmissions (AT) Automatic transmissions have three basic systems - a torque converter, a gear system, and a hydraulic system.These fit together in a unit that fastens directly behind the engine. The front section of the transmission houses the torque converter. The torque converter is like the clutch in a manual transmission. It is the coupling between the engine and drive train that transmits power to the drive wheels.自動(dòng)變速器由液力變矩器、齒輪機(jī)構(gòu)和液壓系統(tǒng)等三個(gè)基本系統(tǒng)組成，它們組合在一起，直接安裝在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)后。液力變矩器位于變速器的前端，它類似于手動(dòng)變速器里的離合器，是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和傳動(dòng)系之間的連接裝置，向驅(qū)動(dòng)輪傳遞動(dòng)力。3）planetary gears:The planet gears are actually one set of gears joined together by a cage called the planet gear carrieror planet pinion carrier. The carrier has pins that go through the center of each of the planet gears. Thus, all the planet gears move together when the planet carrier moves. Each planet gear can turn around its pin when the planet gear carrier is stationary.行星齒輪實(shí)際上是由一組通過(guò)行星架組合在一起的齒輪。行星架上有銷穿過(guò)每個(gè)行星輪的中心。當(dāng)行星架運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，所有的行星輪也隨之運(yùn)動(dòng)。當(dāng)行星架固定時(shí)，行星輪繞銷轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。4）The planetary system works on the following principles: With one part held stationary, torque and power can be applied to a second member to make a third member rotate. In other words, with one of the three members held stationary, torque is applied to either of the other two members and output torque is delivered from the third member. (P.85)行星齒輪系的工作原理如下：當(dāng)一個(gè)部件固定時(shí)，扭矩和動(dòng)力會(huì)施加給第二個(gè)部件，從而帶動(dòng)第三個(gè)部件旋轉(zhuǎn)。也就是說(shuō)，在三個(gè)部件中只要使一個(gè)部件固定，扭矩會(huì)傳遞給其它兩部件的任何一個(gè)部件，扭矩就會(huì)從第三個(gè)部件輸出。When you hold the ring gear and apply torque to the sun gear, the planet carrier turns in the same direction as the sun gear. However, the carrier turns at a much slower speed. As Fig.3-10 shows, the carrier makes less than half a revolution in the time the sun gear makes a complete revolution. If the planet carrier were connected to an output shaft, that shaft would also turn slower than the input shaft connected to the sun gear. This causes gear reduction on the output shaft. Of course, the gear reduction also causes torque multiplication of the output shaft.如果保持齒圈固定，給太陽(yáng)輪施加力矩，行星架就隨太陽(yáng)輪同向旋轉(zhuǎn)。然而行星架轉(zhuǎn)速比太陽(yáng)輪低得多。如圖3-10所示，太陽(yáng)輪轉(zhuǎn)一圈時(shí)，行星架會(huì)慢半圈多。如果行星架連到輸出軸上，輸出軸比連接太陽(yáng)輪的輸入軸要轉(zhuǎn)得慢，輸出軸上得到降擋，轉(zhuǎn)速會(huì)降低，當(dāng)然輸出軸上的扭矩會(huì)增加。Now hold the sun gear stationary and apply input torque to the ring gear. The planet carrier again becomes the driven member and the source of output torque. In this case, the planet gears walk around the sun gear. As Fig.3-10 shows, the gear carrier turns more slowly than the ring gear. The carrier makes a little more than half a revolution in the time the ring gear makes one complete revolution. The ratio of these two parts depends on the number of teeth in the planet gears and ring gear. Since the output (gear carrier) rotates more slowly than the input (ring gear), there is gear reduction, and gear reduction results in torque multiplication.如果保持太陽(yáng)輪固定，給齒圈施加力矩，行星架作為從動(dòng)裝置輸出動(dòng)力。這樣行星輪繞太陽(yáng)輪旋轉(zhuǎn)。如圖3-10所示，行星架比齒圈轉(zhuǎn)得慢。齒圈轉(zhuǎn)一圈時(shí)，行星架只轉(zhuǎn)半圈多點(diǎn)。傳動(dòng)比由行星輪和齒圈的齒數(shù)決定。由于輸出軸比輸入軸轉(zhuǎn)得慢，得到降擋，轉(zhuǎn)速降低扭矩增加The suspension connects the final drive assembly to the car body. The final drive moves up and down in relation to the engine and transmission. A coupling is needed that permits movement between the final drive and transmission. The universal joints provide this coupling. 懸架連接著主減速器(后橋)總成和車身。主減速器相對(duì)于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和變速器上下運(yùn)動(dòng)，這樣在主減速器和變速器之間就需要萬(wàn)向節(jié)這種連接裝置來(lái)允許其相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。2) Here two U-shaped pieces are placed perpendicular to one another and joined with a simple cross. The U-shaped pieces are called yokes. The cross that connects them is called a spider. The arms that extend from the spider are called trunnions. The two yokes are at a 90 angle to one another. Most cars have two universal joints, one at each end of the propeller shaft. 兩個(gè)U形件垂直布置，通過(guò)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的十字叉連接在一起。U形件稱為萬(wàn)向節(jié)叉，連接萬(wàn)向節(jié)叉的十字叉叫作十字軸，從十字軸延伸出的臂叫作耳軸。兩個(gè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)叉成90布置。多數(shù)汽車采用兩個(gè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)，在傳動(dòng)軸的每一端各有一個(gè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)。3) A shaft which receives the drive from a cross type joint varies its speed during rotation; the greater the drive angle the greater the speed variation. A constant rotational speed can be restored by fitting a second joint in a way such that when the first joint increases its speed the second joint decreases its speed. 傳動(dòng)軸接收十字軸式萬(wàn)向節(jié)傳來(lái)的動(dòng)力，轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)其速度發(fā)生變化。傳動(dòng)角越大，速度變化越大。要實(shí)現(xiàn)等速，必須以某種方式安裝第二個(gè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)，這樣第一個(gè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)使轉(zhuǎn)速增大，第二個(gè)萬(wàn)向節(jié)就使轉(zhuǎn)速減少。4) The hypoid gear is in common use today due mainly to the fact that the offset pinion allows the propeller shaft to be set below, (for cars) or above, (for commercial vehicles) the crown wheel center. This gives either a reduction in the propeller shaft tunnel, which causes a bump in the vehicle floor, or in the case of a commercial vehicle a reduction in the angle through which the universal joint has to operate. 現(xiàn)在的主減速器普遍使用準(zhǔn)雙曲面圓錐齒輪，這主要是因?yàn)橹鲃?dòng)錐齒輪的偏移允許轎車上傳動(dòng)軸布置得比從動(dòng)錐齒輪低一些，而商用車上又允許布置得比從動(dòng)錐齒輪高一些。這就使得傳動(dòng)軸通道（凸包） (它會(huì)導(dǎo)致汽車車身地板形成凸起)位置降低，或者使得商用車上萬(wàn)向節(jié)工作角度減小。This parts assembly, called the teering linkage, connects the steering gear to the parts at the wheels. The wheels and tires mount to the steering knuckles. As shown in Fig. 5-1, the knuckles are pivoted at the top and bottom. Thus, the wheels and tires can turn from side to side.The steering wheel is at the top of the steering column. Another shaft comes from the bottom of the steering gear. This shaft connects to the arms, rods, and links.The basic steering system in most cars is the same. The steering gear of steering box is the heart of the steering system. This usually is next to the engine. A shaft extends from the back of the steering gear.This shaft is connected to the steering column orsteering shaft. 多數(shù)汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向系基本上是一樣的。轉(zhuǎn)向系的核心是轉(zhuǎn)向器，一般位于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)附近。一根軸從轉(zhuǎn)向器后部伸出，連接著轉(zhuǎn)向柱。方向盤在轉(zhuǎn)向柱的頂端。另一根軸從轉(zhuǎn)向器低端伸出，連接著轉(zhuǎn)向臂、轉(zhuǎn)向拉桿和轉(zhuǎn)向桿系，這些部件總稱為轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，連接轉(zhuǎn)向器和車輪上的部件。車輪和輪胎安裝在轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)上。如圖5-1所示，轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)的上下端可自由轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，這樣車輪可從一側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)到另一側(cè)。While the steering system may look complicated, it works quite simply. When a driver drives a car straight down the road, the steering gear is centered. The gear holds the linkage centered so that the wheels and tires point straight ahead. When the driver turns the steering wheel, the steering shaft rotates and the steering gear moves toward that side. The shaft coming out the bottom of the steering gear turns, as well. When the shaft turns, it pulls the linkage to one side and makes the steering knuckles turn slightly about their pivot points. Thus, the steering knuckle, spindle, wheels, and tires turn to one side, causing the car to turn.轉(zhuǎn)向系看起來(lái)復(fù)雜，工作原理卻很簡(jiǎn)單。汽車直行時(shí)，轉(zhuǎn)向器處于中間位置，轉(zhuǎn)向傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)也處于中間位置，車輪向前直線行駛。駕駛員轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)方向盤，轉(zhuǎn)向軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，轉(zhuǎn)向器向同側(cè)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，同時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)向器底部的輸出軸也會(huì)旋轉(zhuǎn)。輸出軸轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)，會(huì)向一側(cè)拉動(dòng)拉桿，使得轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)繞其支點(diǎn)旋轉(zhuǎn)。這樣，轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)、轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)軸、車輪和輪胎都會(huì)向一側(cè)旋轉(zhuǎn)，汽車實(shí)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)向。When a vehicle turns a corner it rotates about an imaginary point called the instantaneous center of rotation. To minimize tire wear the front wheels shouldbe steered from the straight ahead to a position where they form an angle of 90 to a line drawn from the instantaneous center to the wheel center. It means tha the inner wheel turns through a larger angle than the outer wheel. 當(dāng)汽車轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)，它會(huì)繞著一個(gè)假想 的點(diǎn)即瞬心轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，為減少輪胎的磨損，前輪應(yīng)該從前進(jìn)方向轉(zhuǎn)到和瞬 時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)中心到車輪中心的連線成 90角的位置，這表明內(nèi)側(cè)車輪比 外側(cè)車輪轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)的角度要大。It is obtained by making the track rod a different length to the distance between the king pins (or wheel swivel axis centers). The track rod length is set so that its connection to the track arm falls on an imaginary line taken from the king pin to a point on the vehicle center line just in front of the rear axle. （P.140）轉(zhuǎn)向橫拉桿的長(zhǎng)度同主銷間的距離不相等，就可保證各前 輪以期望的角度旋轉(zhuǎn)。轉(zhuǎn)向橫拉桿長(zhǎng)度的設(shè)置要保證轉(zhuǎn)向橫拉桿與轉(zhuǎn)向節(jié)臂的連接點(diǎn)位于主銷到后橋前端汽車中心 線上的點(diǎn)所形成的假想連線上。 Most heavy commercial vehicles use the recirculating ball type of steering gear. This steering gear is durable, with good steering response and good road feel for the driver. 多數(shù)重型商用車采用循環(huán)球式轉(zhuǎn)向器，這類 轉(zhuǎn)向器性能穩(wěn)定、而且轉(zhuǎn)向靈敏、路感也好 Energy is required when a vehicle is accelerated from rest to a certain speed. A proportion of that energy is now stored in the vehicle and is called kinetic energy. In order to reduce the speed of the vehicle, the brakes have to convert the kinetic energy to heat energy; the speed of conversion governs the rate at which the vehicle slows down.汽車從原地起步加速到