太奇系統(tǒng)班級英語翻譯課堂筆記(南京東路20110828).doc

2012MBA系統(tǒng)班英語聯(lián)考翻譯聽課筆記（南京東路 2011/08/28） 一、 中英文翻譯特點掌握中英文翻譯，首先要理解兩種語言的特點與區(qū)別，首先，英語前重心，中文后重心；其次，英語是形合，而中文是意合。英語的獨立句子之間必須有連詞或者句點。 舉例：1. 昨天我在街上遇見了一位故友。I met an old friend on the street yesterday.(解析： 上面例句中，故友是重心，中文在后而英文在前。)2. 春天來了，樹都綠了。Spring coming, trees have turned green.(解析： 注意不能照著中文翻譯成： Spring is coming, trees have turned green ,英語中獨立的句子不能用逗號隔開，應該加連詞，或者將兩個句子中的某一個改成狀語從句或定語從句。)3. 上海房價太高了，很多年輕人都離開了，造成了嚴重的人才流失。Owing to the high housing price in Shanghai, many young people have left the city, which has caused a serious brain drain.(解析： 錯誤翻譯 The housing price is very high in shanghai, many young people have left the city ,caused a serious brain drain. 固定短語： brain drain 人才流失 )二、 中英文翻譯標準翻譯的歷史背景（了解一下即可）：中國有著悠久的翻譯歷史，最早的翻譯活動可追溯到周代。從有翻譯活動開始，人們就在長期實踐中探索總結出種種翻譯思想或方法，這些思想包括對翻譯性質、原則的認識，翻譯的技巧等等，幾乎涉及了翻譯領域的方方面面，為建立系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)代翻譯學理論奠定了良好的基礎。中國大規(guī)模的翻譯活動開始于東漢的佛經(jīng)翻譯，在大量的翻譯實踐基礎上，當時許多優(yōu)秀的譯者提出了自己的翻譯理論。東晉的釋道安首先提出“五失本，三不易”之說，提出譯文要貼切原文，是直譯理論的代表。到了唐代，玄奘認為佛經(jīng)的翻譯標準是“既需求真，又需喻俗”，求真就是要緊貼文本，忠實傳達文本的原義，而喻俗則是要考慮到譯入語的表達習慣。實際上，從玄奘開始，中國的翻譯理論已經(jīng)提出以直譯為主，意譯為輔，把翻譯水平提高了一大步。到了清朝末年，嚴復在翻譯赫胥黎的天演論時，提出了“譯事三難，信達雅”的翻譯標準?！靶?，達，雅”這一具有深遠影響的翻譯標準成為了中國翻譯傳統(tǒng)的重要組成部分。在這之后，中國譯者對“信達雅”的討論就從未終止過?！拔逅摹边\動之后，由于當時的學者提出文字革命，倡導大家使用白話文，這股潮流也影響到了譯界。胡適發(fā)出“國語的文學，文學的國語”號召，主張譯文使用白話。瞿秋白更明確地指出:“翻譯除能夠介紹原本的內(nèi)容給中國讀者之外還有一個很重要的作用:就是幫助我們創(chuàng)造出新的中國的現(xiàn)代言語”。從這里可以看出，當時的翻譯活動擔負著引進新思想、創(chuàng)新中國古老文字的重要使命，嚴復提出的“雅”的標準受到了廣泛的質疑，但是信與達仍然是非常貼切的翻譯標準。三十年代初，譯界開展了信與順的辯論。當時趙景深提出“寧錯而勿順，毋拗而僅信”，魯迅則提倡“寧信而不順”“忠實和通順”的硬譯。通過這些辯論，中國譯界對原文內(nèi)容和原文形式之間 的辨證關系有了更為深刻的理解。錢鐘書“化境”，即歸化，異化。信faithfulness達expressiveness雅elegance三、 中英文翻譯技巧“九字一句話”，九字：抓結構，拼圖法，串聯(lián)法；一句話：哪里復雜拆哪里。 舉例：1. Isnt it strange that Einstein had written the most unpopular books, which make him the most popular fellow in the world?愛因斯坦寫了最生澀難懂的書，卻成為世界上最受歡迎的人，這難道不奇怪嗎？（解析：that 之后是主語從句，這里的unpopular 和 popular 不是反義詞。）2. The idea of political and social equality, which we saw coming into the world as an extreme and almost incredible idea in the age of emperors and lords, was later asserted by bourgeois democracy, but never put into practice before the dawn of socialist system.在帝王時代，政治和社會平等思想產(chǎn)生的最初，被認為是極端的和不可思議的想法。（解析： 利用拆分法，將整個復雜句拆分成四個部分： “政治和社會平等思想”，“來到這個世界上”“帝王時代”“極端的和不可思議的想法”，將復雜的句子拆分成小部分，然后進行拼接。）四、 定語從句翻譯定語從句與定義所起的作用一樣都是起限定修飾的作用。有個小注意點。若英語中的主句較短而從句較長，在翻譯成中文的時候，互換一下主從句的順序。 舉例：1. He who flatters one to the face will surely speak ill of one behind ones back.當面奉承的人背后必定詆毀。2. A flower which blooms in the green-house cannot stand weather. 溫室的花朵經(jīng)不起風雨。以下內(nèi)容是我找到的一些較好的例子，大家僅作參考。定語從句的翻譯可分為限制性和非限制性定語從句兩種，翻譯成漢語時不論是在語序方面還是重復先行詞方面都有一定的講究：限制性定語從句的翻譯可分為以下幾方面：1前置：這種定語從句一般比較短，翻譯起來比較方便，和漢語的詞序完全一樣，例如：a.This is the finest weather that I have ever seen this month. 這是這個月我所看到的最好的天氣。b.Our two countries are neighbors whose friendship is of long standing. 我們兩國是友誼長存的友好鄰邦。c.Teachers generally like the students who achieve high scores in tests. 老師通常喜歡考試中成績好的學生。d.他不是一個輕易服輸?shù)娜?He is not the one who will give up easily. 以上的這些例子告訴我們，如果定語很短的話，我們可以把他象漢語一樣放在中心詞的前面。但是，有的時候，如果定語太長，讀起來就不符和漢語的習慣，因此，往往要后置，重復先行詞,這就是下面要提到的定語從句的 “后置” 問題，例如： 2后置：a. Misers are often lonely and obscure men whose wealth is revealed only after their death. 吝嗇鬼經(jīng)常是看起來年很孤單、不為人所主意，可他們的財富只有等到他們死了以后才 暴露出來。 3“綜合性”的翻譯法。綜合性”的翻譯就是，翻譯時不需要關系詞，其中的關系完全靠上下文的意思來表現(xiàn)出來，例如：a.This is the place where the accident occurred. 這就是發(fā)生交通事故的地方。b.The person who delivered the letter to him is his neighbor. 他的鄰居把信交給了他。c. There is a big oak tree that stands just in front of the village. 村子前面有棵大象樹d.Most of our patients welcomed another human being with whom they could talk openly, honestly, and frankly about their trouble. 大多數(shù)病人想找人坦率、誠實地傾訴他們的苦衷。 非限制性定語從句：1.前置：a. We need a chairman, in whom everyone has confidence 我們需要一個人人都信賴的主席。b.The worldly well-known actor , who had been ill for two years, meet thunderstorm applause when reappeared on the stage. 那個病了很多年的著名演員，一上臺觀眾就報以雷鳴般的掌聲。c. Piccaso, whose works inspired many artists, lived until he was a ripe old age. 畢加索的作品曾鼓勵了很多人，后來年紀很大時，作品也日趨成熟。2.后置:a.He deposits a little sum of money in the bank, by which means he hopes to deal with any potential emergency easily. 我們每個月都在銀行里存一些錢，這樣，碰到有任何危機時，我們就可以應付了。b. A table has four legs, one of which is broken. 桌子有四條腿，其中的一條腿是壞的。c. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, of which obtaining water is not the least. 生活在澳大利亞中部有很多問題，其中取水還不算最艱苦的。d.He decided to resign, which is the best thing he could do under the circumstances. 他決定辭職，而這是他目前所能做的最好的事。e.He is late for class today, as is often the case. 他今天遲到了，而這是經(jīng)常的事。 3.省略先行詞這種句行就象前面講的“綜和性”翻譯一樣，直接把整個句子的意思講出來，例如：a.The two universities signed an agreement, under which they would exchange students and scholars. 這兩個大學，簽定了協(xié)議，決定交換學生和學者。b.He caught a young soldier coming to the farmhouse , whose face turned pale for too much loss of blood. 他看見一個士兵走進農(nóng)舍，臉色因失血過多而蒼白。c. He passed the exam, which can be read from his the light on his face. 我從他臉上就可以看出他已通過了考試。d. He arrived at the railway station in time , which is expected . 他果然準時到了火車站。 4.譯成狀語從句有些作定語的句子聽起來卻有點象狀語從句，因此翻譯時可以將其譯成狀語似的從句：a.You should take advantage of the opportunity to learn English well, which is very valuable.(原因) 你應該利用這個機會好好學習英語，這太重要了。b.We examine the quality of our products, which is why they are so reliable.(原因) 我們檢驗產(chǎn)品很仔細，因此產(chǎn)品都很可靠。c.I never believe the stories, which is appealing.(讓步) 我從不相信他所說的故事，即使它很動聽。5. “as”引導的句子： 除了以上這些例子以外，還有一些特殊的由 “as”引導的句子, 翻譯時可參考“as”的比 較結構從句：a. He is not such as fool as he looks 他并不象看上去的那么傻。b. They were not such questions as could easily be disposed of. 這些問題可不是那么容易就能處理好的。c. It wasnt such a good dinner as she had promised us. 這頓飯可沒有她向我們說的那么好。英語中，定語從句分成限制性從句與非限制性從句兩種。他們在英語中的位置一般是在其所修飾的先行詞后面。限定性定語從句與非限定性定語從句的其別只是在于限制意義的強弱。而漢語中定語作為修飾語通常在其所修飾的詞前面，并且沒有限制意義的強弱之分，因此，限制與非限制在翻譯中并不起十分重要的作用。英語中多用結構復雜的定語從句，而漢語中修飾語則不宜臃腫。所以，在翻譯定語從句時，一定要考慮到漢語的表達習慣。如果英語的定語從句太長，無論是限制性的或非限制性的，都不宜譯成漢語中的定語，而應用其他方法處理。常見的定語從句翻譯有以下幾種方法。一、前置法：把定語從句翻譯到所修飾的先行詞前面，可以用“的”來連接。既然定語從句的意義是作定語修飾語，所以在翻譯的時候，通常把較短的定語從句譯成帶“的”的前置定語，翻譯在定語從句的先行詞前面。He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.沒有吃過苦的人不知道什么是甜。Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore.太空和海洋是科學家們努力探索的新領域。His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence.他那富有感染力的笑聲打破了沉寂。二、后置法：把定語從句翻譯在所修飾的先行詞后面，翻譯為并列分句。英語的英語從句結構常常比較復雜，如果翻譯在其修飾的先行詞前面的話，會顯得定語太臃腫，而無法敘述清楚。這時，可以把定語從句翻譯在先行詞后面，譯成并列分句。翻譯時可以用兩種方法來處理。（一）重復先行詞。由于定語從句的先行詞通常在定語從句中充當句子成分，如果單獨把定語從句翻譯出來的話，常常需要重復先行詞，還可以用代詞代替先行詞來重復。I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.他把這件事告訴了約翰，約翰又告訴了他的弟弟。We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.在我們對特別委員會表示滿意，特別委員會的工作應該受到鼓勵。You, whose predecessors scored initial success in astronomical research, have acquired a greater accomplishment in this respect.你們的先輩在天文學研究方面取得了初步的成功，而你們現(xiàn)在則在這一方面獲得了更大的成就。Although he lacks experience, he has enterprise and creativity, which are decisive in achieving success in the area.他雖然經(jīng)驗不足，但很有進取心和創(chuàng)造力，而這正是在這一領域獲得成功的關鍵。（二）省略先行詞。如果把定語從句翻譯在先行詞后面，在“通順、完整”的前提下，有時候可以不用重復先行詞。They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.他們制定出一種新方案，采用之后生產(chǎn)已迅速得到提高。After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.飯后，四個主要談判人物繼續(xù)進行會談，一直談到深夜。三、融合法：把定語從句和它所修飾的先行詞結合在一起翻譯。融合法是指翻譯時把主句和定語從句融合成一句簡單句，其中的定語從句譯成單句中的謂語部分。由于限制性定語從句與主句關系較緊密，所以，融合法多用于翻譯限制性定語從句，尤其是“there be ”結構帶有定語從句的句型。There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.翻譯成“有人”，然后將定語從句譯成句子的謂語部分。） 樓下有人要見你。（原句中的主句部分there is a man翻譯成“有人”，然后將定語從句譯成句子的謂語部分。）In our factory, there are many people who are much interested in the new invention.在我們工廠里，許多人對這項新發(fā)明很感興趣。（原句中的主句部分there are many people翻譯成“許多人”，作譯文的主語，然后將定語從句譯成句子的謂語部分。）She had a balance at her bankers which would have made her beloved anywhere.她在銀行里的存款足以使她到處受到歡迎。（原句的主句較簡單，整句句子的重點是在定語從句中，因此，翻譯時將主句譯成主語，而將定語從句譯成句子的謂語部分。）四、狀譯法英語的定語從句與漢語中的定語還有一個不同的地方，那就是，英語中有些定語從句和主句關系不密切，它從語法上看是修飾定語從句的先行詞的，但實際上限定作用不強，而是修飾主句的謂語或全句的，起狀語作用。也就是說，有些定語從句兼有狀語從句的職能，在意義上與主句有狀語關系，表明原因、結果、目的、讓步、假設等關系。在這種情況下，需要靈活處理，在準確理解英語原文的基礎上，弄清楚邏輯關系，然后把英語中的這些定語從句翻譯成各種相應的分句。（一）譯成表示“時間”的分句A driver who is driving the bus mustnt talk with others or be absent-minded.司機在開車時，不許和人談話，也不能走神。（二）譯成表示“原因”的分句He showed no further wish for conversation with Mrs. Smith, who was now more than usually insolent and disagreeable.他似乎不愿再和史密斯太太講話，因為她現(xiàn)在異常無禮，令人厭煩。（三）譯成表示“條件”的分句Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.人們極其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它能維持一家人的生活就行。（四）譯成表示“讓步”的分句He insisted on buying another house, which he had no use for盡管他并沒有這樣的需要，他堅持要再買一幢房子，。（五）譯成表示“目的”的分句He wishes to write an article that will attract the public attention to the matter.為了引起公眾對這一事件的注意，他想寫一篇文章。He is collecting authentic material that proves his argument.為了證明他的論點，他正在收集確鑿的材料以。（六）譯成表示“結果”的分句They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more furiously throughout the country.他們企圖鎮(zhèn)壓反抗，結果反抗愈來愈烈，遍及全國。（七）譯成表示“轉折”的分句She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.她對孩子們很有耐心，而她丈夫卻很少這樣。 舉例：1. It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.是他接到那封信，說你的叔叔去世了。2. We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity.我們駕駛的飛機幾乎每一個部件都有一些國籍標志。（原句的主句較簡單，整句句子的重點是在定語從句中，因此，翻譯時將主句譯成主語，而將定語從句譯成句子的謂語部分。）1) 翻譯定語從句用溶合法是指把定語從句的先行詞和定語從句溶合在一起翻譯，先行詞和定語從句中的謂語在漢語句子中被譯成主謂關系。不是每一種定語從句都可以用溶合法翻譯。可用溶合法翻譯的定語從句主要有以下幾種情況中所含的定語從句： 1) 當以there be 引起的句子中含定語從句時 以there be 引起的句子中含定語從句，在翻譯這種定語從句時一般要用溶合法。 例如： Despite the new tunnel, there are still a few people who rashly attempt to cross the pass on foot. 盡管新建了隧道，有些旅行者還是企圖步行穿過山口。 There are a lot of people who can operate the machine. 有許多人能操作這種機器。 There was another man who seemed to have answers, and that was Robert McNamara.另一個人似乎胸有成竹，那就是麥克納馬拉。 There has never been a man around me who wrote so many articles.我周圍從來沒有人寫過這么多文章。 There are some books here which tell about computer science.這里有些書是講計算機科學的。 There is something that keeps worrying me.有些事一直使我擔心。 there be 的擴展形式也應該用溶合法翻譯。例如： There seems to be someone who wants to go with you.好像有人想跟你去。 There happened to be a student who was able to work out the math problem. 碰巧有一個學生能解出這道數(shù)學難題。 2) 以to have作謂語的句子中含定語從句時 當定語從句出現(xiàn)在含to have(意思是“有”)作謂語的句子中時，這種定語從句在翻譯時可將其與先行詞溶合在一起翻譯。 例如： I have two people who can help me.我有兩個人能幫助我。 We shall have a lot of people who will visit our college.許多人將來參觀我們學校。 I will have many things that should be done next week.下個星期我有許多事情要做。 They have had many people who have helped them in doing the work.已有許多人幫助他們做這個工作。 3) 當主句的主語為非限制性定語從句的先行詞時 當主句的主語為非限制性定語從句的先行詞，并且關系代詞作定語從句主語時，被非限制性定語從句說明或解釋的先行詞可以與非限制性定語從句溶合在一起翻譯。 例如： John Smith, who teaches American literature in an American university, has been invited to be a visiting professor in our college. 約翰史密斯在美國一所大學教美國文學，他已被聘為我們學院的客座教授。 Hangzhou, which is famous for its West Lake, has become a city for tourists throughout the world. 杭州以西湖聞名，它已經(jīng)成為一個世界旅游城市。 Abraham Lincoln, who led the American people in overthrowing the Negro slave system, is considered one of the greatest American presidents. 亞伯拉罕林肯領導美國人民推翻了黑奴制度，他被看作是美國最偉大的總統(tǒng)之一。 Her father, who had been on a visit to American, came back to Shanghai the day before yesterday. 她父親出訪美國，前天回到了上海。4) 當定語從句較長時 有時定語從句較長，按定語從句的一般翻譯方法譯成漢語又不大符合漢語習慣，這時可以考慮用溶合法翻譯。 例如： Two men who recently spent five days on a coral island wished they had stayed there longer. 最近，有兩個人在珊瑚島上度過了五天，他們希望在那里能多住幾天。 But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat abject and ignoble. 但是，老年人已飽嘗了人生的悲歡，取得了他們能取得的成績，怕死就顯得有點頹喪和不夠光彩。 In another chest, which contained the belongings of a ships officer there was an unfinished letter.另一只箱子里裝著一名海軍軍官的物品，其中有一封未寫完的信。 Mrs. Richards realized that it must be the man from Electricity Board who had come to read the meter.理查茲太太意識到來人是電力公司抄電表的。 5) 當含定語從句復合句中的主句可被壓縮成漢語詞組作主語時 在有些情況下，含定語從句復合句中的主句可被壓縮成漢語詞組作主語，在翻譯時可將該主語與定語從句溶合起來翻譯。 例如： This is a young girl, who is a teacher.這個年輕姑娘是一個老師。 This is a paper mill that was built ten years ago.這家造紙廠是十年前建的。 Was that someone who helped to post your letter? 有人幫你寄信了嗎？ That was the place which was famous for its silk.那個地方以前盛產(chǎn)絲綢。 These were the meetings that engineered his “resignation” on ground of “advancing age and deteriorating health”. 這些會議促使他“辭職”，理由是他的“年齡越來越大，而且健康狀況惡化”。 He was greeted by an unpleasant smell which convinced him of what I was saying.一股刺鼻的氣味才使他相信我說的話。 We are a nation that must realize the four modernizations. 我們國家必須實現(xiàn)四個現(xiàn)代化。 6) 當定語從句為約定俗成式定語從句時 所謂約定俗成式定語從句是指一種it.that.的句式，這種含約定俗成式定語從句的復合句的意思實際上相當于一個讓步狀語從句。如It is a wise mother that knows her own daughter.(再聰慧的母親也不見得了解自己的女兒。) 原句相當于一個狀語從句No matter how wise a mother is, she may not know her own daughter.翻譯此類定語從句應該用溶合法，即將主句和從句溶合在一起翻譯。 例如： It is a good machine that can work without power.再好的機器也要有動力才能開動。 It is a long lane that has no turning.再長的巷子也會有轉彎的。 It is a skillful workman that never blunders.再熟練的工人有時也會有疏忽。 It is a poor heart that never rejoices. 最不幸的人也會有生活的樂趣。 約定俗成式定語從句是一種特殊的定語從句，一般用于諺語中。如果不是諺語，就很可能是強調(diào)句，不是約定俗成式定語從句。例如： It is a nice day that is neither hot nor cold.不冷不熱的天是好天。 這個句子不是諺語，所以不是約定俗成式定語從句，翻譯時應該按一般的定語從句翻譯。 綜上所述，在有些情況下用溶合法翻譯定語從句確實是一種較好的方法，如能在翻譯定語從句時適當加以運用，一定會大大提高翻譯質量。 Exercises: Translate the following sentences containing attributive clauses into Chinese by using the technique of blending: 1. Nowadays there are many people who are learning English. 2. There have been a lot of people who have been abroad for further studies. 3. This is the chemical plant that was set up many years ago. 4. His mother, who teaches in a primary school, is a model teacher. 5. We used a plane of which almost every part carried some indication of national identity. 6. Many people in industry and services, who have practical experience of noise, regard an investigation of this question as a waste of time. 7. The famous monastery of St. Bernard, which was found in the 11th century, lies about a mile away from here. 8. It is a bold mouse that nestles in the cats ear. 9. There turned to be no one who wanted to join the club in the class. 10. Some people who were against such conclusions made by the chairman at the meeting were persecuted later on. Key for reference: 1. 現(xiàn)今，許多人在學英語。 2. 已經(jīng)有許多人去國外深造了。 3. 這家化工廠是許多年前建造的。 4. 她的母親在一所小學教書，是一個先進教師。 5. 我們駕駛的飛機幾乎每一個部件都有國籍的某些標志。 6. 在工業(yè)和部隊中的許多人對噪音有實踐經(jīng)驗，他們認為調(diào)查這種問題是浪費時間。 7. 著名的圣伯納修道院建于十一世紀，離這里大約有一英里路。 8. 再勇敢的老鼠也不敢偎依貓的身旁。 9. 結果班級里沒有人想?yún)⒓泳銟凡俊?10. 有些人反對主席在會上做出的這種結論，這些人后來受到了迫害。定語從句的翻譯練習：1. While some subjects are required of everyone, some high school students, in addition, take vocational classes, and others study subjects that will prepare them for college.2. The term “college” refers to an undergraduate institution that confers a Bachelor of Arts or a Bachelor of Science degree after four years of study.3. Students in these schools, however, as well as those in private colleges, must pay tuition, but the state schools are much less expensive than private ones, particularly for students who are residents of the state.4. Thus the people of the entire community, not just the parents of the children who attend, pay for public schools, which are free and open to everyone.5. In each state, however, there is at least one university and often several colleges that receive support from state funds.6. They made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that receive U.S. aid.7. He who flatters one to the face will surely speak ill of one behind ones back.8. A flower which blooms in the green-house cannot stand weather.9. He drove a car that could go 1, 000 miles without refilling.10. There are many people who want to see the film Matrix II.11. There are cases in which courage is more important than intelligence.12. He joined the Society in 1949 when he served as a surgeon in a small hospital.13. It is he who received the letter that announced the death of your uncle.14. Each day we make choices that affect our lives and sometimes the lives of others.15. Alice is a star of Hollywood who has undergone a professional training in Paris Ballet Center.16. He said that this was a good suggestion, which he would look into.17. After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.18. The president did not talk at length about the matter, which was not considered by the White House to be a particularly important question.19. He wishes to write an article that will attract public attention to the matter.20. The computers, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative work and replace man.21. Previously happy parents found themselves scorned by their young rebels, who accused them of being too concerned with money and too anxious to impress the neighbors.22. We must practice strict economy, which should be done not only by state-operated enterprises, but also by town-run enterprises.23. Isnt it strange that Einstein had written the most unpopular books, which make him the most popular fellow in the world?24. The idea of political and social equality, which we saw coming into the world as an extreme and almost incredible idea in the age of emperors and lords, was later asserted by bourgeois 四、MBA歷年翻譯真題2011年翻譯真題Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the worlds airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google s