北京2006年考博英語輔導班翻譯筆記[1].doc

北京2006年考博英語輔導班翻譯筆記考博翻譯1(倒裝和分割結構) 倒裝和分割結構 為了強調(diào)句子的某些部分，或是為了保持句子平衡，英語中常常使用倒裝。大體說來，倒裝可以分為主謂倒裝和非主謂倒裝。主謂倒裝里又分為完全倒裝和部分倒裝。在翻譯的時候，既可以按照主謂語的順序翻譯，也可以按照字面意思翻譯。非主謂倒裝只是將強調(diào)部分前置，以保持句子平衡或是起強調(diào)作用。翻譯時可以采用順序譯法或是倒序譯法。 1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 分析：本句中had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 屬于部分倒裝。正常語序為：if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances。在正式文體中，可以將虛擬條件句中的if 省略，并將助動詞提前。 譯文：例如，它們（指測試）并不彌補社會的不公，因此不能說明一個貧困青年，要是在比較有利的境況下長大，會有多大才干。 2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years. 分析：該句中so did bigger crops of babies 屬于語法倒裝。用so 來代替前述肯定句謂語部分所說情況。 譯文：不間斷的移民浪潮也起了作用而且隨著昔日在“生育高峰期”出生的一代人達到生育年齡，嬰兒的出生數(shù)量增加了，這同樣起了作用。 3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job. 分析：該句的Much as I have traveled是一個由as 引導的讓步狀語從句。相當于though I have traveled much，但語氣要比后者強。這種結構要求部分倒裝。 譯文：我雖然見多識廣，但還從未見過比她細心的人，不管什么職業(yè)。 4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly. 分析：相信大家對這種結構都不陌生。Only后加副詞、介詞、狀語從句時要用部分倒裝。但是要注意的是，如果only修飾的不是狀語，則不用倒裝。 譯文：只有很好地掌握了語法知識，寫出來的東西才會正確。 5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West. 分析：當句首是否定副詞或含有否定詞的詞語時，一般要部分倒裝。 譯文：1980年哪里的人口普查統(tǒng)計資料也不如遠西地區(qū)的更能生動地說明美國人對寬敞的生活環(huán)境的追求。 6. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him. 分析：hardlywhen 的結構表示“剛就”。含有這種結構的句子常將 hardly 置于句首，而采用部分倒裝的語序。此外，hardly 分句中一般采用過去完成時，而 when（或 before）分句中使用過去時。還有，與 hardlywhen結構類似的用法還有 barely (scarcely)when 譯文：他剛開始講，聽眾就打斷了他的話。 7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out. 分析：suchthat 結構可將such或含有such 的詞組放在句首，使全句采用部分倒裝。與此用法類似的還有sothat結構。 譯文：她在排演中搞得太過分，以致兩名男演員退出不干了。 8. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. 分析：本句為表語前置，表示強調(diào)。正常語序應為：It is certain that。 譯文：植物發(fā)育生長的全部基本過程當然是在水中發(fā)生的。 9. We rally should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 分析：這兩句話是為了使上下文緊密銜接，從而將第二個并列分句的表語前置。 譯文：我們確實不應因為被稱作窮光蛋而憤憤不平。我們的確是窮光蛋，而且還會繼續(xù)是窮光蛋。 10. Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridges most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen. 分析：正常語序應為：The vehicle came down the thoroughfare。為使語言生動形象，文學作品中常用這類倒裝。在翻譯時要盡量翻譯出原句的語言效果。這里bear=carry。 譯文：從擁擠的街道上駛來了一輛劍橋大學最有特色的車，車上坐著學校最著名的人物。 語法關系密切的兩個句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的現(xiàn)象稱為分割結構。英語中，分割結構的類型是多種多樣的。例如，英語句子的主語和謂語一般都緊密相聯(lián)，它們之間很少插入介詞等比較長的結構。但是，在有些情況下，或是為了保持句子的平衡，避免頭重腳輕；或是為了語義嚴密，結構緊湊，在主語和謂語之間有時也會插入其他成分。此外，還有定語（或定語從句）與其中心詞被分隔；某些詞語與其所要求的介詞被分隔；動詞與其賓語被分隔；介詞與其賓語被分隔等等。總之，英語的分割應遵循尾重原則（應把長而復雜的成分放在句末，使結構勻稱）和句尾信息焦點原則（把新信息，即語意重點放在句末）。同時，在閱讀時要注意找出原來屬于一個整體部分的意義。 1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turners spell. 分析：本句的主干結構是：Most novelists and historiansfell under Turners spell. Turner 是美國歷史學家。under a spell：被迷住，著迷。writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修飾主語，起分割主謂的作用。而其中的狀語從句when they considered women at all 是定語從句who considered women in the West中的狀語成分。 譯文：從本世紀初到本世紀中葉從事寫作的小說家和歷史學家只要描寫婦女，就會描述西部婦女，而且都被特納迷住。 2. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position. 分析：the claim 和其同位語 that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定語從句that Americans often made 分割。同位語從句在翻譯時可按照順序翻譯，將其翻譯為分句。 譯文：美國人常認為，在他們國家，一個人的地位可以從社會最底層上升到社會最上層，亞伯拉罕林肯就是極好的例子。 3. In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determinationindeed, some call it unprecedented determinationto succeed.分析：本句的主干結構是：there were negotiations andthreats of failure?！皁vercome by”是過去分詞短語，修飾 threats of failure。stubborn determination 和其定語動詞不定式“to succeed”被“indeed, some call it unprecedented determination”分割。 譯文：在最后的八年里，進行了艱苦卓絕的、幾乎是不間斷的談判，其間屢經(jīng)失敗之虞，但最終通過創(chuàng)造性的協(xié)調(diào)和要取得成功的頑強決心確實有人稱之為前所未有的決心而渡過難關，取得了勝利。 4. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark. 分析：in trying to solve插在 the problem 和定語從句which之間，起到承上啟下的作用。of both bourgeois economists and social critics為investigations 的后置定語，起到分割作用。 譯文：由于剩余價值的發(fā)現(xiàn)，使問題明朗化了。而先前，無論資產(chǎn)階級經(jīng)濟學家還是社會批評家所從事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。 5. A better knowledge of Chinas civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulously described. 分析：lay open 和 an empire of learning 被介詞短語 to us 分割。本句選自英國前首相撒切爾夫人1982年在中國歡迎宴會上的講話。翻譯時要注意轉(zhuǎn)譯的應用。如把“better”譯為副詞“更好地”。 譯文：更好地了解中國的文明，將為我們打開一個知識的王國，對這個王國迄今只有神話般的描述。 6. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United Statesa recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer. 分析：insistence 后接upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中間被插入語as a first consideration 分割，做進一步說明。該句選自美國前總統(tǒng)羅斯福在1933年的就職演說。漢語中動詞用得較多，翻譯時可把名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯為動詞。 譯文：我們首先應考慮的是，堅持美國國內(nèi)各種因素之間、各個部分之間的相互依賴關系即承認體現(xiàn)傳統(tǒng)的和永遠重要的美國開拓精神。 7. Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of. 分析：連詞as 引導的比較狀語從句中，it 代替for two old people to be。to be 后省略了fond of each other。to be 做分割成分。 譯文：象兩位老人一生中沒有其他什么東西可愛而彼此相愛一樣，老亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相愛慕。 8. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energyboth of which are essential in turning out and throwing awayand sentiment. 分析：該句包含了并列結構被分割的情況。lack of physical and mental energy和sentiment 是并列結構，作two other reasons的同位語。但是被非限定性定語從句both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away分割。 譯文：人們隨著日趨年邁，積存物品還有其他兩個原因：一是缺乏體力和精神，兩者在清理和扔掉無用之物時不可或缺，二是感情上的原因。 9. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo that accompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead. 分析：這是一個由but引導的并列