六級作文講稿090418.doc

六級作文講稿寫作考試的趨勢寫作的長度和難度近年呈現(xiàn)發(fā)展的趨勢。四級考試在2002年6月前，要求不少于100詞；2002年6月、12月開始要求至少120詞。這就要求思路、句式的組織要靈活、多變，清一色的簡單句，通篇都是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)對付不了現(xiàn)在的四、六級作文了，現(xiàn)在的它與早幾年的考研作文的難度相當(dāng)。沒有半分，一念之差，失去寶貴的一分。立足自身，放眼高分！注意字?jǐn)?shù)適當(dāng)！如何拿高分賞心悅目的卷面；完整清晰的篇章；靈活多變的句型；閃光豐富的詞匯；系統(tǒng)細(xì)致的檢查。卷面反映出的寫作問題：四差一慢語言規(guī)范性差運(yùn)用基本句型能力差段落展開策略差篇章連貫性差寫作速度慢評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（15頁）14、11、8、5、2五個檔次漂漂亮亮、干干凈凈、馬馬虎虎、稀里糊涂、一塌糊涂試卷例文分析（16頁）Witness to an acidentIt pays to be honest一。詞匯1. 準(zhǔn)確應(yīng)用2. 變化多端3. 使用具體表達(dá)1. 準(zhǔn)確應(yīng)用用外語寫作難免不會出現(xiàn)母語思維的干擾，“負(fù)遷移”（negative transfer）。（1）用詞不當(dāng)Our president has the largest breast in the world. 胸懷寬廣（2）詞性混淆漢語在詞性不做嚴(yán)格的規(guī)定，沒有固定的語法標(biāo)記；而英語各種詞類所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)木渥映煞钟袊?yán)格的要求，不能混淆。中國學(xué)生往往只從漢語詞匯的意思出發(fā)，忽視了對應(yīng)的英文詞匯可能無法出現(xiàn)在相應(yīng)的位置上。I past my driving test. (介詞)I will instead of you to go there. 替你去（3）搭配不當(dāng) 英語詞匯之間的搭配比較固定，不能僅從字面意思把漢語詞組替換成英文詞匯，必須考慮到英語的使用習(xí)慣。I have forgotten my umbrella at home. 把傘忘在家里了。Because of watching TV constantly, the child changed lazy. 變懶My father says very funny jokes. I had a big illness last summer and was in bed for two months.詞匯搭配假話 a lie假花 artificial flower假幣 counterfeit money假畫 a fake painting假酒 adulterated wine假牙 false teeth 假唱 lip-synch假新聞 pseudo-event（4）表達(dá)啰嗦When people go to Nanjing to travel, 2. 變化多端（1）不能總是重復(fù)使用一個詞，用同義詞替換。如，經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī) 導(dǎo)致房價(jià)下跌 。 Economic depression/ recession/ downturn/ slowdowncause, lead to, bring about, result in, contribute to, give rise to Owing to, due to, because of, thanks of Fall, drop, go down, decrease如書上的fault, defect, weaknessThe press and television keep showing us the faults of the public figures, until we lose faith and start looking for defects in any person who seems worthy of respect. In a neighbor or a statesman, we try to discover the weaknesses or ugly motives that are surely hiding behind his noble actions. （2）使用不同的表達(dá)方式 【18頁】要表達(dá)“越來越”，不要只使用more and more： a)More and more students find learning English has become more and more difficult. a)More and more teenagers smoke cigarettes in recent years. a)More and more teachers are demanded with the development of economy. a)More and more people agree (realize/are aware) that women should enjoy full equality with men. 改寫b)Students in growing numbers find learning has become increasingly difficult. b)Teenage smoking is on the rise in recent years. b)There is an increasing demand for teachers with the development of economy. b) There is a growing agreement (realization/awareness) that women should enjoy full equality with men. 如要表達(dá)“大多數(shù)”，不要一味用mosta)Most student take a part-time job after class. a)Most people take part in sports of different kinds. a)Most college students take a negative attitude towards smoking. 改寫b)The vast majority of students take a part-time job after class. b)A considerable proportion of people take part in sports of different kinds. b)The large percentage of college population take a negative attitude towards smoking. 如要用“不僅而且”不要只用not only.but also： a)The factors for a rise in teenage smoking is not only social but also psychological. a) Old people go to park not only to do exercise but also to make friends. 改寫b)The factors for a rise in teenage smoking is psychological as well as social. b)Old people go to park as much for companionship as for exercise.（3）使用高級詞匯Play an important role in peoples life. 替換為vital, essential, significantInteresting 也有很多同義詞，如An amusing story/ personAn absorbing taskAn exciting game/matchA fascinating trip/ place 3. 更具體I like reading in my free time. I like reading Shakespeare when I dont have classes. I like music very much.I am crazy about Jay Chow.Some people are against this idea.According to a recent poll conducted on the S, 81 percent of Chinese people are strongly against this practice. 二句法1. 英漢句法比較（1）形合意合：葡萄型與竹竿型例 電子書可以免費(fèi)從網(wǎng)上下載，深受人們的喜歡。 E-books can be downloaded free from the Internet and therefore loved by people.（2）由近及遠(yuǎn)散射型vs由先到后推移型例1 He had flown in just the day before from Georgia where he had spend his vacation bathing in the Caucasian sun after the completion of the construction job he had been engaged in the South. 這句話是主謂框架結(jié)構(gòu)，主次分明。按中國人的思維方式，這句話會寫成：He had been engaged in a construction job, and after he completed the job, he went to Georgia to spend his vacation bathing in the Caucasian sun, and flew back just the day before. （3）視角不同例1 I never give interviews. 我從不接受采訪。例2 His name escapes me. 我想不起來他的名字。例3 我因病沒有參加這次英語考試。 My illness prevented me from taking the exam.例4 2008年北京發(fā)生了巨大變化。 Beijing witness great changes in 2008.2. 英語句子類型英文句子的最小單位叫clause (小句)，clause 按照不同的方式連接起來，構(gòu)成英文句子，主要有下列三種。（1）簡單句句法錯誤主要是習(xí)作者完全依賴漢語句子結(jié)構(gòu)和表達(dá)模式，沒有顧及這樣的英語表達(dá)是否正確。There are many students fall into sleep in class. （句型）There are more and more people smoke. Women smokers are more and more. The first time I cooked for myself was at about my 10 years old. The rest space can be put a big desk.案例分析：Put on her rubber glove, the doctor began to do the operation. （主語問題）Marys husband forgot her birthday, she was very angry. (連接問題)The library had just closed, I couldnt get any of the reserved books.I hate writing. Because I can never think of anything worth writing about.（2）并列復(fù)合句1）小句由并列連詞連接起來，and, but, yet, for, so, or, nor2）分號和副詞：moreover, furthermore, however, nevertheless, thus, therefore, consequently, etc.3）分號例句：College students are under great pressure, so their phychological health is worsening.College students are under great pressure; therefore their phychological health is worsening.College students are under great pressure; their phychological health is worsening.（3）主從復(fù)合句1）表示主從關(guān)系的連詞連接： because, if, although, so that,According to the recent survey the phychological health of college students is worsening because they are under great pressure.2）各種從句what, when, where, who College students who are under greater pressure nowadays are also faced with the issue of how to improve their phychological health. NOTE:從句在后，不要用逗號和主句隔開e.g. Because he has an important appointment, he cant go dancing now. He cant go dancing now because he has an important appointment.3句子多樣化為了避免單調(diào)，必須練習(xí)使用不同的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。可以變化句子的類型，可以變化句子的長短，還可以變化句首。(1)句型的變化 （見教材21頁）1）不要連續(xù)使用幾個簡單句，要學(xué)會使用復(fù)雜句 a) Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers. Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking. But sometimes they feel a little guilty. b) Pressured by school work and encouraged by their peers, teenagers often resort to smoking, though they feel a little guilty sometimes. （非謂語形式作為開端，增加了句子結(jié)構(gòu)的復(fù)雜性）2）不要總是以有生命的名詞和人稱代詞開頭 The incident remained me of one of my past experiences. The progress I have made surprise me. This leads me to the conclusion that money doesnt mean everything.比較：a) Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China. b) It is widely(commonly) thought/believed/held/accepted) that birth control is quite necessary in China. a) Many Chinese people have gone to the U.S. in the past 15 years. b) The past 15 years have brought many Chinese people to the U.S. (9月11號witnessed the collapse 1949 saw the founding of 見證了)a) We almost forget this event. b) This event is now almost fading from our memory. (逐漸消退)a) We easily drew the conclusion through the investigation. b) The investigation easily led us to the conclusion. 3）不要千篇一律的使用主動態(tài) a) We may think more of the elderly who live apart from their children. b) More thoughts may be given to the elderly who live apart from their children. a) Students should certainly make continuous efforts. b) Continuous efforts on the part of students are certainly required. 4）不要總是用if then這樣的句子，口語味道太濃，要注意使用書面英語。a) If you compare bicycles with cars carefully, you will find bicycles are superior to cars.b) Careful comparison of bicycles with cars will show the superiority of the former over the latter.（作為單詞來記）a) If we only apply book knowledge, we will not get good results.b) The application of book knowledge alone wont bring you good results.a) If we can better understand the greater pressure of population growth, we will have a correct attitude towards family planning.b) A better understanding of the greater pressure of population growth is essential to a correct attitude towards family planning.（套話）a) When a woman sees that she is going to be laid off, she begins to worry all day and night.b) The mere prospect of lay-off would set a woman to worry all day and night. 再如，The mere prospect of unemployment would set a college graduate to worry all day and night. 5）不要對動詞過分依賴，要學(xué)會用名詞結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)意思。a) The style of living has become more and more popular and accepted by more and more and more young people.b) The style of living has found its growing popularity and acceptance among young people.a) It is time for us to revise educational system and then provide it to our society.b )It is time for us to provide our society a revised educational system.a) If we dont recognize the serious problem of growing population, we will make a big mistake.b) Failure to recognize the seriousness of growing population will lead to a big mistake.6）雙重否定肯定a) Every young boy and girl wants to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.b) There is hardly a young boy and girl who doesnt want to earn a little money to help cover higher college cost.a) Whenever you pick up a newspaper, you will always find advertisements.b) It is impossible to pick up a newspaper without finding advertisements.再如，It is not uncommon to learn the news that some college students commit suidide because of too much pressure. a) Gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story is the best pastime to bring a family closer together.b) Few pastimes bring a family closer together than gathering around and listening to mother or father read a good story.a) Food is the most basic issue to individual and national survival.b) No issue is as basic to individual and national survival as food.(2) 經(jīng)典句型a. 形式主語結(jié)構(gòu) It is universally acknowledged that + 句子（全世界都知道） It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 與之類似的常用句型還有： It is conceivable that + 句子（可想而知的） It is obvious that + 句子（明顯的） It is apparent that + 句子（顯然的） It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. b.倒裝句 Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the rapid development of technology which enables the delivery of information with greater speed.So precious is time that we can not afford to waste it.Rich as our country is, our quality of life is by no means satisfactory. Foolish though he looks, he always seems to make the wisest proposals. c. 同位語 Doing part-time jobs can help us contact with society, an alternative way to get knowledge.d. 比較級 A young mans first car is less a means of transportation than a monument to his discovery of youthful freedom.e. 名詞化句子 Heavy exposure to TV will interfere with ones studies.f. 插入語 My criticism is not of high technology. On the contrary, I believe that high technology, if correctly applied, can save far more lives at a lower cost.g. 雙重否定句 I could spend the rest of my life reading, just satisfying my curiosity- because you can hardly mention anything Im not curious about.h. 平行句(有修辭效果，一次作文最多用一次)a) I am in favor of equal rights for women. I think women should especially have the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms. They should get the same pay as men for the same job. They should also have equal opportunities for promotion.b) I am in favor of equal rights for women, especially the right to compete with men for jobs on equal terms, the right to get the same pay as men for the same job, and the right to equal opportunities for promotion.(3) 表達(dá)方式的變化Different people have different views. 改寫It is quite natural/ reasonable that people hold different views on this issue.People smoke for a variety of reasons.4表達(dá)要地道簡潔例 In my opinion, I dont think E-books will replace paper books. 準(zhǔn)確例 After school, we always have too much homework, which takes up too much time, making us have few outdoor activities. 避免中式英語例 My first job interview was in my last summer holiday.5. 語法正確 主謂一致 時(shí)態(tài)一致 人稱一致e.g. We have learnt a lot of useful knowledge in the university, it is time to apply what you have learnt to reality. 人稱一致案例分析We are al born into this world as equals, but for various reasons, not all people are treated as equals. This inequality begins when you reach the age of five, for this is when you will enter elementary school. In school, the child is no longer “Mommys little darling.” You now have to prove yourself to the other children and also to your teacher. If one seems different from the other students, they re treated differently, and these differences could be anything: pants, shoes, speech and so on. Right from the start, you think that as long as you are different, there is something wrong with you.6. 語氣恰當(dāng)（1）避免口語化不要使用太多的I think，yes，of course 或maybe（2）使用修辭時(shí)注意避免陳詞濫調(diào)或文化差異 As time passed, the desire of studying English grew in my heart like a tree, bigger and bigger, so beautiful that I decided to be with her all my life. 7. 標(biāo)點(diǎn)正確英文沒有書名號。Her favorite book isGone with the Wind.英文省略號是三個實(shí)心點(diǎn)。 8. 使用格言諺語 (見教材 22頁)三作文類型Conventional writing 常規(guī)作文描寫：純粹的描寫和記敘不常見。記敘：比如，事故目擊者?？佳谐Ｓ袌D畫作文闡釋議論Report writing 圖表作文Letter writing 信件寫作步驟：1. 審題：讀懂題目，找到topic 和focus案例1：Is a test of spoken English necessary? （2000年6月）1. 很多人認(rèn)為有必要舉行英語口語考試，理由是. 2. 也有人持不同意見，. 3. 我的看法和打算 A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET). 很多考生寫偏了，側(cè)重英語口語考試是否必要或重要。案例2：It pays to be honest. 1. 當(dāng)前社會上存在許多不誠實(shí)的現(xiàn)象 2. 誠實(shí)利人利已，做人應(yīng)該誠實(shí) 誠實(shí)的好處，也可以從反面來寫，不誠實(shí)會有何惡果，從而證明還是誠實(shí)好。2. 確定作文的類型英語作文有固定的結(jié)構(gòu)，不同類型的題目在組織材料時(shí)也有不同的方法。歷年六級作文題目描寫文 【一次】2004. 6 A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction Your role: a tour guideYour audience: a group of foreign touristsYour introduction should include:some welcoming wordsthe schedule for the daya description of the place the tourists will be visiting(e.g. a scenic spot or a historical site, etc.)You should make the introduction interesting and the arrangements for the day clear to everyb記敘文 【3次】2003. 6 An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident 假設(shè)你在某日某時(shí)某地目擊一起車禍，就此寫一份見證書。見證書須包括以下幾點(diǎn)：1車禍發(fā)生的時(shí)間及地點(diǎn)2你所見到的車禍情況3你對車禍原因的分析2003. 9 The Day My Classmate Fell Ill (or Got Injured) 1.簡單敘述一下這位同學(xué)生?。ɑ蚴軅┑那闆r2.同學(xué)、老師和我是如何幫助他/她的3.人與人之間的這種相互關(guān)愛給我的感受是2005.6 in honor of teachers on the occasion of Teachers Day1向老師致以節(jié)日祝賀2從一件難忘的事回憶老師的教誨和無私的奉獻(xiàn)3我如何回報(bào)老師的關(guān)愛闡釋文（1）現(xiàn)象解釋型 （answer why）【5次】1991年1月 Bicycle - An Important Means of Transport in China 1. 為什么自行車在中國這樣普及2. 和汽車的比較3. 自行車在中國的前途1992年1月1電影觀眾越來越少 2電視觀眾越來越多，因?yàn)? 3然而，還是有人喜歡看電影，因?yàn)?1994年1月We Need to Broaden Our Knowledge 1. 科學(xué)技術(shù)是社會發(fā)展所不可缺少的 2. 社會科學(xué)和自然科學(xué)相互滲透 3. 現(xiàn)代大學(xué)生需要廣博的知識1998年1月 Harmfulness of Fake Commodities 1.目前社會上有不少假冒偽劣商品(fake commodities)。為什么會有這種現(xiàn)象？2.舉例說明假冒偽劣商品對消費(fèi)者個人，社會等的危害。1999年1月Dont Hesitate to Say No1. 別人請求幫助時(shí)，在什么情況下我們會說不 2. 為什么有些人在該說不的時(shí)候不說不 3. 該說不時(shí)不說不的壞處 （2）問題解決型 (answer how) 【12次】問題原因解決辦法（a problem+reasons+solutions）1990年1月How to Solve the Problem of.問題：城市交通擁擠解決方案：（solution） 1. 建造（lay down）更多道路 優(yōu)點(diǎn)：降低街道擁護(hù)程度加速車流（flow of traffic） 缺點(diǎn)：占地過多 2.開辟（open up）更多公共汽車線路 優(yōu)點(diǎn)：減少自行車與小汽車 缺點(diǎn)：對部分人可能造成不方便 結(jié)論：兩者結(jié)合 1990年6月四種可能解決住房問題的方案 1多造高層建筑 2向地下發(fā)展 3建造衛(wèi)星城市 4. 疏散城市人口1991年1月1人類面臨的問題（如能源、疾病、污染、人口等） 2悲觀的看法（人類將無法生存） 3人類的智慧出路1995年1月My view on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements 1. 現(xiàn)在有些不良的商業(yè)廣告 2. 這些廣告的副作用和危害性 3. 我對這些廣告的態(tài)度 2000年1月How I Finance My College Education1. 上大學(xué)的費(fèi)用（tuition and fees）可以通過多種途徑解決 2. 哪種途徑適合于我（說明理由） 2001年1月How to Succeed in a Job Interview?1. 面試在求職過程中的作用 2. 取得面試成功的因素：儀表、舉止談吐、能力、專業(yè)知識、自信、實(shí)事求是. 2004年1月Reduce Waste on Campus 1.有些大學(xué)校園浪費(fèi)現(xiàn)象日益嚴(yán)重 2.浪費(fèi)的危害 3.杜絕浪費(fèi), 從我做起 2005年6月SayNotoPiratedProducts1.目前盜版的現(xiàn)象比較嚴(yán)重 2.造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因及危害 3.我們應(yīng)該怎么做？ 參考單詞：盜版piracy(n.)盜版產(chǎn)品piratedproducts知識產(chǎn)權(quán) intellectual property rights 侵犯版權(quán) infringe sbs copyright; copyright infringement2006年12月1閱讀經(jīng)典書籍對人的成長至關(guān)重要 2現(xiàn)在愿意閱讀經(jīng)典的人卻越來越少，原因是 3我們大學(xué)生應(yīng)該怎么做2007年12月 Choosing an Occupation 1. 選擇職業(yè)是一個人要面對的眾多難題之一。2. 需要花時(shí)間去選擇職業(yè)。3. 選擇職業(yè)時(shí)可以向多人尋求建議和幫助。2008年12月How to improve psychological health? 怎樣改善學(xué)生的心理健康1. 學(xué)生心理健康的重要性2. 學(xué)校應(yīng)該怎樣做3. 學(xué)生自己應(yīng)該怎樣做（3）觀點(diǎn)論證型【兩次】某一觀點(diǎn)+論證+結(jié)論1997年1月Haste Makes Waste1. 為什么說“欲速則不達(dá)” 2. 試舉例說明 2003年1月It Pays to Be Honest1. 當(dāng)前社會上存在許多不誠實(shí)的現(xiàn)象 2. 誠實(shí)利人利已，做人應(yīng)該誠實(shí) 再如，Lying is sometimes moral. 議論文（有兩類）（1）正反對比型：（某一問題的正反面我的看法）【七次】1992年6月 1新世紀(jì)科技發(fā)展的前景如何？ 2新的科學(xué)技術(shù)會給社會帶來什么好處？ 3新的科學(xué)技術(shù)會給社會帶來什么問題？ 4. 你怎樣對待新世紀(jì)的挑戰(zhàn)？1993年1月Motorcycles and City Traffic1.近年來中國城市中的摩托車越來越多 2.摩托車的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn) 3.你對我國城市中摩托車發(fā)展前景的看法1995年6月Should Firecrackers Be Banned1.有人認(rèn)為放鞭炮是好事，為什么？ 2.有人認(rèn)為放鞭炮是壞事， 為什么？ 3.我的看法。 (Suggested key words: firecrackers 鞭炮 set off / let off 放鞭炮) 1996年1月Why I Take the College English Test Band 61. 有人認(rèn)為沒有必要參加大學(xué)英語六級考試（簡稱CET-6）。 2. 我參加CET-6考試的理由。 1998年6月 Do Lucky Numbers Really Bring Good Luck? 1.有些人認(rèn)為某些數(shù)字會帶來好運(yùn)。 2.我認(rèn)為數(shù)字和運(yùn)氣無關(guān)2000年6月Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?1. 很多人認(rèn)為有必要舉行英語口語考試，理由是. 2. 也有人持不同意見，. 3. 我的看法和打算 A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of the College English Test (CET). 2007年6月Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed? 1. 有人做好