某著名培訓(xùn)班 圖表作文講稿.doc

怎樣寫大學(xué)英語(yǔ)圖表式作文 圖表式作文是四六級(jí)考試中較難的一種作文類型（2002年6月的考試便是一例）。它要求考生根據(jù)圖表所給出的信息，寫出所要表達(dá)主題的作文。圖表式作文最大的特點(diǎn)是所給的信息表達(dá)很集中，給人以一目了然之感。圖表式作文一般可分三段來(lái)寫：第一段描述出圖表反映的總情況，用能充分說(shuō)明主題的典型數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)描寫。第二段對(duì)數(shù)字進(jìn)行仔細(xì)的分析比較，歸納出增減速率并找出產(chǎn)生變化的原因。第三段寫讀圖表后的想法和評(píng)論，從而得出自己的結(jié)論。請(qǐng)看實(shí)例： Changes in Peoples Diet:foodYear19861987198819891990Grain49%47%46.5%45%45%Milk10%11%11%12%13%Meat17%20%22.5%23%21%Fruit and vegetable24%22%20%20%21%Total100%100%100%100%100% Changes in Peoples Diet一文是1991年6月份四級(jí)考試作文題。實(shí)際上從此文表格的提示中不難把握文章的內(nèi)涵和范圍。根據(jù)三段法寫作的原則，第一段闡述近6年來(lái)人們飲食上變化的總況（包括哪些需求的降低或增加）。第二段是文章的重點(diǎn)，著重說(shuō)明變化的原因。從歸納出的原因中反映出了人們現(xiàn)在在經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力提高的前提下更加注意科學(xué)的營(yíng)養(yǎng)。第三段則從個(gè)人的理解得出結(jié)論，展示人們飲食結(jié)構(gòu)的變化所帶來(lái)的益處和光明的前景，從而使主題思想更突出。 Changes in Peoples Diet As can be seen from the table, great changes took place in peoples diet from 1986 to 1990. The consumption of grain decreased year by year, while that of some high-energy food, such as milk and meat, increased steadily. Why were there changes in peoples diet? There were two major reasons, I think. First, people could afford to buy more expensive food with better nutrition. Second, people paid more attention to the quality of their diet, because they knew it was of great benefit to their health to eat in a scientific way. Therefore, they were trying their best to improve the structure of their food. From the above, we can see that peoples living standard improved markedly in the five years between 1986-1990. And we can also expect that their life would be more prosperous in years to come.Changes in Peoples Diet Diet is very important in peoples life . From 1987 to 1990. peoples diet changed a lot . Grain was no longer regarded as the main food. And as the proportion of fruit and vegetables declined, the consumption of milk and meatincreased. What caused these changes? There are two reasons. One is that with the development of science, people began to realize the importance of maintaining a balanced diet. The other is that people had more money to spend and could afford more expensive food. They tried to change their low-priced diet into a more varied one. They were eager to build up a strong body by improving their living standards. With the development of our economy and the improvement of our food supply, further changes will take place in peoples diet.例2Directions: Write a composition based on the charts of the average family expenses in the United Stated. The opening sentence is given and you are required to develop it into a full composition.The opening sentence: The average family income in the United States increased from 12,000 dollars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in 1985.The Average Family Expenses The average family income in the United States has increased from 12,000 dollars per year in 1980 to 16,000 dollars in 1985. In the meantime, the structure of the average family expenses has changed, too. These graphs show the change clearly. The biggest part of the average family expenses was housing. In 1980, the average family spent 25 percent of its income on housing. In 1985, expenses on housing rose to 32 percent. Food and drink were the second biggest part of the average family expenses .In 1980, about 18% of the average income was spent on this item. In 1985, the figure grew to 22%. As a result of such increase in the expenses on housing and food, expenses on other items have been reduced from 57% in 1980 to 46% in 1985. Thus, a conclusion can be drawn that as income increases, people can improve their living step by step. But still the average family has to spend a large part of income to meet the essential needs.例3Health Gains in Developing Countries以下圖為依據(jù)，描述發(fā)展中國(guó)家的期望壽命（life expectancy）和嬰兒死亡率（infant mortality）的變化情況。說(shuō)明引起變化的種種原因。Life Expectancy Years oldInfant Mortality deaths per 1,000 births25080200601504010020 50 0 0 1960 1990 1960 1990這是一個(gè)“兩段式”圖表作文。段1要求描述“期望壽命”和“嬰兒死亡率”的變化情況。首先要看懂圖表中數(shù)字間的相關(guān)意義。兩個(gè)圖表中兩組數(shù)字間的關(guān)系是不同的。在“期望壽命”變化圖中，橫坐標(biāo)的數(shù)字是時(shí)間（從1960到1990年），縱坐標(biāo)的數(shù)字是期望壽命。從圖中矩形圖的變化情況可以看出，在30年里，發(fā)展中國(guó)家的“期望壽命”提高了20歲。在“嬰兒死亡率”變化圖中，橫坐標(biāo)還是表示時(shí)間（這就與左圖有了可比性），而縱坐標(biāo)的數(shù)字表示每1，000新生兒中的死亡率。從矩形圖的變化趨勢(shì)看，在30年里，發(fā)展中國(guó)家的“嬰兒死亡率”從200降到了100。從上述對(duì)圖表的觀察，可以看出圖表所反映的情況是，從1960到1990的30年中，發(fā)展中國(guó)家的“嬰兒死亡率”下降了100個(gè)千分點(diǎn)，而“期望壽命”提高了20歲。那么發(fā)生這種變化的原因是什么呢？在段2中，要從社會(huì)的、經(jīng)濟(jì)的、文化的角度來(lái)分析各種可能的原因。因此，學(xué)生必須善于分析問(wèn)題，思考問(wèn)題，能夠從現(xiàn)象中挖掘出問(wèn)題的本質(zhì)。如果平時(shí)在閱讀中不注重分析能力的培養(yǎng)，課外閱讀興趣又十分狹窄，那么反映到作文上，就是思維簡(jiǎn)單，分析表面化。就“嬰兒死亡率”和“期望壽命”而言，應(yīng)該可以從以下幾個(gè)方面尋找原因：社會(huì)的：經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，生活水平提高，人的壽命增加。科學(xué)的：醫(yī)療技術(shù)進(jìn)步，嬰兒的健康得到進(jìn)一步保障。文化的：文明程度的提高，使人們更加注意生活質(zhì)量。通過(guò)上述分析，這篇圖表作文的“發(fā)展提綱”就可以寫出來(lái)了： the changes of life expectancy and infant mortality:the change of life expectancy: it has risen by 20 years old.the change of infant mortality: it has decreased by 100. the reasons for the great changes:the social and economical development.the improvement of living conditions.the advancement of medical technology.the change of peoples ideas of life and health.范文：In the developing countries great changes took place in life expectancy and infant mortality in the period from 1960 to 1990. In 1960 life expectancy was very low, while infant mortality was very high. However, in 1990 life expectancy increased, whereas infant mortality declined.There are many reasons for the changes, but in general, they come down to three major ones. First, their living conditions were improved. In the old days people in the developing countries suffered hunger and were exposed to the elements. Nowadays they are well fed and housed. Naturally they live longer than before. Besides, the medical condition was also improved and so the adequate medical treatment ensures the adults health and reduces infant mortality. Most important of all, in the early 60s there were constant wars in some developing countries because of the colonial rule and so a lot of people were killed in wars. Nowadays most developing countries have become independent countries and their people live a peaceful life.In conclusion, the national independence and social stability are responsible for these changes.例4 （圖表寫作練習(xí)） 分析表格所給出的信息。 分析今后成人教育發(fā)展走向和主要原因。年度A地區(qū)成人教育學(xué)生總數(shù)19877,263199215,679199743,205段1分析表格信息：從1987年到1997年10月間，接受成人教育的人數(shù)增長(zhǎng)6倍多。段2分析發(fā)展走向和原因：從表中提供的數(shù)字可以預(yù)料，在今后10年內(nèi)，接受成人教育的人數(shù)將繼續(xù)大幅度增加。究其原因：其一，社會(huì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加??；其二，國(guó)家辦學(xué)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大；其三，個(gè)人需求提高。因此，“發(fā)展提綱”可以草擬如下：分析表格信息：從1987到1997，學(xué)生增加6倍多。分析發(fā)展走向：1997年以后，成教學(xué)生人數(shù)將繼續(xù)增加。 分析原因：個(gè)人需要深造，社會(huì)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈，國(guó)家辦學(xué)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大。依據(jù)這個(gè)“發(fā)展提綱”，作文可以完成如下：套用模板（1）It is obvious in the table that the number of people who attend adult education has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up considerably in recent years. In 1987, there are 7,263 people registering for adult education. However, the number increased to 43,205 in 1997.What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are three reasons behind the situation reflected in the table. Firstly, people in ever-increasing number, owing to the intense of harsh competition, have reaized the importance of knowledge and dived into the sea of knowledge in order to perform better in life. Secondly, with the development of economy, peoples former knowledge is no longer as applicable as it was. Economic development inevitably demands that people learn new things. Apart from the above reasons, our countrys actual situation of education results in the increase. Regular schools could accommodate only a fixed number of students, while the number of those who would like to continue their education would be much larger. Adult education is an effective way of solving the problem.From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict that adult education will become more popular. The trend that more people are attending adult education will continue for quite a long time.As is shown in the table, we can see clearly that more and more people attending adult education. In 1987,7,263 people registered for adult education. The number increased to 15,679 in 1992, while it added up to 43,205 in 1997. Therefore, it can be predicted that adult education is to become even more popular.There are chiefly three reasons for the increase. Firstly, people in ever-increasing number, owing to the intense of harsh competition, have reaized the importance of knowledge and dived into the sea of knowledge in order to perform better in life. Secondly, with the development of economy, peoples former knowledge is no longer as applicable as it was. Economic development inevitably demands that people learn new things. Apart from the above reasons, our countrys actual situation of education results in the increase. Regular schools could accommodate only a fixed number of students, while the number of those who would like to continue their education would be much larger. Adult education is an effective way of solving the problem.In spite of what is mentioned above, there are some flaws in adult education. For example, the curricula are too monotonous. Hence, the situation is still serious and how to provide people with more practical occupational training and more theoretical training respectively is still a challenging task. 段1中，“主題句”套用典型段首句式，指出表格所反映的事實(shí)。發(fā)展句12具體描述數(shù)字信息，發(fā)展句3預(yù)測(cè)未來(lái)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。段2從三個(gè)方面分析“成教發(fā)展”的原因。原因1：個(gè)人提高的需要；原因2：社會(huì)發(fā)展的需要；原因3：正規(guī)學(xué)校的規(guī)模有限。段3從成教現(xiàn)存的問(wèn)題進(jìn)一步分析成教的發(fā)展。需要指出的是，在六級(jí)考試中，如果寫作提綱中沒(méi)有要求第三段的內(nèi)容，那么寫兩段就足夠了。數(shù)據(jù)式圖表作文寫作要素一、用好具有自我特色的語(yǔ)句，提高語(yǔ)言的準(zhǔn)確性 數(shù)據(jù)式圖表作文的語(yǔ)言也具有很強(qiáng)的自我特色，了解這一點(diǎn)可以少走彎路，少犯錯(cuò)誤，從而有效提高語(yǔ)言的準(zhǔn)確性。數(shù)據(jù)式圖表作文規(guī)律出現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)句有：反映數(shù)量變化的rise/increase/go up/grow, drop/go down/decrease/fall/reduce to, more than, less than, more and more；反映背景對(duì)比的compareto, comparewith, contrast to；反映現(xiàn)象相互間關(guān)系的asas, the same as, be similar to, be different from；反映數(shù)量比例的four-fiths, eighty percent, half of, a quarter of, three times asas；交待社會(huì)現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生背景的be caused by, be made by, lead to等。 二、用好過(guò)渡性詞匯，增強(qiáng)行文邏輯性 數(shù)據(jù)式圖表作文具有較強(qiáng)的邏輯性，為此應(yīng)用好過(guò)渡性詞匯。數(shù)據(jù)式圖表作文常見(jiàn)的過(guò)渡性詞匯有：表對(duì)比的but, however, while, on the contrary；表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的whats more/besides, whats worse/to make the matter worse/worse than all/worse than ever/worse still；表因果關(guān)系的thanks to, as a result (of), therefore；表并列關(guān)系的for one thing, for the other thing, on the one hand, on the other hand；表總結(jié)的in a word, in brief/short, Its clear that；表情感反映的to our surprise, to our joy, even, still, also, too, of course, certainly；表引起下文的as a rule, generally speaking, as we all know等。 三、適當(dāng)運(yùn)用高級(jí)表達(dá)方式，提高文章的醒目性 近年來(lái)高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)閱卷采用新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，要求考生盡可能采用高級(jí)表達(dá)方式來(lái)增強(qiáng)文章的表達(dá)檔次，因此寫數(shù)據(jù)式圖表作文時(shí)也應(yīng)適當(dāng)采用一些高級(jí)表達(dá)方式。數(shù)據(jù)式圖表作文常交待某些現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生背景，可使用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)be done by。數(shù)據(jù)式圖表作文常出現(xiàn)并列現(xiàn)象或并列原因或并列結(jié)果，?？墒褂胹uch as列舉句型，這是一個(gè)使用頻率高、使用場(chǎng)合廣的句型。數(shù)據(jù)式圖表作文還經(jīng)常交待社會(huì)現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因，可使用because, as, since引導(dǎo)的原因狀語(yǔ)從句。數(shù)據(jù)式圖表作文也經(jīng)常交待社會(huì)現(xiàn)象的發(fā)展變化，可使用while, however, but等詞引導(dǎo)的表轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比的并列句型。當(dāng)然和寫其它體裁的書面表達(dá)一樣，同學(xué)們也可盡量使用定語(yǔ)從句、分詞作狀語(yǔ)或with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)句型。這些高級(jí)表達(dá)方式會(huì)大幅度提高文章的表達(dá)檔次，增強(qiáng)文章的表達(dá)效果。圖表作文的常用表達(dá)段首表達(dá)方式：table/bar2) According topie / chart,As can be seen from + the + diagram / graph we can see clearly thatAs is shown in figures/ picture3) The purpose of this picture (table) is to show (indicate) that 4) The figure indicates (shows/ suggests) that X% of sth. / sb數(shù)字信息表達(dá)方式：1) By 1999, the number of sth. / sb. had less than (more than / nearly) doubled (tripled) compared with that of 1991.2) The number of sth. / sb. remained steady (stable) from 1990 to 1999.3) The number of sth. / sb. stayed the same between 1990 and 1999.4) There was little (hardly and / no) change in the number of sth. / sb. from to (betweenand)5) The figures reached a high point (a low point) at X% (in 1990).6) The number of sth. / sb. increased (rose/ decreased/ dropped) rapidly (slightly) from to (betweenand) by X%.7) There was a rapid (slight) increase (rise/decrease/drop) in the number of sth. / sb. from to(betweenand)8) The life expectancy in 1990 is twice the number in 1960.9) The infant mortality in 1960 is twice as much that as in 1990.10) A has about (approximately) the same number of sth. / sb. as B.總結(jié)概述表達(dá)方式：by and largein a wordto sum upon the wholein briefin conclusionin generalin shortin summarygenerally speakingall in allto summarize英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)寫作試題模板圖表式作文（1）It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes. It has gone up/grown/