經(jīng)濟(jì)和財(cái)政的共同條件.doc

經(jīng)濟(jì)金融常用術(shù)語方凡泉宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)macroeconomy計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)plannedeconomy指令性計(jì)劃mandatoryplan指導(dǎo)性計(jì)劃guidanceplan社會(huì)主義市場經(jīng)濟(jì)（中國）socialistmarketeconomy社會(huì)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)（德國）socialmarketeconomy新經(jīng)濟(jì)（美國）neweconomy知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)knowledge-basedeconomy網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟(jì)Internet-basednetworkedeconomy信息時(shí)代informationage全球化globalization（全球境globality）信息經(jīng)濟(jì)ITeconomy外向型經(jīng)濟(jì)export-orientedeconomy實(shí)體經(jīng)濟(jì)therealeconomy經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律lawsofeconomics市場調(diào)節(jié)marketregulation優(yōu)化資源配置optimizeallocationofresources規(guī)模經(jīng)營優(yōu)勢advantageofeconomiesofscale勞動(dòng)密集型laborintensive技術(shù)密集型technologyintensive大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)massproduction新凱恩思主義newKeynesian貨幣主義者monetarist供給學(xué)派supply-sideeconomist第一產(chǎn)業(yè)（農(nóng)業(yè)）agriculture(primaryindustry)第二產(chǎn)業(yè)（工業(yè)）manufacturingindustry(secondaryindustry)第三產(chǎn)業(yè)（服務(wù)業(yè)）serviceindustry(tertiaryindustry)主要經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)majoreconomicindicators國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值GDPgrossdomesticproduct（商品和勞務(wù)幣值總和，不包括海收收入支出）國民生產(chǎn)總值GNPgrossnationalproduct（商品和勞務(wù)幣值總和，包括海外收入支出）人均國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值GDPpercapita實(shí)際增長率growthrateinrealterms年均增長率averagegrowthrateperannum投資回報(bào)率rateofreturnoninvestment外貿(mào)進(jìn)出口總額totalforeigntradevalue實(shí)際利用外資incomingoverseascapital(investment)inplace消費(fèi)價(jià)格指數(shù)consumerpriceindex(CPI)零售價(jià)格指數(shù)retailpriceindex（RPI）生活費(fèi)用價(jià)格總指數(shù)totalpriceindexoflivingcost生活費(fèi)用incomeavailableforlivingexpenses扣除物價(jià)因素inrealterms/oninflation-adjustedbasis居民儲(chǔ)蓄存款residentsbanksavingsdeposit恩格爾系數(shù)（食品開支占總支出的比例）Engelcoefficient基尼系數(shù)（衡量地區(qū)差別）Ginicoefficient購買力平價(jià)法purchasingpowerparity(PPP)（衡量使用不同貨幣的兩個(gè)國家或地區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)水平、收入水平的一種計(jì)算法，用相等的匯率比較兩種貨幣各自的國內(nèi)購買力）片面追求發(fā)展速度excessivepursuitofgrowth泡沫經(jīng)濟(jì)bubbleeconomy經(jīng)濟(jì)過熱overheatingofeconomy通貨膨脹inflation不景氣slump（衰退recession）通貨緊縮deflation中國現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)分三步走的戰(zhàn)略thethree-stepdevelopmentstrategyofChinasmodernizationdrive第一步，到1990年國民生產(chǎn)總值比1980年翻一番StepOne:GDPof1990doublesthatof1980.第二步，到2000年人均國民生產(chǎn)總值比1980年翻兩番，人民生活達(dá)到小康水平StepTwo:GDPof2000quadruplesthatof1980;peopleliveafairlycomfortablelife.第三步，到21世紀(jì)中期建國100周年時(shí)，達(dá)到中等發(fā)達(dá)國家水平StepThree:Bytheyear2049,the100thanniversaryoftheP.R.C.,Chinaslevelofdevelopmentisexpectedtobeonparwiththemid-rankingdevelopedcountries即將加入世貿(mào)組織expectedentry(accession)intheWTO與世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的聯(lián)系將更加緊密bemorecloselylinkedtotheworldeconomy中國巨大的市場潛力將逐步轉(zhuǎn)化為現(xiàn)實(shí)的購買力ThehugemarketpotentialthatChinaenjoyswillbeturnedintotangiblepurchasingpower.適應(yīng)市場經(jīng)濟(jì)需要的法律法規(guī)體系還不夠健全Theregulatoryandlegalsystemisnotwellestablishedastoadapttothedemandofmarketeconomy.經(jīng)濟(jì)管理體制可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些不適應(yīng)Theeconomicmanagementsystemmaynotbereadilyadaptedtothechanges.一些行業(yè)和企業(yè)可能會(huì)受到?jīng)_擊Somesectorsofeconomyandsomebusinessesmaybeadverselyaffected.立足中國國情，發(fā)揮自身優(yōu)勢proceedfromnationalconditionsinChinaandbringouradvantagesintoplay揚(yáng)長避短，趨利避害，迎接經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的挑戰(zhàn)fosterstrengthsandcircumventweaknessesandrisetothechallengeofeconomicglobalization瓶頸制約bottleneckconstraints放權(quán)讓利decentralizationandinterestconcessions(inlate1980sandearly1990s)深化改革intensifyreform;deepenonescommitmenttoreform配套改革supporting(concomitant)reforms配套資金counterpartfunds;localfundingof提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益improveeconomicperformance;increaseeconomicreturns講求社會(huì)效益valuecontributiontosociety;payattentiontosocialeffect加速國民經(jīng)濟(jì)信息化developinformation-basedeconomyaccelerateITapplicationineconomy拉動(dòng)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長fueleconomicgrowth利改稅substitutionoftaxpaymentforprofitdelivery費(fèi)改稅transformadministrativefeesintotaxes債轉(zhuǎn)股debt-to-equityswap頭寸寬裕（頭寸緊缺）inaneasyposition(tightposition)朝陽產(chǎn)業(yè)sunriseindustry招標(biāo)投標(biāo)制thesystemofpublicbiddingforproject充分發(fā)揮貨幣政策的作用givefullplaytotheroleofmonetarypolicy實(shí)施積極的財(cái)政政策followapro-activefiscalpolicy向銀行增發(fā)國債，擴(kuò)大投資Thegovernmentissuedadditionaltreasurybondstobankstoincreaseinvestment.再注資recapitalization放松銀根toeasemonetarypolicy(收緊銀根tightenupmonetarypolicy)適度從緊的財(cái)政政策moderatelytightfiscalpolicy信用緊縮creditcrunch加強(qiáng)國有商業(yè)銀行內(nèi)部資金調(diào)度Instatecommercialbanks,internalcapitalallocationshouldbeimproved.合理劃分貸款審批權(quán)限Limitsofauthorityforexaminingandapprovingloansshouldberationallydefined.保證有市場、有效益、守信用企業(yè)的流動(dòng)資金貸款ensurefloatingcapitalloansforwell-performingandtrustworthyenterpriseswhichturnouttherightproductsfortherightmarkets啟動(dòng)民間投資attractinvestmentfromtheprivatesector適銷對路的產(chǎn)品therightproducts/readilymarketableproducts國有企業(yè)state-ownedenterprises(SOEs)集體企業(yè)collectively-owned(partnership)enterprises私營企業(yè)privatebusinesses民營企業(yè)privately-runbusinesses中小企業(yè)small-and-medium-sizedenterprises三資企業(yè)（中外合資、中外合作、外商獨(dú)資）overseas-investedenterprises;foreign-investedenterprises(Chinese-overseasequityjointventures,Chinese-overseascontractualjointventures,whollyforeign-ownedenterprises)存款保證金guarantymoneyfordeposits貨幣回籠withdrawalofcurrencyfromcirculation吸收游資absorbidlefund經(jīng)常性貸款commerciallending經(jīng)常性支出operatingexpenses再貸款re-lending;subloan支持國有大型企業(yè)和高新技術(shù)企業(yè)上市融資supportlargestate-ownedenterprisesandhighandinnovativetechnologycompaniesintheireffortstoseekfinancingbylistingonthestockmarket改制上市Anenterpriseisre-organizedaccordingtomoderncorporatesystemsothatitwillgetlistedonthestockmarket.進(jìn)一步規(guī)范和發(fā)展證券市場furtherstandardizeanddevelopthesecuritiesmarket增加直接融資比重increasetheproportionofdirectfinancing完善股票發(fā)行上市制度improvethesystemforIPOandlistingonstockmarkets中國證監(jiān)會(huì)ChinaSecuritiesRegulatoryCommission(CSRC)深圳證券交易所市ShenzhenStockExchange上海證券交易所ShanghaiStockExchange綜合指數(shù)compositeindex（美國）納斯達(dá)克（高技術(shù)企業(yè)板）NASDAQ（NationalAssociationofSecuritiesDealersAutomatedQuotation主板市場themainboard二板市場thesecondboardmarket中國創(chuàng)業(yè)板ChinaGrowthEnterpriseMarket首次上市IPOs(initialpublicoffering)市場資本總額marketcapitalization法人股institutionalshares內(nèi)部股（非上市招股）privatecompanyshares“?！笔衎ullmarket拋售bearsales疲軟股票softstock配股allotmentofshares內(nèi)部審計(jì)internalaudit互助基金mutualfund擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需expanddomesticdemand改善居民心理預(yù)期inspirethegeneralpublicsconfidenceinthefutureneeds鼓勵(lì)增加即期消費(fèi)encouragemoreimmediateconsumption長期國債long-termtreasurybonds支付國債利息toservicetreasurybonds財(cái)政赤字和債務(wù)deficitsandthenationaldebt按原口徑計(jì)算calculateonthebaseline按不變價(jià)格計(jì)算calculateatconstantprice按可比價(jià)格計(jì)算calculateatcomparableprice列入財(cái)政預(yù)算支出listedinthefiscalbudget結(jié)售匯制度thesystemofexchange,settlementandsales經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目順差favorablebalanceofcurrentaccount,surplusofcurrentaccount開辦人民幣業(yè)務(wù)engageinRrenminbi(RMB)business出口退稅制度thesystemofrefundingtaxesonexportedgoods保證金臺(tái)帳制度Depositaccountsystemforprocessingtrade分期付款installmentpayment保值儲(chǔ)蓄inflation-proofbanksavings抵押貸款collateralisedloans住房抵押貸款residentialmortgageloan經(jīng)濟(jì)林cashtree跟蹤審計(jì)follow-upauditing配套政策supportingpolicies廣義貨幣M2（狹義貨幣M1）中國人民銀行（中央銀行）ThePeoplesBankofChina（centralbank）四大國有商業(yè)銀行4majorstate-ownedcommercialbanks中國銀行Bankofchina中國工商銀行IndustrialandCommercialBankofChina（）and中國建設(shè)銀行ConstructionBankofChina中國農(nóng)業(yè)銀行AgriculturalBankofChina招商銀行ChinaMerchantsBank中國光大銀行EverbrightBankofChina中國民聲銀行ChinaMinshengBankingCorporationLtd.中信實(shí)業(yè)銀行CITICIndustrialBank政策性銀行statepolicy-relatedbank國家發(fā)展銀行StateDevelopmentBank中國進(jìn)出口銀行ChinaEXIMBank（香港英資）匯豐銀行HongKongandShanghaiBankingCorporation(HKSBC)金融監(jiān)管financialsupervision中國人民銀行法LawofthePeoplesBankofChina商業(yè)銀行法LawofCommercialBanks保險(xiǎn)法LawofInsurance證券法LawofSecurities巴塞爾原則BaselCorePrinciples監(jiān)管對象的行為有問題、管理機(jī)制不健全problemsofsupervisedentitiesbehaviorandtheunsoundinternalgovernancemechanism風(fēng)險(xiǎn)意識(shí)consciousnessofriskprevention事前監(jiān)管proactiveregulationandsupervision風(fēng)險(xiǎn)管理riskmanagement堅(jiān)持嚴(yán)格的貸款標(biāo)準(zhǔn)maintainstrongunderwritingstandards六大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)risksin6keyareas(U.S.FederalReservecriterion)信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)creditrisk/市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn)marketrisk/流動(dòng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)liquidityrisk操作風(fēng)險(xiǎn)operationalrisk/法律風(fēng)險(xiǎn)legalrisk/信譽(yù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)reputationalrisk風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評級riskrating到期不還貸defaultonaloan資不抵債insolvency;beinsolvent亞洲金融危機(jī)Asianfinancialcrisis(1997-98)（人行）9個(gè)跨?。▍^(qū)）分行代替31個(gè)省級分行9regionalbranches(ofPBC)replaced31provincialones投資（貸款）組合investment(loan)portfolio外匯儲(chǔ)備充足sufficientforeigne