英語(yǔ)五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu).docx

資料收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò) 如有侵權(quán)請(qǐng)聯(lián)系網(wǎng)站 刪除 謝謝 英語(yǔ)五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)英語(yǔ)中的五種基本句型結(jié)構(gòu)一、句型1：Subject (主語(yǔ))Verb (謂語(yǔ))這種句型中的動(dòng)詞大多是不及物動(dòng)詞，所謂不及物動(dòng)詞，就是這種動(dòng)詞后不可以直接接賓語(yǔ)。常見的動(dòng)詞如：work, sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。如：1) Li Ming works very hard.李明學(xué)習(xí)很努力。2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午發(fā)生的。3）Spring is coming.4) We have lived in the city for ten years.二、句型2：Subject (主語(yǔ))Link. V(系動(dòng)詞)Predicate(表語(yǔ))這種句型主要用來(lái)表示主語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)、身份等。其系動(dòng)詞一般可分為下列兩類：(1)表示狀態(tài)。這樣的詞有：be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如：1) This kind of food tastes delicious.這種食物吃起來(lái)很可口。2) He looked worried just now.剛才他看上去有些焦急。(2)表示變化。這類系動(dòng)詞有：become, turn, get, grow, go等。如：1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.春天到了，天氣變得越來(lái)越暖和。2) The tree has grown much taller than before.這棵樹比以前長(zhǎng)得高多了。三、句型3：Subject(主語(yǔ))Verb (謂語(yǔ))Object (賓語(yǔ))這種句型中的動(dòng)詞一般為及物動(dòng)詞,所謂及物動(dòng)詞，就是這種動(dòng)詞后可以直接接賓語(yǔ)，其賓語(yǔ)通常由名詞、代詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或從句等來(lái)充當(dāng)。例：1) He took his bag and left.（名詞）他拿著書包離開了。2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代詞)當(dāng)我遇到困難時(shí)，李雷總能給我?guī)椭?) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）她打算在即將到來(lái)的“五一”外出旅游。4) I dont know what I should do next. (從句)我不知道下一步該干什么。注意：英語(yǔ)中的許多動(dòng)詞既是及物動(dòng)詞，又是不及物動(dòng)詞。四、句型4：Subject(主語(yǔ))Verb(謂語(yǔ))Indirect object(間接賓語(yǔ))Direct object (直接賓語(yǔ))這種句型中，直接賓語(yǔ)為主要賓語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作是對(duì)誰(shuí)做的或?yàn)檎l(shuí)做的，在句中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名詞來(lái)充當(dāng)；間接賓語(yǔ)也被稱之為第二賓語(yǔ)，去掉之后，對(duì)整個(gè)句子的影響不大，多由指“人”的名詞或代詞承擔(dān)。引導(dǎo)這類雙賓語(yǔ)的常見動(dòng)詞有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。如：1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸給她買了一本詞典作為生日禮物。2）The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.老人經(jīng)常給孩子們講述長(zhǎng)征途中那些英雄的故事。上述句子還可以表達(dá)為：1）Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.2）The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the children in the Long March.五、句型5：Subject(主語(yǔ))Verb (動(dòng)詞)Object (賓語(yǔ))Complement(補(bǔ)語(yǔ))這種句型中的“賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”統(tǒng)稱為“復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)”。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的主要作用或者是補(bǔ)充、說明賓語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)、身份等；或者表示讓賓語(yǔ)去完成的動(dòng)作等。擔(dān)任補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的常常是名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、分詞、動(dòng)詞不定式等。如：1）You should keep the room clean and tidy.你應(yīng)該讓屋子保持干凈整潔。（形容詞）2) We made him our monitor.(名詞)我們選他當(dāng)班長(zhǎng)。3) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)他父親告訴他不要在街上玩。4）My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.(現(xiàn)在分詞)5) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.(過去分詞)常見的動(dòng)詞有: tell, ask, advise, help, want, would like, order, force, allow等。注意：動(dòng)詞have, make, let, see, hear, notice, feel, watch等后面所接的動(dòng)詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，不帶to。如：1) The boss made him do the work all day.老板讓他整天做那項(xiàng)工作。2) I heard her sing in the next room all the time last night.昨天晚上我聽見她在隔壁唱了一個(gè)晚上。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一） 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成：名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞；名詞(代詞)+形容詞；名詞(代詞)+副詞；名詞(代詞)+不定式；名詞(代詞) +介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。二） 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)：1）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，它獨(dú)立存在。2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定 式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。3）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開。舉例：The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考試結(jié)束了，我們開始放假。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.總統(tǒng)被謀殺了，舉國(guó)上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。This done, we went home.工作完成后，我們才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.會(huì)議結(jié)束后，每個(gè)人都想早點(diǎn)回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館。三）With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作獨(dú)立主格表伴隨時(shí)，既可用分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，也可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。with +名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語(yǔ)舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.= He stood there, with his hand raise.典型例題The murder was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。A. being tiedB. having tiedC. to be tiedD. tied答案D. with +名詞（代詞）+分詞+介詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)分詞表示伴隨狀況時(shí)，其主語(yǔ)常常用with來(lái)引導(dǎo)。由于本句中名詞手與分詞綁是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此用過去分詞，選D.注意:1)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)使用介詞的問題： 當(dāng)介詞是in時(shí)，其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何成分（如物主代詞或冠詞），也不用復(fù)數(shù)。但with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.( hand前不能加his)。2)當(dāng)表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，及物動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分 詞，不及物動(dòng)詞用過去分詞。He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.典型例題：Weather_, well go out for a walk.A permittedB permittingC permitsD for permitting 答案B.本題中沒有連詞，它不是復(fù)合句，也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗號(hào)，且we小寫，可知其不是兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨(dú)立主格或with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。據(jù)此判斷，本句中使用的是獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：名詞+分詞。 由于permit在這里翻譯為天氣允許，表主動(dòng)，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，故選B。 如果不會(huì)判斷獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)的形式，不妨將句子改為條件句，例如本句改為If weather permits, well go out for a walk.然后將if去掉，再將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞即可。不能“以貌取意”的常見句型例析adj. 相對(duì)的；相反的1This is the last thing I would ever want to do這是我最不愿做的一件事情?！疚觥俊皌he lastto do；the last定語(yǔ)從句”中的last的意思為“l(fā)east willing/likely”，譯為“最不愿意；最不可能”。Hes the last man I want to see他是我最不想見的人。He is the last person to tell a lie他是最不可能撒謊的人。Shes the last woman I want to sit next to at dinner她是我在宴會(huì)上最不愿與之挨著坐的女人。2One cant be too honest人越老實(shí)越好。【析】句中“cannottoo”意為“無(wú)論怎樣也不過分”或“越越好”。該句型中的not可以換成hardly，never或scarcely；too可以換成over或enough等，意思不變。You cannot be too carefulYou cannot be over carefulYou cannot be careful enough你越仔細(xì)越好。A man can never have too many friends朋友越多越好。3Its a wise man that never makes mistakes無(wú)論多么聰明的人，也難免犯錯(cuò)誤。【析】“It is a形容詞名詞that”結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)特殊的習(xí)慣用法，意思是“無(wú)論怎樣的也不”。真正的句子意思與字面意思相反，它具有含蓄的讓步意味，切不可望文生義、譯成強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。Its a long lane that has no turning無(wú)論怎樣長(zhǎng)的巷子也有轉(zhuǎn)彎處。（引申意義為：耐心等待終會(huì)時(shí)來(lái)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。）Its a good horse that never stumbles再好的馬也有失前蹄的時(shí)候。（引申意義為：金無(wú)足赤，人無(wú)完人。）4Im too anxious to know the result我極想知道結(jié)果?！疚觥坑⒄Z(yǔ)中“tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“太以致不”的意思。例如：The star is too small to see但是，如果too后形容詞表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)、心理活動(dòng)、情感態(tài)度（常見的有g(shù)lad，easy，ready，anxious，eager，willing，happy等），并與其后的不定式構(gòu)成固定搭配，這時(shí)too含有肯定意義，表示“very，extremely”的意思。They are too anxious to leave他們急于離去。MrSmith was too eager to see her史密斯先生極想見到她。5Its three years since he was a teacher他不當(dāng)教師已經(jīng)三年了?！疚觥吭凇癐t is some time since主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)其它成分?！边@一結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，那么時(shí)間的計(jì)算就從該動(dòng)作的發(fā)生開始算起。Its three years since he joined the army他參軍已經(jīng)三年了。如果從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，時(shí)間就要從該動(dòng)作的結(jié)束算起。Its many years since they lived here他們不在這兒住已經(jīng)好多年了。6All that glitters is not gold閃光的東西不一定都是金子?！疚觥吭诰渲挟?dāng)不定代詞all，both，every及every的復(fù)合詞，副詞always，often，entirely與not一起使用時(shí)，表示部分否定，意思是“并非都是”，“不是每個(gè)人都”等。I dont remember all these formulas這些公式我并非全都記得。Every man cannot do it并非每個(gè)人都能做這個(gè)。I dont entirely agree with you我并不完全同意你的看法。注意：當(dāng)all，both，every等詞和帶im-，in-，un-，dis-等表示否定意義的前綴的詞連用時(shí)，表示全部否定的意義。All your answers are incorrect你所有的答案都不正確。表示全部否定時(shí)，我們常使用no，not，nobody，nothing，never，nowhere，neither等詞。None of the teachers smoke這些老師都不抽煙。7The mountain is not valuable because it is high山并不因?yàn)楦叨哂袃r(jià)值。（山不在高）【析】含有原因狀語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句，形式上雖然否定主句的謂語(yǔ)，然而意義上則是否定該原因狀語(yǔ)，譯為“并不因?yàn)槎?。You cannot walk away just because someone tells you he doesnt want to buy你不能僅僅因?yàn)樗嬖V你不買就走開。Galileo was not ready to accept it just because Aristotle had said so伽利略并不只是因?yàn)閬喞锼苟嗟抡f過某事如何如何，就輕易相信它。8I didnt pretend to understand what he said我假裝沒懂他說的話?！疚觥砍Ｓ脛?dòng)詞pretend，happen的否定形式有兩種：既可以否定pretend，也可以否定其后的不定式，其意義不變。I didnt happen to be thereI happened not to be there我恰巧不在那兒。They didnt pretend to see me when I went byThey pretended not to see me when I went by當(dāng)我經(jīng)過的時(shí)候，他們假裝沒有看見我。9Lets have a rest under the big treeIts nice and cool here讓我們?cè)诖髽湎滦獣?huì)吧。這兒很涼快?！疚觥縩ice and，good and都表示“很，非常，完全”的意思。and前的形容詞實(shí)質(zhì)上起副詞作用，修飾后邊的形容詞，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。I am good and ready我都準(zhǔn)備好了。It is good and cold in the morning早上非常冷。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成：名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞；名詞(代詞)+形容詞；名詞(代詞)+副詞；名詞(代詞)+不定式；名詞(代詞) +介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。二）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)：1）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同，它獨(dú)立存在。2）名詞或代詞與后面的分詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞等是主謂關(guān)系。3）獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開。舉例：The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考試結(jié)束了，我們開始放假。The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.總統(tǒng)被謀殺了，舉國(guó)上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天氣允許，我們明天去看你。This done, we went home.工作完成后，我們才回家。The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.會(huì)議結(jié)束后，每個(gè)人都想早點(diǎn)回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold.他回到了房子里，耳朵凍壞了。He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夾著本厚書，走出了圖書館。三）With的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作獨(dú)立主格表伴隨時(shí)，既可用分詞的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，也可用with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。with +名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞/過去分詞/形容詞/副詞/不定式/介詞短語(yǔ)舉例: He stood there, his hand raised.= He stood there, with his hand raise.典型例題The murder was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。A. being tiedB. having tiedC. to be tiedD. tied答案D. with +名詞（代詞）+分詞+介詞短語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。當(dāng)分詞表示伴隨狀況時(shí)，其主語(yǔ)常常用with來(lái)引導(dǎo)。由于本句中名詞手與分詞綁是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，因此用過去分詞，選D.注意:1)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)使用介詞的問題：當(dāng)介詞是in時(shí)，其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何成分（如物主代詞或冠詞），也不用復(fù)數(shù)。但with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.( hand前不能加his)。2)當(dāng)表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)，及物動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分詞，不及物動(dòng)詞用過去分詞。He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.典型例題：Weather_, well go out for a walk.A permittedB permittingC permitsD for permitting答案B.本題中沒有連詞，它不是復(fù)合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗號(hào)，且we小寫，可知其不是兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。能夠這樣使用的只有獨(dú)立主格或with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。據(jù)此判斷，本句中使用的是獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，其結(jié)構(gòu)為：名詞+分詞。由于permit在這里翻譯為天氣允許，表主動(dòng)，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞，故選B。如果不會(huì)判斷獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)的形式，不妨將句子改為條件句，例如本句改為If weather permits, well go out for a walk.然后將if去掉，再將謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞改為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞即可。不能“以貌取意”的常見句型例析1This is the last thing I would ever want to do這是我最不愿做的一件事情?！疚觥俊皌he lastto do；the last定語(yǔ)從句”中的last的意思為“l(fā)east willing/likely”，譯為“最不愿意；最不可能”。 Hes the last man I want to see他是我最不想見的人。 He is the last person to tell a lie他是最不可能撒謊的人。 Shes the last woman I want to sit next to at dinner她是我在宴會(huì)上最不愿與之挨著坐的女人。2One cant be too honest人越老實(shí)越好?！疚觥烤渲小癱annottoo”意為“無(wú)論怎樣也不過分”或“越越好”。該句型中的not可以換成hardly，never或scarcely；too可以換成over或enough等，意思不變。 You cannot be too carefulYou cannot be over carefulYou cannot be careful enough你越仔細(xì)越好。 A man can never have too many friends朋友越多越好。3Its a wise man that never makes mistakes無(wú)論多么聰明的人，也難免犯錯(cuò)誤?！疚觥俊癐t is a形容詞名詞that”結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)特殊的習(xí)慣用法，意思是“無(wú)論怎樣的也不”。真正的句子意思與字面意思相反，它具有含蓄的讓步意味，切不可望文生義、譯成強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。 Its a long lane that has no turning無(wú)論怎樣長(zhǎng)的巷子也有轉(zhuǎn)彎處。（引申意義為：耐心等待終會(huì)時(shí)來(lái)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。） Its a good horse that never stumbles再好的馬也有失前蹄的時(shí)候。（引申意義為：金無(wú)足赤，人無(wú)完人。）4Im too anxious to know the result我極想知道結(jié)果?！疚觥坑⒄Z(yǔ)中“tooto”結(jié)構(gòu)表示“太以致不”的意思。例如：The star is too small to see但是，如果too后形容詞表示主語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)、心理活動(dòng)、情感態(tài)度（常見的有g(shù)lad，easy，ready，anxious，eager，willing，happy等），并與其后的不定式構(gòu)成固定搭配，這時(shí)too含有肯定意義，表示“very，extremely”的意思。 They are too anxious to leave他們急于離去。 MrSmith was too eager to see her史密斯先生極想見到她。5Its three years since he was a teacher他不當(dāng)教師已經(jīng)三年了?！疚觥吭凇癐t is some time since主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)其它成分?！边@一結(jié)構(gòu)中，如果從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，那么時(shí)間的計(jì)算就從該動(dòng)作的發(fā)生開始算起。 Its three years since he joined the army他參軍已經(jīng)三年了。如果從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，時(shí)間就要從該動(dòng)作的結(jié)束算起。 Its many years since they lived here他們不在這兒住已經(jīng)好多年了。6All that glitters is not gold閃光的東西不一定都是金子。【析】在句中當(dāng)不定代詞all，both，every及every的復(fù)合詞，副詞always，often，entirely與not一起使用時(shí)，表示部分否定，意思是“并非都是”，“不是每個(gè)人都”等。 I dont remember all