高級(jí)英語Lesson 2 (Book 2) Marrakech 課件PPT.ppt

LessonTwo MarrakechbyGeorgeOrwell I BackgroundKnowledge 1 GeorgeOrwell GeorgeOrwell Britishnovelistandessayistbetweenthetwoworldwarshttp etext library adelaide edu au o orwell georgeSeenotes1onpage25 GeorgeOrwellwasthepseudonymofEricArthurBlair 1903 50 anEnglishwriterwhoatonetimeservedwiththeIndianImperialPoliceinBurma HefoughtintheSpanishCivilWar anexperienceherecordedinHomagetoCatalonia HisnovelsincludeDownandOutinParisandLondon describingaperiodofpovertyinthesecities BurmeseDays ComingupforAir AClergyman sDaughter KeeptheAspidistraFlying AnimalFarm and1984 Thelasttwonovelsvilify 誹謗 中傷 socialistsocietyandcommunism Amonghiswellknownessaysare ShootinganElephant AHanging Marrakech andPoliticsandtheEnglishLanguage GeorgeOrwell OrwellisbestrememberedtodayfortwoofhisnovelsAnimalFarmandNineteenEighty Four Hisbook AnimalFarm AnimalFarm 1945 apoliticalfableEachanimalrepresentsacertainhumancharacter meanttocriticizeStalin ssocialism AshortnovelthatcriticizestheSovietUnion oneofEngland salliesinWorldWarII Itisanentertainingstoryaboutanimalsor onadeeperlevel asavageattackonthemisuseofpoliticalpower NineteenEighty Four 1949 AnEnglishnovelaboutlifeinadictatorshipaslivedbyWinstonSmith anintellectualworkerattheMinistryofTruth andhisdegradationwhenherunsafoulofthetotalitarian 極權(quán)主義的 governmentofOceania 大洋洲 thestateinwhichhelivesintheyearthathepresumesis1984 GeorgeOrwell themasterofasuperb lucid 清晰的 prosestyle anuncompromisingindividualistandpoliticalidealistfamousforhispoliticalsatiresOrwellarguedthatwritershaveanobligationoffightingsocialinjustice oppression andthepoweroftotalitarian 極權(quán)主義的 regimes Featuresofhisworks Inreadinghisworks severalaspectsdrawourattention 1 Hisworksshowsharppowersofobservationanddeepsympathyforsufferingpeople 2 Hisworksgiveadeepsenseofconvictionandurgency 3 TheuseofEnglishisclear simpleanddirect withnoformalityofembellishment 潤(rùn)色 addition decoration Hesaidhisidealwastowriteproselikeawindowpane asclearasglass HisLife Heismushpraisedinthewestpartlybecauseofhisanti communistpointofview HewasborninIndia father asocalledempire builder servingtheBritishgovernmentabroad HisLife HereceivedgoodeducationinBritainandstudiedinthemostfamousschool Eden HisLife Marrakechisoneoftheplaceshetravelledto Histravelmadehimtakeahostileattitudetowardimperialism Heshoweddeepsympathyforthepoorandbecameafirmsupporterofsocialism ImperialismThepolicyofextendingacountry sinfluenceoverlesspowerfulstates OxfordWorldEncyclopedia 1998 Colonialism asituationinwhichonecountryrulesanother 麥克米蘭英語詞典 HisLife HejoinedSpanishWar Hewasseriouslywounded TheSpanishsocialistforcesdividedintofaction Thefactionhebelongedtowaspersecuted Sohebecamesopessimisticanddepressed whichledhimtowardanti communistattitude 2 Morocco 摩洛哥 摩納哥地中海沿岸近法 意邊界的獨(dú)立公國(guó) 面積 約1 9平方千米 人口 約31 800 2001 居民大多是法國(guó)人 有少數(shù)意大利人 只有不到15 的居民為摩納哥后裔 語言 法語 官方語言 宗教 天主教 貨幣 法郎 AsmallprincipalitylocatedinthesouthofFranceinthehillsabovetheMediterraneanSea NationalflagofMorocco 2 Morocco a LocatedinNorthAfrica ontheMediterraneanSeaandtheAtlanticOceanb About2000B C settledbyBerbertribes theninvadedbyArabsinthe7thcentury bringingwiththemIslam c In1912 aFranco SpanishagreementdividedMoroccointo4administrativezones FrenchMorocco Spanishprotectorate 保護(hù)國(guó) asouthernprotectorateandaninternationalzone d Gainedindependencein1956andbecameaconstitutionalmonarchy 君主國(guó) in1957 MoroccoisamemberoftheUnitedNations theLeagueofArabStates andtheOrganizationofAfricanUnity e People mostMuslims Most 70 Moroccansarefarmers usingcamels donkeysandmulestopullplows tryingtotrytogrowtheirownfood IntheSouthafewtribesmenstillwanderfromplacetoplaceinthedesert f Islam thestatereligiong Arabic theofficiallanguage FrenchandSpanishalsospoken Marrakech 馬拉喀什 Marrakech Marrakesh 馬拉喀什 Location AtthecenterofwestMorocco attheNorthernfootofthehighAtlas 130milessouthofCasablanca thechiefseaport ItistheprincipalcommercialcenterofMorocco Ithasextremelyhotsummersbutmildwinters Renownedforleathergoods theoldcityislikealabyrinth 迷宮 fullofcrooked deadenedstreets Marrakech Marrakechisnotonlyafantasticcity itisalsoasymboloftheMoroccothatoncewas andwhichstillsurviveshere Thestreetsoftheoldandpinkcityhavebeentoonarrowtoallowtheintroductionofcars andtouristssearchingforthe real MoroccohaveturnedthemedievalstructuresofMarrakechintogoodbusiness Themarket1 Themarket2 Exposition Expositionisperhapsthetypeofwritingthatismostfrequentlyusedbyastudent ascientist oraprofessional Exposition expounding 詳述 explaining Exposition Anexpositorypaperexplainsorexploressomething suchastheprocessofmakingamachine thecausesofanaturalorsocialphenomenon theplanningofaproject orthesolutionofaproblem Thepurposeorintentionofthewriterofexposition informativewriting istoinformorexplain Description dealswithappearancesandfeelings Narration dealswitheventsandexperience Exposition dealswithprocessesandrelationships Exposition Thingscanbeexplainedby Definition Listing Examples Classification Comparisonandcontrast Analysis analogy identification Definition Thekeytoadefinitionisconcreteness Onehastogiveconcretefactstomakeadefinitioneffective Listing Wemusthaveenoughnumberofitemstobelisted Then ifpossible arrangetheitemsinthegradedorderofincreasingimportance Examples It sthesimplest themostcommon bestmethod Classification Wehavetofollowasystemconsistently Thecategoriesofdivisionshouldbemutuallyexclusive Thereshouldbenooverlapping 相互重疊的 Oneitemcanbelongtoonecategoryandonlyone Comparisonandcontrast Welikeonethingtoanotherbypointingouttheirsimilarities comparison Weemphasizethedifferencebetweenthetwo contrast Analysis Wemaydiscussthecauseandeffectofahistoricalevent itsnatureanditssignificanceinhistory Exposition Thewriterappealstoareader sunderstandingwithverifiablefactsandvalidinformation explainingandinterpretingthatmaterialssothatthereaderwillaccepthispointofvieworexplanation Thushemustorganizeanddevelophisthoughtobjectivelyandpresentitwithhonestyandcompletenesssothatthereaderwillhaveconfidenceinwhatheissaying Twopoints a Generally thewritermakesastatementofthecentralthoughtorofhispurposequiteearly Thisstatementissometimescalledthe thesis andmayevenbethetitleofthepiece b Sometimesthewritermayfirstpresentanddevelophisfactsandmakehisgeneralstatementasaconclusionattheend Discussion1 Orwellusedtosaythatthethingsofvaluearealwayspolitical Isthisessaypolitical Why 2 Whatandwhereisthecentralthoughtorthesisexpressed 3 Howdoestheauthorachievethethesis objectively 4 Howdoestheauthordevelophisessay 5 HowdoesOrwellshowhisoutrageatthemiseryofthenativepeoplesuccessfully 6 Howisthetexttobedivided 1 Orwellusedtosaythatthethingsofvaluearealwayspolitical Isthisessaypolitical Why AllofOrwell sworksareconcernedwiththesociopoliticalconditionsofhistime andMarrakechisnoexception InthisessayOrwelldenounces 譴責(zé) theevilsofcolonialismorimperialism Hemercilesslyexposesthepoverty miseryanddegradation 退化 墮落 ofthenativepeopleinthecolonies Thesepeoplearenotconsiderednoraretheytreatedashumanbeings Thecrueltreatmentthedonkeyreceivesevokesagreaterfeelingofsympathyinthebreastsofthewhitemastersthanthemiserablefateofthebrownhumanbeings 2 Whatandwhereisthecentralthoughtorthesisexpressed Orwelldenounces 譴責(zé) theevilsofcolonialismorimperialismbymercilesslyexposingthepoverty miseryanddegradationofthenativepeopleinthecolonies ThiscentralthoughtorthesisisstatedbyOrwellinthemiddleofparagraph3 allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthisfact 3 Howdoestheauthorachievethethesis objectively Orwellshowspoverty miseryanddegradation 退化 墮落 ofthenativepeopleinthecoloniesbydescribing a theburialofthepoorinhabitantsb AnArabNavvybeggingforbreadc ThemiserablelivesoftheJewsd Cultivationofthepoorsoile Theoldwomencarryingfirewoodf nativepeople srespectforthecolonizers humblenessanddegradation 4 Howdoestheauthordevelophisessay Thisthesisissupportedbyvariousindependentexamplesorillustrationsofthepeople spovertyandsuffering Specific general specific comments 5 HowdoesOrwellshowhisoutrageatthemiseryofthenativepeoplesuccessfully OrwelldescribesobjectivelythesufferingandmiseryofthecolonialpeopleinMarrakech yethemanagestoshowthatheisoutragedatthespectacleofmisery a throughthecleverchoiceofthesceneshedescribes b throughthetoneinwhichhedescribesthesescenes c throughtheappropriateuseofwords d bycontrastingtheindignationatthecruelhandlingofthedonkeywiththeunconcerntowardsthefateofthehumanbeings 6 Howisthetexttobedivided 1 Para 1 3 theburialofthepoorinhabitants2 Para 4 7 anArabNavvybeggingforbread3 Para 8 15 themiserablelivesoftheJews4 Para 16 18 cultivationofthepoorsoil5 Para19 21 theoldwomencarryingfirewood6 Para22 26 degradation humblenessofthenativepeople Deatialedstudyofthetext Paragraph1 Whatdoyouthinkoftheauthor schoiceofthesceneandthewordsinPara 1 Whatcanwelearn Theauthor schoiceofadramaticsceneandthesimplewordsimpliesmuchmorethanwhatappearsonthesurface Wecanseepovertyoftheplaceandunsanitaryconditionofthecity1 dirty2 poor Paragraph1 inacloud alargenumberofsmallthingsmovingthroughtheairasamass 一團(tuán)e g acloudoflocusts insects那些汽車在滾滾塵埃中啟動(dòng)了 Thecarssetoffinacloudofdust Paragraph2 WhatcanwelearnbyreadingPara 2 HowdeadpeopleareburiedinMarrakech Avividpictureofthepovertyoftheplace Howdoestheauthorpresentthepicture Throughafewstrokesofhismaster pen mournerswailingachant corpseswrappedinapieceofrag carriedonaroughwoodenbier friendshackingashallowhole dumpingthebodyinit flingingsomedried upearthoverit nogravestone Thefactshowsthehumanlifehasnovalueatall Paragraph2 HowdoyouthinkoftheuseofsomewordsinPara 2 Theuseofwordslike theflies apieceofrag roughwoodenbier repeatsforcefullythethemeofPara 1 Theuseofwordslike hack dump fling nogravestone noname noidentifyingmark indicatestheunceremoniouswayinwhichafuneraliscarriedout InapoorcountrylikeMorocco lifeischeap Para 2 Theburying groundismerelyahugewasteofhummockyearth likeaderelictbuilding lot Theburying groundisnothingmorethanahugepieceofwastelandfullofmoundsofearthlookinglikeadesertedandabandonedpieceoflandonwhichabuildingwasgoingtobeputup Crowd Itsuggests1 thelackoforder2 peoplearenotterriblyconcernedaboutthefuneral allmenandboys nowomen AccordingtoMuslimlaw Muslimsmustrespectwomen andforthisreasongirlsandwomenusedtobekeptinthehouse wheretheycouldbesafe Whentheywentout theyworetheveilstocovertheirfaces Butthislawhasbecomeakindofexcusetodiscriminateagainstwomen Paragraph3 WhatisthethemeofPara 3 Heexposestheevilsofimperialism Allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthisfact Alltheimperialistsbuilduptheirempiresbytreatingthepeopleinthecolonieslikeanimals bynottreatingthepeopleinthecoloniesashumanbeings Itisthecolonialempiresthatmakethepeoplesopoor Empiresarebuiltupbytreatingthepeopleinthecolonieslikeanimals Thisthesisisgoingtobesupportedbymoreillustrationsandexamples Howdoestheauthorachievehispurpose Inacoolobjectivemannerinsteadofapreachy 說教的 andpropagandisticstyle Neverthelessthereadercanseehisoutrageatthemiseryandsuffering Paragraph3 Howcanyouseehiscoolmanneranduncontrollableoutrage Wecanseetheformerfromthestatementshemakesandthelatterfromastringofrhetoricalquestionsandbothfromhisuseofwords theragstheystandupin theragswhichtheyarewearingastheystandthere Undifferentiated Youcan tdifferentiateonebrownstufffromanother becausetheylookjustthesame Iftheydohaveindividuality itisirrecognizable justlikeinsects likebees Theyriseout ofthegraveyardTheyareborn Thenforafewyearstheywork toilandstarve Finallytheydieandareburiedingraveswithoutaname breakyourway forceyourwayorpickyourway becauseofthedensegrowthofthepricklypear Para 3 pricklypear akindofcactuscoveredwithprickleshavingapear shapedfruit 仙人掌果 Whenoutforawalkpickingyourwaythroughthepricklypear youmightfindthatthegroundisbumpy Yourealizethatyouarewalkingoverskeletons Youknowtheyaregravesonlybecausethebumpsappearinanevenpattern Paragraph3 WhatisthetenseusedinthisPara Whatdoesitmean Thesituationdescribedstillexists Para 5 mintsauce anEnglishspecialitymadeofacombinationofchoppedmintleaves vinegar andwater It straditionallyservedwithroastlamb Assoonasyoulookatthehindlegsofthegazelles youwillthinkofthedeliciousmintsaucethatyouwouldwanttodipitinwheneatingit Paragraph7 Whatcanyoulearnfromtheemployee ssituation Orwhatistheauthor sintentionbehindthesentence Thismanisanemployeeofthemunicipality Thepovertyofthepeople Evenanemployedlaborergoesstarving soyoucanimagineforyourselftheplightofthepoorerpeople stow toput hideawayinsafeplaceIfyoustowsth somewhere youputitneatlyawayinaplacewhereitcanbekeptuntilitisneeded storestowaway hide stow Westowedalltheboxesintheattic Potatoesmustbestowedinacooldarkplace Myjewelleryissafelystowedawayinthebank Hisbaggagewassafelystowedawayintheplane Paragraphs8 15 WhatisthemainideaofPara 8 15 TheplightoftheJews anoppressedminorityinacolonialcountry Theirfatecouldbeworsethanthatofthenatives Howdoestheauthorrealizehisidea BydescribingJews crowdedandunsanitarylivingcircumstances badworkingconditions frenziedrushandclamorforacigarette andthenatives hostileattitudetotheJews Para 8 Quartersapartment room house residentialareaforparticularkindofpeoplethedoctor squartersservantsquartersofficers quarterssleepingquartersconfinedtoquarters Para 8 ghettoesorghettos Aghettoisapartofatownorcityinwhichmanypoorpeopleormanypeopleofaparticularrace religion ornationalityliveinisolationfromthemajoritygroupinthetownorcity OrwellusesghettoshereinthetraditionalsenseofaportionofacitypopulatedalmostexclusivelybyJews Aghettoalsoimpliesthatthepeopleinitarerestrictedonlytothatareaandarenotpermittedtoliveelsewhere sore eyed Eyesareinfectedfrom1 malnutrition2 lackofmedicalcare3 unhygieniccondition Para 9 Infest oftenfollowedby with orusedincombination Wheninsects ratsorotheranimalsinfestaplant area theyspreadinalargenumbersandcoverthearea usuallycausingdamage overrun swarm pack crowd teem flood fill bethickwithThebackyardwasinfestedwithrats watersinfestedwithsharks Infest usedwithsomenounstomakeadjectivesmeaningfullofsomethingharmfulorunpleasant arat infestedhouseacrime infestedcityshark infestedwatersfly infested fullofflies Paragraph9 Acarpentersitscross leggedataprehistoriclathe turningchair legsatlightningspeed Sittingwithhislegscrossedandusingaveryold fashionedlathe acarpenterquicklygivesaroundshapetothechair legsheismaking warp bend curve ortwistoutofshapeThehotsunwarpedtheboards Somegramophonerecordswarpinveryhotweather Para 9 thanksto outofshapeBecauseofsittinginafixedpositionovertheyearsandbecauseofusinghisleftfoottocontrolthechiselwhileturningchair legs hisleftleghasbecomedeformed Para 10 frenzied adj fullofuncontrolledexcitementWillthispushhimtoofarandleadtoafrenziedattack 瘋狂攻擊 Shewasclimbingnowwithasortoffrenziedhaste 她這時(shí)帶著一股瘋狂勁頭快速向上攀登 afrenziedmobofoverathousandbeggars 狂亂暴徒 makefrenziedefforts 拼命掙扎 self contained selfsufficientAself containedcommunityisoneinwhichallornearlyalltheneedsofthecommunityaremetfromwithin Thereislittleneedtogooutsideformaterialorculturaldesires TheJewishghettosareself containednotonlybypreferencebutalsobynecessity sinceJewsmayhavebeenunwelcomeoutside self contained 1a completeinitself INDEPENDENTb BUILT IN2a showingself controlb formalandreservedinmanner Paragraph11 It sagoodjob colloquialBrE It sagoodthing AmE Itisafortunatestateofaffairs itisfortunate Itisagoodjob thingithappenedhereratherthanontheopenroad AgoodjobHitlerwasn there ItwasluckyfortheJewsthatHitlerhadnotcometothisplace Ifhehad theJewswouldhavebeenexterminatedastheywereinPolandandotherEuropeancountries That sonlyforshow TheJewonlypretendstoworkasapoorlabourer show n sthfalseorsuperficial pretenceHispublicexpressionsofgriefarenothingbutshow 他公開表示悲痛只不過是做做樣子而已 他的自我批評(píng)不是擺樣子的 Hisself criticismwasnotmadeforshow asquaremeal adecentsubstantialmeal punishmentsforbeingawitch HangingwasthemostpopularinAmerica InEurope mostpeopleaccusedofwitchcraftwereburnedatthestake Therewereseveraloddpunishments suchasbeingpressedtodeath havinglargestonesplacedonthechesttowithdrawaconfession peopleweretiedupandthrownintolakes iftheyfloatedtheywereawitch iftheydidn ttheywereinnocent butdrownedanyway theyweretorturedwithhotirons mainlytothebottomsofthefeet theywerestretched hungupsidedown stuckwithneedles andshovedinironmaidens Witcheswereeventorturedintheirdeaths notaffordedaquickandsanitarydemise themajorityofwitcheswereburntatthestake thoughagreatmanywerestrangledorgarrotedbeforeburning Thistorturousdeath inBritain wasusedonlyforwomenwhocommittedoneofthetwomostunforgivableacts treasonorwitchcraft InhisSalemWitchcraft W F PooleestimatesthedeathtollofwitchesinEuropeduringthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturiesisabout200 000 Thewitchhuntsweresorampant MontagueSummersreportsinhisGeographyofWitchcraft Intheyear1586thedioceseofTrierwassoscouredandpurgedofsorcerersandwitchesthatintwovillagesonlytwowomenwereleftalive Witchcraft Orwellisprobablyreferringtomanyoccasionsinthe1600 sinbothEnglandandAmericawheninnocentwomenweretriedandoftenburnedorotherwisepunishedforwitchcraft Bytheverynatureofthechargeitwasimpossiblefortheaccusedtodefendherself justasitwasfortheJews AndliketheJews witchesservedasscapegoatsfortheillsofsocietythatcouldn tbeexplained SuchtrialsreachedtheirpeakinAmericaatSalem Massachusetts Injustthesameway asquaremeal Jewswerenowbeingcondemnedbyprejudiceandignoranceassomepooroldwomenwhocouldnotevengetthemselvesadecentmealwerecondemnedandburnedforwitchcraft Paragraphs16 18 WhatisdescribedinPara16 18 ThehardworkingbutinvisiblepeopleanddifficultcultivationofthepoorsoilWhattonedoestheauthoruseinPara16and17 Bitterandironic Insteadofopenlyblamingthewhitecolonialistswhodonotpaytheleastattentiontothepeoplewhosufferfrompovertyandhungerandmisery hepretendsthattheyhaveasoundreasontoignoresuchpeoplewhosimplycannotbeseenbecausetheyareofthecolorofearth Inahotcountry Youdon tevenseethelabourerploughingthefield SouthofGibralter allcountriesorareainNorthAfricaEastofSuez themiddle eastAsiancountrieschancesare itislikelythat inallprobability probably大概是 很可能是Chancesareshe salreadyheardthenews 可能她已經(jīng)知道這消息了 很可能她要來 Thechancesarethatshe llbecoming Inatropicallandscapeone seyetakesineverythingexceptthehumanbeingsIfyoutakealookatthenaturalsceneryinatropicalregion youseeeverythingbutthehu