大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試寫作講座(一)、(二)、(三).doc

大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試寫作講座（一）、（二）、（三）1. 四六級(jí)考試寫作簡(jiǎn)介：基本要求：大學(xué)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱中對(duì)于大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)寫作的要求是：考試時(shí)間為30分鐘，分值均為總分的15；四級(jí)考試要求在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)寫出120150詞（不包括所給出的句子）的短文，文章切題，文理通順，意思連貫，無(wú)重大語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)寫作的要求只在字?jǐn)?shù)上比四級(jí)略有增加，即要求150180詞，其他方面與四級(jí)要求相同。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)作文題采用總體評(píng)分的方法，閱卷人員就文章總體印象給出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分，而不是按語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)目扣分?？偟恼f(shuō)來(lái)是就其內(nèi)容及語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力兩個(gè)方面對(duì)文章進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判，內(nèi)容方面要考慮作文是否切題，是否根據(jù)不同的提示充分展開，能否借助英語(yǔ)清楚、確切而完整的表達(dá)思想；語(yǔ)言方面要考慮詞匯、句法及修辭等方面應(yīng)用英語(yǔ)的能力，以及用詞造句是否準(zhǔn)確而又符合英語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣，是否有由語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤造成的理解上的障礙。同時(shí)，大綱明確規(guī)定“應(yīng)避免趨中傾向，該給高分的給高分，包括滿分；該給低分的給低分，包括零分。一名閱卷人員的全部作文試卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾種分?jǐn)?shù)?！痹u(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：滿分為15分，共分五個(gè)等級(jí)：2分、5分、8分、11分、14分。若認(rèn)為某篇文章接近某分?jǐn)?shù)段，則以此分?jǐn)?shù)段為基準(zhǔn)，可根據(jù)優(yōu)劣加減一分，不得加減半分。注意，若規(guī)定三段的作文只寫一段者給04分，只寫兩段者給09分。具體如下：0分白卷；作文與題目毫不相干；只有幾個(gè)孤立的詞而無(wú)法表達(dá)思想。2分條理不清，思路紊亂，語(yǔ)言支離破碎或大部分句子均有錯(cuò)誤，而且多為嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。5分基本切題。表達(dá)思想不清楚，連貫性差。有較多的嚴(yán)重語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。8分基本切題。有些地方表達(dá)思想不夠清楚，文字勉強(qiáng)連貫；語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤相當(dāng)多，其中有一些是嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤。11分切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，但有少量語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤。14分切題。表達(dá)思想清楚，文字通順，連貫性好?；旧蠠o(wú)語(yǔ)言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)。此外，到目前為止還未曾有因字?jǐn)?shù)過(guò)多而扣分的例子，因?yàn)樗牧?jí)寫作時(shí)間有限，考生不能寫太長(zhǎng)的作文。但字?jǐn)?shù)不足應(yīng)酌情扣分（如題目中給出主題句、起始句、結(jié)束句、均不得計(jì)入所寫字?jǐn)?shù)），具體字?jǐn)?shù)與扣分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)如下：累計(jì)字?jǐn)?shù)四級(jí)11011910010990998089707969六級(jí)14014913013912012911011910010999扣分123579四六級(jí)寫作的題材和體裁：1. 題材：工作學(xué)習(xí)方面（2001.6 A Letter to a Schoolmate）、人生觀方面(1997.6 My View on Job-Hopping)、交通方面(1993.1 Motorcycles and City Traffic)、科技方面(1994.1 We Need to Broaden Our Knowledge)、社會(huì)方面(2000.1 How I Finance My College Education?)、文化及風(fēng)俗方面(1999.1 Dont Hesitate to say No)、諺語(yǔ)方面(1997.1 Haste Makes Waste)體裁：提綱作文 79；提示作文（英文題目及中文提示）5；圖表、圖畫作文10；四六級(jí)寫作技巧：作文跑題是寫作的大忌，我們建議大家在動(dòng)筆前花三五分鐘認(rèn)真審題并列一個(gè)提綱，將思路理清。請(qǐng)參考“六問審題法”：1）什么文體？ 2）寫作對(duì)象是誰(shuí)？ 3）寫作中心是什么？4）寫作重點(diǎn)是什么？ 5）采用什么寫作角度？ 6）有無(wú)其他要求？作文題目是：Harmfulness of Fake Commodities 提示：（1）目前社會(huì)上有不少假冒商品（fake commodities）。為什么會(huì)有這種現(xiàn)象？（2）舉例說(shuō)明假冒偽劣商品對(duì)消費(fèi)者個(gè)人和社會(huì)等的危害。分析如下：1）文體說(shuō)明文；2）寫作對(duì)象假冒商品；3）寫作中心假冒商品存在的原因及其危害；4）寫作重點(diǎn)剖析假冒商品的屬性；5）寫作角度以第三人稱（假冒商品）；6） 其他要求時(shí)間30分鐘，字?jǐn)?shù)120以上。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試寫作部分要求考生在30分鐘內(nèi)寫出分別不少于120和150字的短文，大多數(shù)考生能在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)完成，但很多作文質(zhì)量偏差，最突出的問題之一就是作文結(jié)構(gòu)散亂，缺乏條理。因此了解四六級(jí)寫作的基本模式很重要。四六級(jí)寫作大都是“三段式”作文大約10句話就能滿足字?jǐn)?shù)要求。其結(jié)構(gòu)基本如下：1.立論式:u 開篇：第一段(兩句)句子一：寫出文章所要圍繞的大致話題句子二：確立文章主題u 論述：第二段(七句)句子三：引出作者持有此觀點(diǎn)的理由句子四：理由1句子五：支持理由1的細(xì)節(jié)1句子六：支持理由1的細(xì)節(jié)2句子七：理由2句子八：支持理由2的細(xì)節(jié)1句子九：支持理由2的細(xì)節(jié)2u 總結(jié)：第三段（一句）句子十：總結(jié)句與文章主題相呼應(yīng)(1) My View on 題型:公說(shuō)公有理，婆說(shuō)婆有理，許多話題永遠(yuǎn)爭(zhēng)論不休。四六級(jí)寫作考得最多的就是這種題型。例如：1.失敗是常有的事，2. 人們對(duì)失敗有各種不同的態(tài)度，3. 我對(duì)失敗的態(tài)度。套路1：Different people have different views on It is held that But it is also held that Those who hold the first opinion In contrast, those who hold the second view As to me, I agree with the latter opinion. Admittedly, but this is not to say that 套路2：Peoples views/ ideas/ opinions on vary from person to person. Some people think that They hold this opinion because However, others hold that As to me, I am in favor of the first/ second idea. The following are the reasons for my choice/ personal inclination.First, while it is true that it doesnt mean that Besides, Admittedly, but this is not to say that Therefore/ In a word/ All in all, 套路3：When asked about a theme, different people will offer different opinions is no exception. Some people take it for granted/ think /believe that However, others hold that As far as I am concerned, Im in favor of the second view. The reasons are as follows. First, there is an element truth that Therefore, the first view doesnt hold water/ cannot bear much analysis /cannot stand up to close examination.In conclusion (2) How to 題型:四六級(jí)考試考過(guò)“怎樣才能實(shí)現(xiàn)綠化”、“我是如何克服英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中所遇到的困難的”、“我怎么為我理想的職業(yè)做準(zhǔn)備”等等，這樣的立論式作文可以遵循以下的套路：Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following ones may be most effective. First of all, Besides, /Another way to solve the problem of is Finally, These are not the best and the only three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take strong actions to (3) Why 題型:四六級(jí)寫作考原因的也比較多，例如，“為什么自行車在中國(guó)這樣普及”、“我參加CET6考試的理由”等等。要說(shuō)明原因，可用如下兩種套路：套路1： There are many reasons/ causes for , but in general, they come down to three major ones. For one thing, For another, Perhaps the prime reason / cause is that In one word, 套路2：There are many factors that may account for / contribute to/ responsible for the reason why , but the following are the most typicall ones.First, Besides / Furthermore/ Moreover/ In addition/ Whats more, Most important of all/ Above all, All in all/ In conclusion, 附：例文1My View on Donating BloodPeoples views on donating blood vary from person to person. Some people think that it is glorious to donate blood. They hold this view because those who are in urgent need of blood can be saved. But others hold that it is foolish for people to donate blood. In their opinion, blood is very precious and losing 200ml or more may do harm to their health.As to me, I agree with the first opinion. The reasons of my choice are as follows. First, while it is true that loss of too much blood is dangerous to ones health, it doesnt mean that donating a little blood is also harmful. On the contrary, doctors say that donating a little blood can promote metabolism. Second, there are many people who need our help. If my little blood can pull back somebody on the way to death, will there be anything that can make me even happier?Therefore, donating blood is glorious.例文2How to Solve the Problem of Heavy TrafficWith the booming of the motor industry, there are an increasing number of vehicles on the roads. As a result, traffic jams often occur.Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following ones may be most effective. First of all, roads should be broadened to lower the degree of congestion and to speed up the flow of heavy traffic. Another way to solve the problem of heavy traffic is to open up more bus routes to reduce bicycles and automobiles. Finally, more underground passages should be developed so that people can commute by metro.These are not the best and the only three ways we can take. But it should be noted that if the government takes some actions to alleviate the traffic problem, all of us can enjoy more free traffic.例文3Why Are There So Many Rural Laborers in Shanghai?Nowadays, rural laborers flood in Shanghai. Men usually make a living by decorating houses for city-dwellers. Women usually work in the restaurant, washing bowls and plates. Some of them also work in state-run factories, undertaking the work city-dwellers are unwilling to do. There are many reasons for this social phenomenon, but in general, they come down to three major ones.For one thing, perhaps they are short of money and want to earn some money in Shanghai to cope with their difficulties. For another, they find it easier to make a living in Shanghai than in the countryside. Perhaps the prime reason is that they admire the urban life and want to live in Shanghai permanently.From the above, the rural population is getting bigger and bigger in Shanghai and it has caused serious social problems. Therefore, the government should take effective measures to restrict the rural population in Shanghai.大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試寫作講座（二）四六級(jí)考試寫作技巧：正式寫作 英語(yǔ)作文中的“起、承、轉(zhuǎn)、合”：在漢語(yǔ)文章中又起承轉(zhuǎn)合的過(guò)程，其實(shí)英語(yǔ)文章也有類似結(jié)構(gòu)。不論是命題作文，還是圖表信息轉(zhuǎn)換，還是規(guī)定情境作文，用起承轉(zhuǎn)合展開寫作是一個(gè)容易成功的辦法。“起”就是開端，文章中常指開頭段，有中心句；“承”就是承接，承接上文并加以申述，常指展開部分的討論；“轉(zhuǎn)”就是轉(zhuǎn)折，從另一方面立論，遇到需轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)常用表示“可是”、“然而”的連接詞；“合”就是結(jié)尾，給出結(jié)論，結(jié)束全文，文章中指結(jié)尾段。有時(shí)文章中可能會(huì)沒有“轉(zhuǎn)”，但“合”總是有的。Dont Hesitate to Say “No”(起)Saying “No” to others is often quite necessary and natural.(承)When we are asked to help but are unable to, we may say “No” with explanations of reasons for our refusal. (轉(zhuǎn))But some people are reluctant to say “No” when they should because they do not want either to make others disappointed or unhappy or to let others know of their limited ability. However, they do not realize that not to say “No” when they should will not only cause delay in others business but also cause others to think sooner or later that they are distrustful persons. (合)Therefore, dont hesitate to say “No”.這是個(gè)有起承轉(zhuǎn)合結(jié)構(gòu)的段落，以主題句“起”，緊接著是“承”，從表示轉(zhuǎn)折意義的連接詞“but” 那句開始“轉(zhuǎn)”，最后以“therefore”示意為 “合”。英語(yǔ)文章中的起承轉(zhuǎn)合可用連接詞來(lái)加強(qiáng)聯(lián)系。在自己的短文中恰當(dāng)?shù)氖褂?，?huì)使文章讀起來(lái)邏輯連貫，意義清晰。“起”：at first / at present / first of all / firstly / generally speaking / a proverb says / on the whole / it is clear that / currently / lately / many people often ask this question / in general “承”：for example / for instance / for this purpose / at the same time / in addition / indeed / no doubt / in fact / obviously / meanwhile / of course / also / moreover / besides / we must recognize that / similarly / “轉(zhuǎn)”：but / to our surprise / unfortunately / fortunately however / on the other hand / but it is a pity that / nevertheless / in other words / on the contrary / in the same way / anyway / after all / other may find this to be true, but I “合”：as a result / as I have said / at last / finally / in brief / in short / on the whole / therefore / to sum up / accordingly / above all / consequently / eventually / all in all / in a word / in conclusion / as has been noted 如何開篇：1 引言部分要引出主題，確立論點(diǎn)。2正文部分是分析問題。每一個(gè)正文段落一般包括主題句和展開句。主題句一般放在句首，寫成簡(jiǎn)單句，句子盡量清楚、簡(jiǎn)潔；展開句須圍繞主題句展開闡述，可用列舉法列出相關(guān)事實(shí)和理由，或用舉例法進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明。寫展開句時(shí)要注意使用銜接詞和短語(yǔ)，必要時(shí)可在最后一句總結(jié)全段的主要內(nèi)容。（1） 主題句主題句的好壞直接關(guān)系到段落是否成功。因此主題句必須寫得完整、清晰、具體。首先，主題句必須能夠完整的表達(dá)主題思想，并且必須是一個(gè)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)完整的句子，不能只是只言片語(yǔ)。有的同學(xué)容易將提示機(jī)械地翻譯成短語(yǔ)，將其放在段落之首。例：Choosing Career1 社會(huì)上可選擇的職業(yè)很多2 選擇職業(yè)應(yīng)持的態(tài)度3 我理想的職業(yè)這是一篇提綱式的命題作文，第一段的提示性的語(yǔ)句可直接翻譯成句子We can choose among many professions in our society. 第二段和第三段只是提示性的短語(yǔ)，切不可在段首只寫上 attitude towards choosing career 和 my ideal career, 而應(yīng)將其發(fā)展成完整的語(yǔ)句 It is important to be sensible about the choice. 和 The career I like best is 其次，主題句要清楚，不能讓讀者感到模棱兩可。例：To play a sport, one needs to know something about it. (unclear)To play a sport requires good health. (clear)To play a sport requires fair rules. (clear)To play a sport, one needs to develop his good temper. (clear)最后，主題句要具體，不可過(guò)窄或過(guò)寬。它所包含的內(nèi)容太寬，會(huì)使主題顯得含糊不清，以致很難在一個(gè)段落之中把主題說(shuō)清楚。如果包含的內(nèi)容過(guò)窄，又使得段落無(wú)法展開。例：Television plays an important role in our life. (broad)Television presents The Spring Festival Get-together Party in front of us. (narrow)Television brings us a vivid world. (medium)Television can play an educational role in our daily life. (medium)換言之，主題句應(yīng)是可擴(kuò)展句，它既要具有概括性，又要有具體的、標(biāo)明主題導(dǎo)向的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)。例：People like using computers very much.此句只是單純的陳述，缺乏概括性，可修改為：People make use of computers in a lot of ways. 其中 in a lot of ways 是該主題句的關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)。再如：Computers are very useful.該句缺乏具體的導(dǎo)向，因此可修改為：Computers are useful in many respects. 或 Computers have a lot of uses.其中useful in many respects 和a lot of uses 是關(guān)鍵詞語(yǔ)。大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試寫作采用最多的文體是說(shuō)明文與議論文，下面是寫這兩種文章時(shí)的常用開篇句型：（1） When it comes to , some people think that . Others think that the opposite is true. There is probably some truth in both arguments but （2） When asked about , the majority of people say that , but others regard as （3） There is a general discussion about . Those who criticize argue that . They believe that . But people who advocate , on the other hand, argue that （4） Now, it is commonly believed that . They claim that . But I wonder whether （5） With the general recognition , more and more people believe that .（6） In recent few years, there is a sharp increase in the number （7） Recently there is a general attitude that （8） One of the great writers once said that , now most of us agree with it.（9） People used to think that . In the past . But things are quite different.（10） According to a recent record, it can be learned that （2） 展開句寫好主題句和關(guān)鍵詞之后，下一步就是選擇能支持關(guān)鍵詞的有關(guān)素材，圍繞主題句來(lái)展開段落。展開句時(shí)主題句的延伸，起著輔助主題句、推展段落中心的作用。在寫作時(shí)，既要注意把思想表達(dá)清楚，敘述翔實(shí)，又要注意簡(jiǎn)明扼要、重點(diǎn)突出。每一個(gè)展開句都應(yīng)該是對(duì)主題句中體現(xiàn)主要思想的關(guān)鍵詞的明確的說(shuō)明。要想寫好展開句，一個(gè)常用的方法就是在句子展開之前加以設(shè)問，然后解答。例：Topic sentence: English is an international language設(shè)問（why）: Why can we say English is an international language?解答（because）:because English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world.because over 70 percent of the worlds mail is written in English.because more than 60 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English.下面是擴(kuò)展文章主體時(shí)常用的句型：（1） The answer to this problem involves many complex factors. For one thing, . Still another .（2） My reason may be expressed as follows.（3） The opinion may be supported by data .（4） There is no better illustration of the point than the example of （5） Although it is commonly held that , it is unlikely to be true that （6） Good as this is, it has its own disadvantages. For one thing, . For another, （7） There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that （8） Some people suggest that . But what these people fail to understand is that .(3) 結(jié)尾句結(jié)尾部分應(yīng)與首段相呼應(yīng)，但要換個(gè)句型或方法來(lái)表達(dá)，避免與首段簡(jiǎn)單重復(fù)。有的考生因時(shí)間有限或感到無(wú)話可說(shuō)便不寫結(jié)尾，這是完全錯(cuò)誤的。文章的結(jié)尾給人的印象深刻的程度僅次于開頭，為了使文章結(jié)構(gòu)完整，必須寫結(jié)尾，為了給文章增色，還要寫好結(jié)尾。好的結(jié)尾能取得畫龍點(diǎn)睛的效果，而不好的結(jié)尾卻會(huì)給人狗尾續(xù)貂的感覺。四六級(jí)作文常見的結(jié)尾句型：1） 總結(jié)式 From what has been discussed above, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that . In conclusion, I would like to say that is a question that deserves special attention from the public. Therefore, we can draw the following conclusions 2) 展望式 Obviously, if we cant change the situation, there is every chance that will be put in danger. It is high time that . Here are a few examples of some of the things that might be done immediately. Anyway, whether it does us good or harm, it is certain that it will undoubtedly . If we want to achieve our success, we can learn from the words of Bacon .2. 對(duì)比式開篇: 第一段: (兩句)句子一：寫出文章所要圍繞的大致話題;句子二：寫出兩種不同觀點(diǎn)。論述：第二段：（三句）句子三：寫出正方觀點(diǎn)的理由；句子四：支持正方理由的細(xì)節(jié)1句子五：支持正方理由的細(xì)節(jié)2第三段：（三句）句子六：寫出反方觀點(diǎn)的理由；句子七：支持反方理由的細(xì)節(jié)1句子八：支持反方理由的細(xì)節(jié)2總結(jié)：第四段：（兩句）句子九：明確作者的觀點(diǎn)；句子十：總結(jié)句語(yǔ)氣中一觀點(diǎn)相呼應(yīng)，強(qiáng)化主題。（1） Advantages and Disadvantages of 題型事物總是一分為二的。四六級(jí)寫作題目中有許多涉及某一事物的正反兩方面。例如：“運(yùn)動(dòng)的積極因素與消極因素”、“摩托車的優(yōu)點(diǎn)與缺點(diǎn)”等。凡涉及到利弊的題目時(shí)可用以下的套路：Nowadays, play(s) an important part/role in (is /are popular around us). Like everything else, has /have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.First,. Besides, . Most important of all, But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with, . To make matters worse/worst of all, Through above analysis, I believe that the advantages/positive aspects outweigh the disadvantages/negative ones. Therefore, (2) A or B 題型人生面臨著許多抉擇，這在四六級(jí)寫作題目中也反映了出來(lái)。如：“始終從事一種工作還是經(jīng)常更換工作”、“有選擇的讀書還是博覽群書”。碰到這種“兩者選一”的題目，可運(yùn)用下列套路：套路1：When we/you , we/you will be faced with the choice between A and B. before making the right choice, we/you had better make a close comparison and contrast of them.First of all, A . Also, b . Second, A . Likewise, B . Despite their similarities. A and B are also different in the following aspects. First, A . However , B . Besides, A . On the contrary, B Therefore, it depends which we / you should choose. If we/you , we/you should choose A; but if we/you , we / you should turn to B.套路二：When we , it is inevitable to meet the choice between A and B. We would be regarded as inconsiderate if we rushed our decision without comparing or contrasting them.First / First of all / To begin with, both A and B A . However, B . Besides / Moreover / In addition / whats more, A . However/In contrast/On the contrary/On the other hand, Finally, the most striking difference is that A while B . Therefore, it is not difficult to make a right choice now. if we we will choose A; but if we we will turn to B. In a word, the key lies in 例文： On ComputerNowadays, computers are very popular around us. Like everything else, computers have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages and be listed as follows.First, computers can calculate. They can make work more efficient for they have a high speed of calculation. Besides, people can communicate with each other by E-mail, which costs people less money and less time. Most important of all, computers create wide communication around the world. People can communicate with each other by joining internet. They can make friends all over the world.But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. T begin with, since computers can do a lot of work for us, such as calculation, we may rely too much on them and become lazier and lazier. To make matters worse, although it is convenient for people to communicate with each other by E-mail, the original warm relationship may become cold, for people will have fewer opportunities to talk to each other face to face. Worst of all, computers will have virus caused by electronic hackers so that a lot of important information will be lost.Through above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects outweigh the negative aspects. Therefore, I believe, computers will have a bright future.Traveling by Train or by PlaneWhen we go on a business trip, we will be faced with the choice between traveling by train and by plane. Before making the right choice, we had better make a close comparison and contrast of them.First of all, a train will take us to our target railway station. Also, a plane will take us to the target airport. Second, in a train we can enjoy the beautiful scenery of the countryside. Likewise, in a plane we can command a good view of fields, buildings, mountains and even clouds below. Despite their similarities, traveling by train and by plane are also different in the following aspects. First, a train ticket is cheap. Most of us can afford it. However, a plane ticket is about twice as expensive as a train ticket. Most of us train gets into some trouble, we may survive by jumping out of it. On the contrary, if we travel by plane, we have to ask God to bless us. Finally, it takes us longer time to travel by train than by plane.Therefore, it depends which transportation tool we should choose. If we just want to save money, we will travel by train; but if we want to save time, we will turn to the