★自考國(guó)際商務(wù)英語課后中譯英.doc

Lesson 1 1.國(guó)際貿(mào)易一般指不同國(guó)家的當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行的交易，它涉及到許多因素，因而比國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復(fù)雜得多。International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries, it involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.2隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的發(fā)展，很少人和公司能完全獨(dú)立于國(guó)際商務(wù)之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知識(shí)是十分必要的，這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展又有益于個(gè)人的進(jìn)步。With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away form international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.3.其他參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易的形式有管理合同、承包生產(chǎn)和“交鑰匙”工程。Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing and turnkey project.4.國(guó)際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn)，即在一國(guó)生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進(jìn)口到另一國(guó)進(jìn)行消費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.5.除了國(guó)際貿(mào)易和投資，國(guó)際許可和特許經(jīng)營(yíng)有時(shí)也是進(jìn)入國(guó)外市場(chǎng)的一種方式。Besides trade and investment, licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market.Lesson 2 1、國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值和國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國(guó)收入的兩個(gè)重要概念。區(qū)別在于前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是生產(chǎn)要素的所屬權(quán)而后者著重于進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的國(guó)家。GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a countrys total income. The difference between GND and GDP is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place.2、要估評(píng)某一市場(chǎng)的潛力，人們往往要分析其收入水平，因?yàn)樗鼮槟抢锞用竦馁?gòu)買力高低提供了線索。In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents.3、世界各國(guó)被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域：高收入國(guó)家，中等收入國(guó)家和低收入國(guó)家。Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-income, middle-income and low-income economies.4、中國(guó)現(xiàn)在的年人均收入為1100美元以上，但幾年前它還是個(gè)低收入國(guó)家。China with a per capita income of over $1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low income country just a few years ago.5、就中國(guó)來說，周圍還有其他應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的市場(chǎng)，如亞洲四小虎、東盟國(guó)家、俄羅斯等國(guó)，這些國(guó)家都具有前景看好的市場(chǎng)潛力，能為中國(guó)提供很好的商機(jī)。So far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, India, and a bit farther away Australia.Lesson 3 1. 過去的幾十年，地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化越來越重要。The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integration.2. 最著名的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)是北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，它是由美國(guó)、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。The most notable free trade area is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), it was formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991.3. 經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟的成員國(guó)不僅要在稅收、政府開支、企業(yè)策略等方面保持一致，而且還應(yīng)使用同一的貨幣。The members of an Economic Union are required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc., but also use the same currency.4. 歐洲委員會(huì)是歐盟的管理機(jī)構(gòu)之一，此機(jī)構(gòu)將提議呈交給部長(zhǎng)理事會(huì)做決定，并監(jiān)督各成員國(guó)根據(jù)所制定的條約履行自已的義務(wù)。European Commission is one of the administration institutions of European Union, it hands over the proposes to the council of Ministers for decision and oversees member countries to implement their obligations according to the enacting clauses. 5. APEC建立于在澳大利亞首都堪培拉召開的一次部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議上。當(dāng)時(shí)有12位成員國(guó)出席，分別為澳大利亞、美國(guó)、加拿大、日本、朝鮮、新西蘭和東盟六國(guó)。APEC was set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in the Australian capital Canberra attended by 12 members of Australia, the United States, Canada, Japan, Republic of Korea, New Zealand and six ASEAN countries.Lesson 4 1. 經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供了新的動(dòng)力和機(jī)會(huì)，同時(shí)也使各經(jīng)濟(jì)體更加相互依賴、相互影響。Economic globalization is giving new impetus and providing opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive.2. 跨國(guó)公司是在一個(gè)以上國(guó)家擁有、控制和經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)的商業(yè)組織。Multinational enterprise is a business organization which owns, controls and manages assets in more than one country.3. 許多人歡呼經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化帶來的好處，但同進(jìn)也有強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì)聲音。While many people are acclaiming the benefits brought about by economic globalization, there are also loud voices of opposition.4. 跨國(guó)公司的內(nèi)部交換占整個(gè)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的一個(gè)很大的比例。Intra-MNE transactions constitute a very significant proportion of total international trade.5. 盡管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨國(guó)企業(yè)的子公司，但重要決策，如有關(guān)公司目標(biāo)和新投資等都由母公司來決定。Although the day-to-day running of corporate operations maybe decentralized to the affiliates, the major decisions, such as those on corporate goal, new investments and their location, are made by the parent company.6. 無論人們是否喜歡，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化已成為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的一個(gè)客觀趨勢(shì)。Like it or not, economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development.Lesson 5 1. 在復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)世界中，沒有一個(gè)國(guó)家可以完全自給自足。In the complex economic world, no country can be completely self-sufficient.2. 隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了另一個(gè)刺激貿(mào)易的因素，即國(guó)際專業(yè)化。With the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, i.e. international specialization.3. 按照比較利益學(xué)說，兩個(gè)貿(mào)易伙伴均可從貿(mào)易中得到好處。According to the theory of comparative advantage, both countries can gain from trade.4. 比較利益并不是一個(gè)靜止的概念，一個(gè)國(guó)家可以通過自已的行動(dòng)發(fā)展某種特定的比較利益。Comparative advantage is not a static concept. A country may develop a particular comparative advantage purely through its own actions.5. 比較利益理論已成為現(xiàn)代國(guó)際貿(mào)易思想的基石。The theory of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade.Lesson 6 1. 一件商品的成本會(huì)因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大而減少。The cost will decrease if the goods are produced on a large scale.2. 在實(shí)際中，即使完全的專業(yè)化在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有利，也可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)發(fā)生。In reality, however, complete specialization may never occur even when it is economically advantageous.3. 配額或者說數(shù)量限制是最常見的非關(guān)稅壁壘。Quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers.4. 有形貿(mào)易指貨物的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易，而無形貿(mào)易涉及的是國(guó)家間勞務(wù)交換。Visible trade involves import and export of goods while invisible trade involves the exchange of services between countries.5. 國(guó)家從事的貿(mào)易種類是多樣的、復(fù)雜的，往往是有形貿(mào)易和無形貿(mào)易的混合。The kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.Lesson 7 1. 包裝需按運(yùn)輸?shù)囊筮M(jìn)行，在大多數(shù)情況下，賣方明確知道把貨物安全地運(yùn)到目的地所需要的包裝。Packing should be made according to the requirement of transportation, In most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transporting the goods safely to destination, 2. 在許多情況下，應(yīng)通知買方在賣方將貨物啟運(yùn)之時(shí)或之前安排驗(yàn)貨。除非合同另有規(guī)定，否則買方必須支付為其自身利益而安排的驗(yàn)貨費(fèi)用。In many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of goods at or before the time of shipment.Unless otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake. 3. 進(jìn)口商可以通過可轉(zhuǎn)讓的運(yùn)輸單據(jù)將貨物在運(yùn)輸途中賣給新的買方，這類可轉(zhuǎn)讓單據(jù)用起來非常方便。The importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by means of negotiable for shipping documents which are very convenient for use.4. 在所有條款中，買賣雙方各自的義務(wù)排列在10項(xiàng)標(biāo)題下。Under all terms, the respective obligations of the parties have been grouped under 10 headings.5. 2000年對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則的修改考慮了無關(guān)稅區(qū)的發(fā)展，商務(wù)活動(dòng)中電子通訊使用的增加，以及運(yùn)輸方式的變化。The 2000 revision of Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communication, and the changes in transport practices.Lesson 8 1. 合同依法實(shí)施，未能履行合同義務(wù)的一方可能受到起訴，并被強(qiáng)制做出賠償。 Contract is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2. 口頭業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商指的是面對(duì)面的直接談判或通過國(guó)際長(zhǎng)途電話進(jìn)行的商談。Oral negotiation refers to direct discussions or business discussions through international trunk calls.3. 買方發(fā)出的詢盤是為了獲得擬定購(gòu)商品的有關(guān)信息，它對(duì)發(fā)出詢盤的人無約束力。Enquiries which made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered is made without engagement on the part of the enquirer.4. 有效期對(duì)于確盤是必不可少的。在規(guī)定的時(shí)間之前，或在被對(duì)方接受或拒絕之前確盤一直是有效的。The validity period is indispensable to a firm offer. An offer is considered open until after a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected.5. 還盤是對(duì)發(fā)盤的拒絕，一旦作出還盤，原報(bào)盤即失效而失去約束力。It is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer is made.Lesson 9 1. 對(duì)銷貿(mào)易一般是與有關(guān)國(guó)家的政策目標(biāo)相互聯(lián)系的，如應(yīng)對(duì)匯短缺和擴(kuò)大出口之類的問題。Counter trade is often associated with policy objectives of relevant economies like dealing with foreign exchange shortages and promotion of exports.2. 實(shí)質(zhì)上，反向貿(mào)易指的是各種貨物和服務(wù)的直接交換。Actually, counter trade refers to direct exchange of various goods and services.3. 回購(gòu)貿(mào)易和互購(gòu)貿(mào)易之間另一個(gè)重要的區(qū)別在于回購(gòu)貿(mào)易一般比互購(gòu)貿(mào)易要延續(xù)更長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。Another important difference between counter purchase and buyback is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than a counter purchase deal.4. 在正常的市場(chǎng)交易中，由于使用貨幣及市場(chǎng)手段，貨物的買與賣是分別進(jìn)行的。In normal market transactions Buying and selling of goods are unbundled, Because of the use of money and the market.5. 盡管有很多好處，反向貿(mào)易可能是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大的事。Though there are many advantages, counter trade can be very risky business.6. 在其他貿(mào)易方式中還有加工貿(mào)易、寄售、租賃貿(mào)易、代理等。Among other modes of trade are processing trade, consignment, leasing trade, agency etc.Lesson 10 1. 在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口雙方都面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)榭偞嬖趯?duì)方不履約的可能。In international trade, both the exporter and the importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may not fulfill the contract.2為處理國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的不同形勢(shì)，各種支付方法便發(fā)展了起來。 Various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade.3許多國(guó)際交易是通過匯票支付的，匯票是對(duì)銀行或顧客的支付命令。 A lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an conditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone.4即期付款交單要求進(jìn)口商立即付款以取得單據(jù)。 D/P at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents.5就出口商而言，即期付款交單比遠(yuǎn)期付款交單有利，付款交單比承兌交單有利。 So far as the exporters interest is concerned, D/P at sight is more favourable than D/P after sight, and D/P is more favourable than D/A.Lesson 11 1. 在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中幾乎不可能使付款和實(shí)際交貨同時(shí)進(jìn)行。In international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with physical delivery of the goods.2. 信用證付款方式對(duì)買賣雙方都提供保障。Payment by means of letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer.3. 現(xiàn)代信用證在19世紀(jì)后半葉開始采用，第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后得到了實(shí)質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。Modern credits were introduced in the second half of the 19th century and had substantial development after the First World War.4. 要么因?yàn)樾庞米C金額過大，要么因?yàn)閷?duì)開證行不完全信任，出口商有時(shí)可能需要保兌的信用證。Sometimes the exporter may require a confirmed letter of credit either because the credit mount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank.5. 信用證的形式、長(zhǎng)短、語言和規(guī)定各不相同。Letters of credit are varied in form, length, language, and stipulations.Lesson 12 * 1. 信用證按其作用、形式和機(jī)制分作不同的種類。Letters of credit are classified into different types according to their function, form, and mechanism.Letters of credit fall under several categories depending on their function, form and mechanism.2. 光票信用證主要用于非貿(mào)易結(jié)算，而在商品貿(mào)易中一般使用跟單信用證付款。Clean letters of credit are mainly used in non-trade sentiment,while documentary credits are generally used in Commodity trade.Clean credit is generally used in non-trade settlement or in payment in advance by means of the L/C.3. 在即期信用證情況下，提示匯票和正確無誤的單據(jù)后便立即付款。In the case of sight credits, payment can be made a promptly upon presentation of draft and impeccable, shipping documents.Under a sight credit, payment is made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable documents.4. 遠(yuǎn)期信用證顯然要使用遠(yuǎn)期匯票。付款期限可為30天、60天甚至可長(zhǎng)達(dá)180天。A usance credit obviously calls for a time draft, and the usance varies from 30, 60,to as long as 180 days.A sight credit calls for a sight draft. The usance varies from 30, 60, 90 days to as long as 180 days.5. 如果信用證可以由原受益人轉(zhuǎn)讓給另一個(gè)或幾個(gè)人，那么這種信用證即為可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。原受益人稱作第一受益人，接受轉(zhuǎn)讓的人稱作第二受益人。A letter of credit,is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficial to one or more parties.The original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary, and the party the credits is transferred to is called the second beneficiary.If a credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties, it is a transferable credit. The original beneficiary is called the first beneficiary and the party the credit is transferred to is called the second beneficiary.6. 對(duì)于一筆具體交易來說，信用證不一定是最理想的付款方式。締約雙方應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況作出最好的選擇。The letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make their best choice according to the specific conditions.Lesson 13 * 1. 在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中使用正確的單據(jù)很重要，否則進(jìn)口商提貨時(shí)會(huì)遇到困難。Its very important to use correct documents in international trade, otherwise the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods.The use of correct documents is very important in international trade, or the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods.2 商業(yè)發(fā)票，一般稱“發(fā)票”，這種單據(jù)對(duì)貨物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量以及單價(jià)和總價(jià)進(jìn)行概括性描述。The commercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes general description of the quality, quantity, unit price, and total value of the goods. The commercial invoice is generally called “the invoice”, this document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price.3 貨物在運(yùn)輸過程中可能發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失，需要辦理貨物保險(xiǎn)。 It is necessary to insure the goods against the possible risks they are exposed to in the course of transportation.4 已裝船提單表明貨明已實(shí)際裝上開往目的港的承運(yùn)船只。 An on board bill of lading indicates that the shipment has been actually loaded on the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination.5 清潔提單指貨物在表面狀況良好的情況下裝船，這意味著提單上未加任何有關(guān)包裝或貨物外表不良的批注。 A clean bill of lading is one which states that the goods have been shipped in apparent good order and condition, which means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks about the packing and the outer appearance of the goods. Lesson 14 1毫無疑問，一個(gè)沒有先進(jìn)的運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的社會(huì)仍然是一個(gè)原始落后的社會(huì)。 There is no doubt that a society without an advanced transportation system remains primitive.2這些方式在運(yùn)作特點(diǎn)和性能方面不同，從而使它們各有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣勢(shì)。五種運(yùn)輸方式分別是：水路、鐵路、公路、管道及航空。 The modes differ in terms of operation characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages and disadvantages. The five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipeline and air.3過去10年，公司自己提供運(yùn)輸能力的傾向越來越大。 The past decade has seen an increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportation capability.4作為一個(gè)社會(huì)，我們現(xiàn)在的生活比完全自給自足時(shí)要富裕，更消閑。 As a society, we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than we would be in a totally self-sufficient community.5最近幾年運(yùn)輸能引人注目的另一個(gè)因素就是越來越多的使用零庫(kù)存系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)是以公司保持很少數(shù)量的生產(chǎn)投入的生產(chǎn)方式為基礎(chǔ)的。 Another factor that has thrust transportation into the limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of just-in-time inventory systems, on the basis of a production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs.Lesson 15 (1) 保險(xiǎn)是一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)制。通過保險(xiǎn)個(gè)人或企業(yè)可以將生活中一些不確定因素轉(zhuǎn)移給其他人。 Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the individual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others. ?6 d3 z; o8 ; Z% E(2) 即使是在這種情況下，大多數(shù)公司寧可付已知的費(fèi)用即保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)來轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而不愿面對(duì)不確定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失。 P. 4 S3 a, g- Y; iEven under these circumstances, most of the firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss.3 J2 y! f7 d7 N. x(3) 對(duì)企業(yè)來說損失的價(jià)值要比個(gè)人高很多。因此保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用也比一棟房子或一輛車高出許多。In the case of business enterprises, the values exposed to loss are usually much higher and the premium charged is substantially higher than that for a house or a car.! LC: Z, A8 A! f% o# _2 t# S(4) 企業(yè)投保的主要刺激是他們可能騰出資金，進(jìn)行其他項(xiàng)目的投資。$ D& S & h, B( o/ D. 8 yThe main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds for investment in the production of other items.8 q1 M, . 6 |- N, ?: R; e3 Dp(5) 因此，貨物保險(xiǎn)是一種目的在于把風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從進(jìn)口商和出口商的肩上轉(zhuǎn)移到專門承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)人一方的活動(dòng)。Therefore, cargo insurance is an activity aiming at moving the burden of risk from the exporters and importers to the underwriters.Lesson 16 (1)沒有可保利益的保險(xiǎn)合同是無效的。而任何根據(jù)這類合同提出的索賠都不會(huì)被受理。 Aninsurancecontractwithoutaninsurableinteresttosupportitisinvalidandanyclaimmadeuponitwillnotbeentertained. (2)盡管錯(cuò)誤的陳述是無意的，但保險(xiǎn)人還是受到欺騙。從而保險(xiǎn)合同無效。 Eventhoughthemis-statementisunintentional,theunderwriterwillstillbedeceivedandthepolicyvoidable. (3)將受損失人的利益恢復(fù)到損害發(fā)生前的狀況的合同就是保險(xiǎn)合同。 Acontractofinsuranceisonewhichrestoresapersonwhohassufferedalossintothesamepositionashewasinbeforethelossoccurred. (4)賠償金額一般包括發(fā)票金額加上運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用及保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)再加上一個(gè)商定的百分比，如10%。 Thecompensationpayablegenerallyincludestheinvoicedcostplusfreight,theinsurancepremium,andanagreedpercentage,say10%. (5)如果投保的險(xiǎn)別不是造成損失的直接原因，保險(xiǎn)公司不予賠償。 Theinsurancecompanywillnotentertaintheclaimiftheriskcoveredisnottheproximatecauseoftheloss.Lesson 17 1. 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)以前，金本位制建立了固定匯率制，每個(gè)國(guó)家通過將本國(guó)貨幣與黃金掛鉤來確定其貨幣的平價(jià)。 Before the First World War, the gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system as each country pegged the value of its