英文版國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)2-7答案.doc

國際貿(mào)易實(shí)務(wù)(英文版) International Trade Practice周瑞琪 王小歐 徐月芳 編著Chapter twoIV. Short questions1. Who pays for loading for shipment under FOB?答：Seller.2. Who pays for unloading under CIF?答：Buyer.3. Compare and contrast FOB, CFR and CIF?答：Similarities: a. Sellers risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods passthe ships rail. b. Seller is responsible for export customs formalities while buyer is responsible for import customs formalities. c. Buyer is responsible for unloading the goods at the port of destination. d. All three terms can only be used for waterway transportation. Differences: a. FOB requires the buyer to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CFR requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation; CIF requires the seller to arrange and pay for the ocean transportation and insurance against the buyers risk.4. What are the two types of trade terms concerning the transfer of risks?答：Shipment contract terms vs. arrival contract terms. Under shipment contract termssellers risk will be transferred to the buyer before the goods depart from the place/port of shipment. Under arrival contract terms seller will bear the risk of the goods until the goods arrive the destination.5. What are the differences and similarities between CPT and CFR?答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b.Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT sellers risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the firstcarrier nominated by seller. Under CFR sellers risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ships rail.6. What are the differences and similarities between CIP and CIF?答：Major similarities: a. seller should contract and pay for the major carriage. b.Seller is not taking the risk of loss or damage to the goods during the transportation. c. Seller must obtain insurance against buyers risk. Difference: a. CPT is applicable to any kind of transportation mode while CFR is only used for waterway transport. b. Under CPT sellers risk will be transferred to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier nominated by seller. Under CFR sellers risk will be transferred when the goods pass over the ships rail.7. If you trade with an American, is the sales contract subject to Incoterms without any doubt? What should you do?答：No. The Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941 is still in use,especially among the North American area. It has different interpretation about some trade terms. The traders should clarify the choice of rules before any further discussion.8. What are the most commonly used trade terms?答：FOB,CFR & CIF.9. Who is responsible for carrying out customs formalities for exports under an FOB contract?答：Seller. According to Incoterms 2000, except EXW and DDP these two terms, allthe other eleven terms require the seller to handle the export customs formalities, while buyer the import customs formalities.10. If a Chinese trader signs a FOB Hamburg contract, is he exporting or importing? 答：Importing. FOB should be used with a “named port of shipment”, if Hamburg isthe port of shipment, from the Chinese traders perspective, he is importing.VCase Studies1. An FOB contract stipulated, The shipment will be effected in March 2008. If thevessel fails to arrive at the port of shipment on time, the seller agrees to set aside the goods for additional 27 days, and the buyer will bear all costs of delay. it turned out that under the sellers repeated requests, the vessel named by the buyer finally arrived at the port of shipment on May 1. As a result, the seller refused to make the shipment.(1) Was the seller entitled to compensation for the warehouse rent, insurance andinterest due to the delay?(2) If the seller had sold the goods to a third party on April 25, should the buyerpay for the delay?(3) If the seller had sold the goods to a third party on May 1 with a better price,was he entitled to any compensation?析： a案例中提到“shipment will be effected in March 2008”,這種確定裝運(yùn)時(shí)間的方式允許在整個(gè)3月份期間的任何時(shí)間進(jìn)行裝運(yùn)。也即是說，裝運(yùn)的最后期限為08年3月31日。b文中提到的“additional 27 days”,根據(jù)合同賣方同意在買方船期延誤的情況下為其將貨物保留到4月27日。（1）答案：Yes。答題切入點(diǎn)：a FOB術(shù)語關(guān)于雙方費(fèi)用劃分的規(guī)定；b 合同本身的條款規(guī)定。（2）答案：No。答題切入點(diǎn)：合同本身的條款規(guī)定。（3）這題與第一題相比，不同的一點(diǎn)在于“with a better price”。解答時(shí)應(yīng)對這一點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析：在賣方賣出貨物獲得更高利潤的情況下，他是否還應(yīng)獲得相關(guān)賠償？答案：Yes。答題切入點(diǎn)：合同本身的條款規(guī)定。2. A contract to sell grain used a CFR term. The grain was officially certified asGrade One at the time of being delivered on board at the port of shipment. After making the shipment, the seller gave the buyer timely notice. However, due to the long voyage, some grain went bad. At the destination, the grain could only be sold as Grade 3. Consequently, the buyer claimed compensation for the damage. Should the seller pay?析：a 貨物在裝運(yùn)港已經(jīng)“officially certified as Grade One”，這就說明貨物的質(zhì)量是合格的，而且是經(jīng)官方確認(rèn)的。b 文中提到“due to long voyage”這說明貨物變質(zhì)的原因是由于運(yùn)輸時(shí)間長。答案：No。答題切入點(diǎn)：a 貨物變質(zhì)的原因；b CFR術(shù)語下風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的情況。3. Under a CIF contract, the goods had been loaded on board the vessel according tothe terms of the contract. Then the vessel departed. An hour later, the vessel struck a rock and sunk. The next day the sellers bank presented the shipping documents, insurance policy and invoices to the buyer, and demanded payment.(1) Should the buyer pay?(2) Which party would have to take the loss?析：本題的關(guān)鍵疑問在于買方明知貨物已全部損失，不可能再收到貨物，是否還應(yīng)支付貨款。這是考察對“symbolic delivery”這個(gè)概念的理解。在CIF術(shù)語下，賣方交貨時(shí)買方并沒有真正收到貨物，賣方的交貨是通過貨交承運(yùn)人并獲得相關(guān)單據(jù)（尤其是物權(quán)憑證）來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。而相應(yīng)的，買方必須接受交貨，也就是買方必須接受賣方提供的相應(yīng)單據(jù)并履行相關(guān)支付的義務(wù)。（1）答案：Yes.答題切入點(diǎn)：a 賣方履行其義務(wù)的情況；b CIF術(shù)語對雙方交貨、領(lǐng)受貨物的規(guī)定；c 解釋“symbolic delivery”在這里的應(yīng)用。（2）答案： Buyer。答題切入點(diǎn)：CIF術(shù)語下風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移的情況。由于本章主要討論貿(mào)易術(shù)語的應(yīng)用，關(guān)注的主要是買、賣雙方。如果答案是保險(xiǎn)公司，則要求說明損失的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)首先是由買方承擔(dān)的，在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)屬于保險(xiǎn)公司承保范圍內(nèi)的情況下，保險(xiǎn)公司會(huì)對買方進(jìn)行部分或全部的賠償。4. A Shanghai company signed a CIF contract to sell Christmas goods to a Britishcompany. The $1 million contract stipulated, The seller guarantees that the goods arrive at the port of destination by December 1, 2008. If the carriage is late, the buyer can cancel the purchase, and get the refund for the payment. So the shipment was made. Unfortunately, due to mechanical problems, the vessel arrived at the destination a few hours late. The buyer refused to accept the goods. As a result, the goods had to be sold on the spot, and the seller lost $700,000.(1) Was the arrival date clause consistent with CIF term under Incoterms2000?(2) What trade term is proper for the obligation concerning arrival time?析：賣方受損的原因是貨物達(dá)到目的港的時(shí)間晚于合同規(guī)定的時(shí)間，因此買 方拒收貨物。從表面上看，似乎問題就是出在賣方違約上，但如果仔細(xì)分析就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)， 該合同本身的內(nèi)容就存在自相矛盾的問題。合同用的是CIF術(shù)語，賣方在貨過船舷時(shí)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就轉(zhuǎn)移。賣方既不承擔(dān)運(yùn)輸途中的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，也不保證貨物是否能抵達(dá)目的港。CIF合同本質(zhì)上是一個(gè)“shipment contract”。但加上一條保證到岸時(shí)間的條款后，合同的性質(zhì)發(fā)生了變化：它變成了一個(gè)“arrival contract”。也就是說，在貨物按時(shí)抵達(dá)目的港之前的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)都由賣方承擔(dān)，否則賣方就是違約。（1）答案：No.答題切入點(diǎn)：a CIF術(shù)語對雙方風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及義務(wù)的劃分，點(diǎn)出“shipment contract”這一概念；b 解釋“arrival date” clause對合同性質(zhì)的改變。（2）答案： DES。答題切入點(diǎn)：對比兩個(gè)術(shù)語在義務(wù)、費(fèi)用劃分上的相似程度。5. A Chinese company finalized a transaction with a German company under CIF price and L/C payment. Both sales contract and L/C received stipulated that transshipment was not allowed. The Chinese company made the shipment on a direct vessel within the validity period of the L/C and negotiated the payment with a direct Bill of Lading successfully. After departing from the Chinese port, in order to take another shipment, the shipping company unloaded the goods from the original vessel and reloaded them onto another one. Due to the delay and the poor condition of the second vessel, the goods arrived 2 months later than the expected time. The German company suffered and claimed compensation from the Chinese company with the reason that the Chinese side cheated them with a direct B/L. The Chinese company believed that since they signed the contract under a “到岸價(jià)格” and they booked the shipping company, they would be responsible for what happened. As a result the Chinese side compensated. Comment on this case.案例要點(diǎn)解析：a 賣方按照合同規(guī)定履行了各項(xiàng)義務(wù)，造成貨物到港延誤的原因是船公司擅自改變運(yùn)輸安排，賣方對此并不知情。 b 賣方把CIF理解成“到岸價(jià)格”存在錯(cuò)誤，混淆了承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與承擔(dān)費(fèi)用的區(qū)別。如果把CIF理解成“到岸價(jià)格”，那么CIF就變成了一個(gè)到岸合同術(shù)語（arrival contract term）了，而實(shí)際上它應(yīng)該是個(gè)裝運(yùn)合同術(shù)語(shipment contract term)。c 因此，賣方在此情況下不應(yīng)進(jìn)行賠償，而是應(yīng)該協(xié)助買方向船方進(jìn)行索賠。Chapter threeVCase Studies1. BB Company signed a contract to export clothing. Its export costs totaled RMB800,000, and export revenue totaled USD100,000. If the exchange rate was USD 1 = RMB8.2, Calculate:1) Its export cost for foreign exchange;A: Export cost for foreign exchange= Export cost in CNY / Ex port revenue in Foreign curry= 800,000 / 100,000 = 82) Its export profit/loss rate.A: The Export cost for foreign exchange is less than the exchange rate (88.2), so this transaction is profitable.Export profit margin= (foreign exchange rate export cost for foreign exchange) / export cost forforeign exchange x 100%= (8.2- 8) / 8 x 100% = 2.5%2. The price quoted by a Shanghai exporter was USD1200 per M/T CFR Liverpool. The buyer requested a revised FOB price including 2% commission. The freight for Shanghai-Liverpool was USD200 per M/T. To keep the export revenue constant, what would be FOBC2% price?A: FOB = CFR F = USD1200 - USD200 = USD1000FOBC2 = FOB / (1- C%) = USD1000 / (1- 2%) = USD1020.4The FOBC2% price for this transaction is USD1020.4 per M/T.3. AC Company offered to sell goods at USD100 per case CIF New York. The importer requested a revised quote for CFRC5%. The premium rate for insurance was 1.05% and mark-up for insurance was 10%. To get the same export revenue, what would be ACs new offer?A: CFR = CIF x ( 1- U x R) = USD100 x (1-110% x 1.05%) = USD98.845CRFC5 = CFR / (1- C%) = USD98.845 / (1-5%) = USD104.047ACs new offer would be “USD 104.047 per case CFRC5% New York”.4. DD Company offered to sell goods at USD2000 per M/T CIF Toronto with all risks and war risk for 110% of the value. The importer requested a revised quote for FOB Guangzhou. The freight for Guangzhou-Toronto was USD50 per M/T, and the premium rates for all risks and war risk were 1% and 0.2% respectively. To get the same export revenue, what FOB price should the exporter offer?A: I = CIF x U x R = USD2000 x 110% x (1% + 0.2%) = USD26.4FOB = CIF F I = 2000 50 26.4 = USD1923.6The exporters new offer should be “USD1923.6 per M/T FOB Guangzhou”.5. The price quoted by an exporter was USD450 per case FOB Shanghai. The importer requested a revised quote for CIF Auckland. If the freight was USD50 per case, 110% of the value was to be insured, and the premium rate for insurance was 0.8%, what would be the new price?A: CFR = FOB + F = 450 + 50 = USD500CIF = CFR/(1- U x R) = 500/(1- 110% x 0.8%) = 500 / 0.9912 = USD504.44 The new offer would be “USD504.44 per case CIF Auckland”.7. On Nov. 20th, Lee Co. offered to sell goods to Dee Inc. at USD500 per case CIF London, “Offer valid if reply here 11/27.” On Nov. 22nd Dee cabled back, “Offer accepted if USD480 per case.” As Lee was considering the bid, the market price went over USD500. On Nov. 25th, Dee cabled an unconditional acceptance of Lees initial offer. Could Lee reject Dees acceptance?析：a. 11月22日Dee Inc.的回復(fù)對價(jià)格進(jìn)行了更改, 這是一個(gè)還盤. 當(dāng)Dee Inc.對報(bào)盤進(jìn)行還盤, 原來的報(bào)盤就自動(dòng)中止了.在這個(gè)前提下，Lee Co.可以采取任何行動(dòng)而不須顧慮先前的報(bào)價(jià). b. 盡管Dee Inc.在原報(bào)盤的有效期內(nèi)又發(fā)出了一個(gè)無條件接受報(bào)盤的回復(fù),但由于之前他們已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了還盤,所以此時(shí)的接受無效。答案：Yes。答題切入點(diǎn)：a 還盤的定義；b 報(bào)盤中止的因素。8. X offered to sell goods to Y, “Shipment within 2 months after receipt of L/C, offer valid if reply here 5 days.” Two days later, Y cabled back, “Accept your offer shipment immediately.” X didnt reply. Two more days later, X received Ys L/C requiring immediate shipment. At this time, the market price of the goods went up by 20%. What options did X have to deal with Y?析：a. Y在兩天后的回復(fù)中雖然聲明接受報(bào)盤，但同時(shí)要求shipment immediately”, 這是對原報(bào)盤的船期“shipment within 2 months”進(jìn)行了修改，因此構(gòu)成了一個(gè)還盤原報(bào)盤則被中止b. 在這個(gè)前提下，再來考慮X都有哪些選擇以及哪個(gè)是最可能或最好的。答題切入點(diǎn)：a 還盤的定義；b 報(bào)盤中止的因素；c X可能有的各項(xiàng)選擇；d. X最可能選擇的做法及原因。Chapter fourVI. Case Studies1. Y Company signed a contract to export red dates. The contract specified that the dates should be “Grade 3”. But at the time of shipment, there were not enough third-grade dates on hand for delivery. As a result, dates of higher quality, Grade 2, were used as substitutes. The seller proudly marked the invoice, “Dates of Grade 2 sold at the price of Grade 3”.(1) Could the buyer refuse to accept the goods? Why or why not?(2) Would you do differently if you were the seller? How?析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：a. 聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約第三十五條（）賣方交付的貨物必須與合同所規(guī)定的數(shù)量、質(zhì)量和規(guī)格相符，并須按照合同所規(guī)定的方式裝箱或包裝。 b. 合同本身的品質(zhì)規(guī)定是“Grade 3” c. 實(shí)際所交貨物的品質(zhì)是“Grade 2”。（1） 答案：Yes, 買方可以拒收貨物。不論品質(zhì)比規(guī)定的好或差，只要實(shí)際所交貨物的品質(zhì)是與合同本身的品質(zhì)規(guī)定不同，就是不符。在此情況下，買方有權(quán)利拒收貨物。答題切入點(diǎn)：品質(zhì)不符的理解。（2）答案：Yes, 如果我是賣方，我會(huì)與買方磋商，尋求買賣雙方都能接受的處理方法。答題切入點(diǎn)：與買方磋商解決。2. ABX Company sent a sample of exporting goods to a German buyer during negotiation. Later, a contract was signed, and the provision of the goods was, “Moisture: 14%; Impurity: 4%.” Before shipment, the seller again cabled the buyer, “Quality as per sample”. After taking the delivery, the buyer had the goods inspected. Although the quality conformed to the terms of the contract, it was lower than that of the sample by 7%. As a result, the buyer filed a claim for compensation. Did the seller make any mistake? Why or why not?析：答案是Yes. 買方可以向賣方提出索賠, 因?yàn)橘u方交付的貨物的品質(zhì)與樣品不符；在這筆交易中，賣方犯了起碼兩個(gè)錯(cuò)誤：錯(cuò)誤(1)： 品質(zhì)條款沒有品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)某些產(chǎn)品（如農(nóng)副產(chǎn)品等）的質(zhì)量具一定的不穩(wěn)定性，為了交易的順利進(jìn)行，在規(guī)定其品質(zhì)指標(biāo)的同時(shí)，應(yīng)制定一定的品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)幅度，允許賣方所交的貨物的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)在一定的幅度內(nèi)有靈活性。否則單一的品質(zhì)指標(biāo)難以達(dá)到，往往給賣方履行合同帶來困難。答題的切入點(diǎn)：品質(zhì)機(jī)動(dòng)條款錯(cuò)誤(2)：品質(zhì)規(guī)定用了雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，既憑合同規(guī)格買賣，又憑樣品買賣。表示品質(zhì)的方法很多，品質(zhì)條款應(yīng)視商品的特性而定，采取合理的品質(zhì)規(guī)定。凡是能用一種方法表示某種品質(zhì)的，一般就不宜用兩種或兩種以上的方法來表示。根據(jù)聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約，如同時(shí)采用既憑樣品又憑規(guī)格買賣，則要求賣方交付的貨物的品質(zhì)必須既與樣品一致，又要符合合同所規(guī)定規(guī)格，要做到兩全其美，難以辦得到，往往給賣方履行合同帶來困難。答題的切入點(diǎn)：品質(zhì)規(guī)定的雙重標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，既憑合同規(guī)格又憑樣品買賣3. X Company signed a contract to export rice. The quantity was 10,000 tons. After taking the delivery, the foreign buyer demanded an additional 160 metric tons of rice. What went wrong?析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：合約中的數(shù)量為“噸”，是不明確的規(guī)定。 “噸”，在實(shí)行公制的國家一般理解為公噸，每噸為1000公斤；在實(shí)行英制的國家一般理解為長噸，每噸為1016公斤；在實(shí)行美制的國家一般理解為短噸，每噸為907公斤。所以，當(dāng)賣方理解為公噸，每噸為1000公斤；而買方理解為長噸，每噸為1016公斤是， 這份合約下賣方實(shí)際交貨的數(shù)量與買方預(yù)期收貨數(shù)量的差別為160 公噸 （1016 kg 1000 kg ） X 10,0000 = 160 000kg = 160 metric tons。答案：是買賣雙方對合約數(shù)量規(guī)定的“噸”有不同的理解。答題的切入點(diǎn)：a. 數(shù)量規(guī)定不明確；b. 不同度量衡制度下的“噸”表示的實(shí)際數(shù)量不同。4. A Beijing company signed a contract to import wool from Australia. The quantity was specified as “20 M/T”. When the wool was delivered, it had a regain of 33%.(1) What is a regain?(2) Why did the buyer get a bad deal?(3) If the standard regain is 10%, and actual regain is 33%, what is the conditionedweight?析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：a. 文中提到合同約定的數(shù)量是“20MT”，應(yīng)理解為凈重。因?yàn)橛?jì)算重量的方法有毛重，凈重，公量等，而根據(jù)聯(lián)合國國際貨物銷售合同公約第五十六條，如果價(jià)格是按貨物的重量規(guī)定的，如有疑問，應(yīng)按凈重確定。b. 合同商品的羊毛，具有較強(qiáng)的吸濕性，其所含的水分受客觀環(huán)境的影響較大，故其重量很不穩(wěn)定。為了準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算這類商品的重量，國際貿(mào)易中買賣雙方通常會(huì)約定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（公定）回潮率， 采用按公量計(jì)算的辦法。(1) 答案：回潮是指貨物（纖維材料）在環(huán)境溫度下吸濕含水的現(xiàn)象。 回潮率則是指貨物（纖維材料）含水重量占貨物（纖維材料）干重的百分比 答題的切入點(diǎn)：回潮（率）的概念(2) 答案：買方這筆交易不劃算。因?yàn)楹贤袥]有明確規(guī)定計(jì)算重量的方法，只能按凈重計(jì)算。因此當(dāng)賣方實(shí)際交貨的羊毛，因具有較強(qiáng)的吸濕性而其所含的水分高達(dá)33%是，買方也別無他法，只得按凈重（連帶33%的水分）計(jì)算付款。 Conditioned Weight = Dried Net Weight x(1+ Standard Regain)= Net Weight x 1+ Standard Regain 1+ Actual Regain Dried Net Weight = Net Weight / (1+ Actual Regain)= 20 / (1+33%) = 15.04 M/TMoisture content = Actual Weight Dried Net Weight= 20 15.04 = 4.96 M/Tor Regain = (moisture content / oven dried weight) x 100%= (moisture content / actual weight moisture content) x 100% Moisture content = (regain x actual weight)/(1+regain)= (33% x 20)/(1+33%) = 4.96 M/TDried net weight = actual weight moisture content= 20 4.96 = 15.04 M/T答題的切入點(diǎn)：合同約定計(jì)算重量的方法不明確(3) 答案：如按公量計(jì)算， 這批貨只有16.54 公噸。計(jì)算：Conditioned Weight = Net Weight x1+ Standard Regain 1+ Actual Regain = 20 x (1+ 10%)/(1+33%) = 16.54 M/T答題的切入點(diǎn)：公量的計(jì)算Chapter fiveVI. Case Studies1. ABC co. signed a contract to export 200 M/T of beans. The letter of creditstipulated, “Partial shipment not allowed”. When the shipment was being made, the exporter loaded 100 M/T each on board the same vessel for the same voyage at the port of Shanghai and the port of Dalian. The shipment document was clearly marked with the ports of shipment and the dates of shipment. Did the exporter violate the terms of the L/C?析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：UCP600第三十一條：b.表明使用同一運(yùn)輸工具并經(jīng)由同次航程運(yùn)輸?shù)臄?shù)套運(yùn)輸單據(jù)在同一次提交時(shí)，只要顯示相同目的地，將不視為部分發(fā)運(yùn)，即使運(yùn)輸單據(jù)上表明的發(fā)運(yùn)日期不同或裝貨港、接管地或發(fā)運(yùn)地點(diǎn)不同。案例雖然沒有說明貨物是否在同一目的港卸貨，但如果沒有強(qiáng)調(diào)說明，一般認(rèn)為是同一個(gè)目的地。答案：No, 賣方?jīng)]有違反信用證“不允許裝船” 的規(guī)定。答題切入點(diǎn)：對轉(zhuǎn)船的定義和相關(guān)規(guī)定的理解。3. A Chinese exporter signed a CIF contract with a foreign importer. Payment wasto be made by irrevocable sight L/C. Both the contract and the L/C prohibited transshipment. Within the validity of the Credit, the exporter shipped the cargo on board a liner sailing direct to the port of destination, and presented the direct B/L for negotiation. Later the foreign issuing bank also made payment against the direct B/L forwarded by the negotiation bank. However, in order to collect some other cargos, the carrying vessel unloaded the cargo at an intermediate port without authorization. The cargo was instead reloaded on to an old vessel, and thus arrived at the destination two months late. As a result, the buyer lodged a claim against the Chinese side for fraud, since the cargo was actually transshipped even though the direct B/L was issued. Finally the exporter accepted the claim and made compensation as requested, as he thought that he, as the person booking the vessel, should be liable for the carriers unauthorized transshipment.(1) Do you think the settlement of this case appropriate?(2) Who should bear the loss? Why?(3) Who should be liable for the damage? Why?(4) What should the seller do?析：本題的解題要點(diǎn)：a. 信用證規(guī)定不允許轉(zhuǎn)船； b. 賣方與承運(yùn)人簽訂的運(yùn)輸合同是要求直達(dá)船運(yùn)輸?shù)?，有直達(dá)提單為證； c. 承運(yùn)人中途卸貨轉(zhuǎn)船是其單方面的違約行為。（1）答案：No。 賣方不應(yīng)賠償買方的損失。答題切入點(diǎn)： a. CIF的性質(zhì)和賣方的責(zé)任 b. 中途卸貨轉(zhuǎn)船的責(zé)任人。（2）答案：買方自己而不應(yīng)由賣方承擔(dān)損失。答題切入點(diǎn)：貿(mào)易術(shù)語CIF風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移。（3）答案：承運(yùn)