正式文體與非正式文體的若干差別2003.doc

正式文體與非正式文體的若干差別縮寫詞，如dont, mustnt, hes, Ive 等，一般用于非正式文體。在正式文體中則把它們寫全。泛指的不定代詞you常用于非正式文體中，在正式文體中則用？You never know what new measures the president will take.One never knows what new measures the president will take.在非正式文體中，who可以代替whom在疑問句中用作賓語。在非正式文體中，賓語從句前的that常省去，尤其在表示“說”和“想”的動(dòng)詞后面：She said (that) she would come. 在非正式文體中，they 可以指代everyone, everybody, someone, no one等。Has everyone finished doing their exercises?Has everyone finished doing his or her exercises?在非正式文體中，虛擬語氣的句子如是I, he, she 及it等詞，可用was 代替were.I wish he was here with us.分詞短語一般用于正式文體。Having been warned of the impending storm, the captain decided to put off the voyage.When the captain heard a storm was coming, he decided to put off the voyage.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般用于正式文體The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.As the weather was fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.作狀語或定語的短語，放在主語前使句子更加正式。Eager to finish the work, he continued to do it until midnight.插入語使句子更顯正式He shaved very slowly and carefully, as was his custom, in front of the mirror above the sink.一系列的名詞，動(dòng)詞或形容詞使句子正式化She experienced love and hate, grief and happiness.下列句型常用于正式文體長(zhǎng)句 平行結(jié)構(gòu)的句子Let us be ruthless in our criticism, cruel to personal vanities, indifferent to age, rank or experience if these stand in our way.并列復(fù)合句對(duì)偶句(結(jié)構(gòu)相似，意思相反)The politician is concerned with successful elections, whereas the statesman is interested in the future of his people.圓周句（最重要的意思放在最后，直到最后一個(gè)詞時(shí)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)才完整）松散句：She decided to study English though she was interested in music.圓周句：Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English.It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.在詞匯方面，日常用語多來自盎格魯薩克森語（古英語），而正式詞匯多來自希臘語，拉丁語和法語。在學(xué)到一個(gè)正式詞匯時(shí)，不妨同時(shí)記住一個(gè)意思相近的非正式詞。begin deepcommence profoundlucky end continuefortunate terminate proceedraise clear sameelevate explicit identicallearned try strangeerudite endeavor eccentric動(dòng)詞短語常用于談話體go on (continue)look into (investigate)endure( put up with)produce(turn out) 縮略語，如ad, bike, pop等，在正式文體中并不多見。俚語的說法極為隨便，不用于正式文體?？萍颊撐募罢膶懽髯⒁馐马?xiàng)所寫的英語句子語法上一定要正確，進(jìn)而努力做到地道，準(zhǔn)確。在語法結(jié)構(gòu)正確的基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步熟悉各個(gè)專業(yè)固有的表達(dá)法。如數(shù)學(xué)上，“這個(gè)解驗(yàn)證無誤”，英語常用“The solution checks”. “這等于是說”，英語用“This amounts to saying” 或“This is equivalent to saying”等。2. 本文提出了一種新的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)方法。最后舉例說明了這種方法的應(yīng)用。A new computer-aided design method is presented (in this paper).Finally, the application of this method is illustrated with an example.廣泛使用被動(dòng)句在科技論文中由于主要講述客觀現(xiàn)象和事實(shí)，被動(dòng)句的使用很廣泛，英文文摘中更是如此。我們通常見到的英文文摘的第一句話“本文提出了（介紹了，證明了）。，英美人常用被動(dòng)句。e.g. A new procedure for checking the stability of the digital filters is proposed.若在文摘中使用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，則可用?the authors/ the author,詞匯問題3.1 科技工作者在寫作時(shí)除了大量使用專門術(shù)語外，還喜歡用一些日常語言中不怎么使用的書面詞匯（big words）。 科技文的詞匯總的來說形體比較長(zhǎng)，詞義比較專一，前后綴出現(xiàn)頻率高。3.1.1 規(guī)范詞匯（formal words）about/approximatelychange/ transformsay/ remarkput/place3.1.2 bring out/introducefind out/ discover不用動(dòng)詞短語，體現(xiàn)科技英語精煉的特征，力避冗贅。注意詞匯搭配晶體管和電子管相比有不少優(yōu)點(diǎn)。Transistors have several advantages over electron tubes.避免使用口語Lots of/ manyQuite a few/ several避免使用縮略語Lab/ laboratoryMike/ microphone我們把無線電波與水波作了比較.本文對(duì)這一設(shè)備的性能進(jìn)行了分析。Radio waves are compared with water waves.A comparison of radio waves with water waves is made.The performance of this device is analyzed(in this paper).An analysis of the performance of this device is made( in this paper).趨于用名詞來表示動(dòng)作。4句子特征4.1 句子比較長(zhǎng)，結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)密緊湊?？萍颊Z體要求使用完整嚴(yán)密的句法，句子成分多，層次多，復(fù)居多，長(zhǎng)句多。有統(tǒng)計(jì)資料表明，科技論文的句子平均長(zhǎng)度在20-30個(gè)詞。如何使文章的結(jié)構(gòu)較為嚴(yán)密，緊湊？ e.g. 我們對(duì)器件參數(shù)進(jìn)行了初步的分析，其結(jié)果令人滿意。An initial analysis of the device parameters has been made with satisfactory results.電子與原子核的大小大致相同，其直徑大約為厘米。An electron is about as large as a nucleus, its diameter being about cm.本文對(duì)計(jì)算機(jī)的原理作了簡(jiǎn)要的介紹，重點(diǎn)放在軟件上。A brief introduction to the principles of a computer is given with emphasis on software.本文提出了解決這一問題的新方法，這種方法簡(jiǎn)單而可行。A new method to solve this problem is presented, which is simple and practicable.通常有三種手段。with 短語，形容詞短語分詞，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)各類從句（尤其定語從句）4.2 趨于采用一些常用句型4.2.1 “have” 句型a. 表示尺寸，大小等結(jié)構(gòu)The mountain has a height of 2000 meters.These steel plates have a thickness of 2 centimeters.b. 表示優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)的結(jié)構(gòu)That type of antenna has the advantages of simple structure and high efficiency.This external load has a low resistance.c.表示比較的結(jié)構(gòu)X-rays have a shorter wavelength than light rays(do).4.2.2 采用“be”句型The mountain is 2000 meters high( in height).The height of the mountain is 2000 meters.X-rays are shorter in wavelength than light rays (are).The wavelength of X-rays is shorter than that of light rays(is).4.3 采用靜態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)來表示狀態(tài)，特征。This concept can be applied to metallic conductors.(is applicable)The effect cannot be seen.(is invisible)Example 1 illustrates straight-line programming.(is an illustration of)This proves again that most liquids are good conductors.(is another proof)This problem is now being considered.(is now under consideration)This new method is being tested.(is on trial).4.3.1 系表結(jié)構(gòu)（形容詞，名詞，介詞短語）4.4 常用短語來代替從句使句子結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。Because it interacts with the ground.Because of its interaction with the ground.If is equal to zeroFor equal to zeroWith equal to zeroWhen we studied electricity,In our study of electricity4.4.1 介詞短語If the diode is analyzed physically, it can be shown thatA physical analysis of the diode shows thatIf the assumptions are thoroughly examined, it can be revealed thatA through examination of the assumptions reveals thatBecause the iron is presenting the coil, the induction has been increased to over 5000 times what it was.The presence of the iron in the coil has increased the induction to over 5000 times what it was.4.4.2 用作主語的名詞短語代替狀語從句The signals which are not wantedThe unwanted signalsAn alloy which is widely usedA widely used alloyA country which produces rubberA rubber-producing countryEquipment which is driven by a motorMotor-driven equipment采用前置定語。在表示的方法是時(shí)，不用the method foris增大電容量的方法是加大平板的面積The capacitance is increased by making the area of the plates large減小波紋的方法是增大濾波電容器的數(shù)值Ripple is reduced by increasing the value of the filter capacitor.科技論文和文摘中不使用縮略形式。It is of great importanceWe cannot determine詞性轉(zhuǎn)譯集成電路只是最近幾年才發(fā)展起來的。Integrated circuits are fairly recent development.操作電機(jī)需要懂得電機(jī)的一些性能。The operation of an electric machine needs some knowledge of its performance.激光可應(yīng)用于許多科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，也適合各種實(shí)際用途。Laser has the applicability to many fields of science and the adaptability to practical uses.空氣是由若干種氣體混合而成。The air is made up of mixture of gases.當(dāng)物體所帶電子超過正常數(shù)時(shí)，該物體便帶負(fù)電。A body is negatively charged when it has electrons in excess of its normal number.大多數(shù)低溫試驗(yàn)都要借助于液態(tài)氮。Most experiments at very low temperature are made with the help of liquid helium.對(duì)制造集成電路來說，高純度的單晶是絕對(duì)必要的。Single crystals of high perfection are an absolute necessity for the fabrication of integrated circuits.光掩模的尺寸必須是穩(wěn)定的。The photo mask must possess dimensional stability.這些設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算可用來證明半導(dǎo)體器件理論的實(shí)際應(yīng)用。The design calculation will serve as an illustrative application of the theory of semiconductor devices.在裂變過程中，裂變碎塊的放射性很強(qiáng)。In fission processes the fission fragment are very radioactive.The cutting tool must be strong, tough, hard, and wear resistant.刀具須具有足夠的強(qiáng)度，硬度，韌性和耐磨性。這種儀器的特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊和攜帶方便。The instrument is characterized by its compactness and portability.The scale is marked to show the strength of the current in amps.度盤上的刻度表示電流強(qiáng)度的安培數(shù)。氣體和固體的區(qū)別在于氣體的可壓縮性比固體的大。Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter.用食鹽制取的氯可用來漂白紙張和紡織品。The chlorine from salt is used for bleaching paper and textiles.這塊電表具有很高的靈敏度