專題四 介詞和連詞.doc

學(xué)而思教育學(xué)習(xí)改變命運(yùn) 思考成就未來(lái)！ 高考網(wǎng)2010高考二輪復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)教案專題四 介詞和連詞【專題要點(diǎn)】介詞和連詞要點(diǎn)概覽：1.on, at, in表示時(shí)間和方位的用法；2.in, after, later的用法辨析；3.through, over, across的區(qū)別；4.表示方式、手段或工具的介詞by, in和on以及with, by和in的區(qū)別；5.except, except for, besides, but的用法區(qū)別；6.because of, owing to, duo to, thanks to的用法；7.連詞and, but, while, yet, therefore等的用法；8.for, because, since的用法區(qū)別；9.并列連詞and, neither-nor, both-and-, as well as, not only-but also等的用法及辨析；10.選擇連詞or, either-or, or else, otherwise等的用法；11.表示因果關(guān)系的連詞because, since, as, for, so等的用法辨析；12.轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but, yet, while, whereas等的用法【考綱要求】介詞和副詞是中學(xué)語(yǔ)法必須掌握的內(nèi)容，也是高考考查的熱點(diǎn)。介詞為虛詞,不能單獨(dú)充當(dāng)句子成分,必須與名詞、代詞、短語(yǔ)、句子構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，才能充當(dāng)句子成分。高考主要考查介詞的詞義辨析，介詞與其他詞性的搭配辨析。關(guān)于介詞和連詞考點(diǎn)，考綱要求掌握以下幾個(gè)方面：1常見介詞的用法及辨析2介詞與其他詞性所構(gòu)成的一些短語(yǔ)。 3在定語(yǔ)從句中，介詞的使用情況4. 并列連詞、選擇連詞、因果關(guān)系的連詞、轉(zhuǎn)折連詞的辨析用法【教法指引】介詞是最為活躍的詞類之一。通?？偸桥c其它詞類同時(shí)考查。如：可與名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)、與動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)等。介詞考查不僅在選擇題中出現(xiàn)，在完形填空題和短文改錯(cuò)題中也不斷出現(xiàn)，且每年必考。因此，在引導(dǎo)學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)備考中，必須把握以下介詞的準(zhǔn)確含義及用法辨析：at, as, to, by, on, in, of, with, like, along, for, over, up, through, across, except, but, besides, beside, near等；重點(diǎn)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1.常見介詞by的用法； 2.常見介詞with引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)；3.常見表示時(shí)間的on的用法； 4.常見介詞as的用法；5.常見over的用法；連詞不能獨(dú)立承擔(dān)句子成分而只起到連接詞與詞、短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)以及句與句的作用。在復(fù)習(xí)備考中可以按照連詞的大類把握。把連詞主要可分為兩類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞用來(lái)連接平行的詞、詞組和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore等。從屬連詞則經(jīng)常用在復(fù)合句中，用來(lái)連接主句和從句；如：who, what, how, when, where,等對(duì)于連詞的教學(xué)要求教師應(yīng)該理清以下幾組關(guān)系：1.and組表示聯(lián)合關(guān)系。屬于這一組的并列連詞還有：bothand,not onlybut also,as well as,neithernor等；2.but組表示轉(zhuǎn)折和對(duì)照關(guān)系。屬于這一組的并列連詞還有：however, still, yet ,while, nevertheless；3or組表示選擇關(guān)系。屬于這一組的并列連詞還有：or else,otherwise,neithernor,eitheror等；4so組表示因果關(guān)系的連接詞還有：so(that),for, therefore, thus, then等?！局R(shí)網(wǎng)絡(luò)】 介 詞 介詞又叫前置詞，是一種虛詞。介詞分為三種，一種是簡(jiǎn)單介詞，如at, in, on, beside, to , for等；另一種是短語(yǔ)介詞，即由兩個(gè)以上的詞組組成的短語(yǔ)，如in front of, because of, out of, instead of等；還有一種叫二重介詞，如until after, from behind等。一、介詞的句法功能 介詞不能獨(dú)立在句中做成份，介詞后必須與名詞、代詞、或動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)在句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)成份，表示人、物、事件等與其它人、物、事件等之間的關(guān)系。1、作定語(yǔ)：The book on the table is mine.2、作狀語(yǔ)：We have breakfast at seven.（表時(shí)間）；They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.（表原因）；They started the machine by pressing the button.（表方法）3、作表語(yǔ)：My dictionary is in the bag.4、作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：I found him in the office.二、主要介詞區(qū)別 1、表示時(shí)間的at, in, on：at表示片刻的時(shí)間，如：at 8 oclock ，常用詞組有：at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year等。in表示一段的時(shí)間，如：in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on總是跟日子有關(guān)，on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning等。2、表示時(shí)間的since和from：since表示從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間的過(guò)程，常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用。from表示從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開始，不涉及與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。一般多與現(xiàn)在時(shí)、過(guò)去時(shí)、將來(lái)時(shí)連用。如：I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.3、表示時(shí)間的in和after：兩者都表示“在（某個(gè)時(shí)間）之后”，區(qū)別在于in表示“在（一段時(shí)間）之后”，而after則表示“在（某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后）”，in短語(yǔ)和將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)連用，after短語(yǔ)和過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)或?qū)?lái)時(shí)態(tài)連用。如：Well be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation?注意：after有時(shí)也可以表示在一段時(shí)間之后（常用在過(guò)去時(shí)里）。如：After two months he returned.4、表示地理位置的in, on, to：in表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外。如：Changchun is in the northeast of China./ Mongolia is on the north of China./ Japan is to the east of China.5、表示“在上”的on和in：on只表示在某物的表面上，而用in表示占去某物一部分。 如：There is a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the wall.6、表示“穿過(guò)”的through和across：through表示從內(nèi)部通過(guò)，與in 有關(guān)；across則表示從一端至另一端在表面上的通過(guò)，與on有關(guān)。如： Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street.7、in the corner, on the corner, at the corner：in the corner 表示在角落里，in指角的內(nèi)面；on the corner表示“在角上”，on指的不是內(nèi)面，也不是外面，而含內(nèi)外兼有之意；at the corner指“在拐角處”，at指的是拐角外附近的外面。如：The lamp stands in the corner of the room./ I met with him at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table.8、in the end, at the end of, by the end of：in the end作“最后”、“終于”解，可單獨(dú)使用，后不接介詞of；at the end of 表示“在末梢”，“到盡頭”，既可指時(shí)間，也可以指地上或物體。不可單獨(dú)使用；by the end of 作“在結(jié)束時(shí)”，“到末為止”解，只能指時(shí)間。不可單獨(dú)使用。如：In the end they reached a place of safety./ At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he had finished the novel.9、表示“關(guān)于”的about 和on：兩者都有“關(guān)于”的意思，不過(guò)前者為一般用詞，而后者為較正式的“論述”。如：He came to tell me about something important./ He wrote a book on science.10、between, among：一般說(shuō)來(lái)，between表示兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上的中間。如：You are to sit between your father and me./ He is always happy among his classmates.注意：但有時(shí)說(shuō)的雖然是三個(gè)以上的人或東西，如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的是兩兩相互間接關(guān)系，適用于between。如：Agreements were made between the different countries. 在談到一些事物或一組事物，而把它們視為分居兩邊時(shí)用between。如：The little valley lies between high mountains.。在談事物間的差別時(shí)，總是用between。如：They dont know the difference between wheat, oats and barley.11、besides, except, but, except for：besides指“除了還有，再加上”。如：All went out besides me.；except指“除了，減去什么”，不能放在句首。如：All went out except me.；but 與except意思近似，表示“除了外”經(jīng)常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑問(wèn)詞后面。如：I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.；except for表示“如無(wú)就，只是”表明理由細(xì)節(jié)。如：His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.。12、表示“用”的in和with：表示工具的“用”，用with，而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、單位、語(yǔ)言、聲音等的“用”，用in。如：He is writing a letter with a pen./ He wrote the letter in pencil./ We measured it in pounds./ Read the text in a loud voice./ Tell me the story in English.13、in charge of和in the charge of：兩者都表示“由誰(shuí)負(fù)責(zé)、照顧、管理”。區(qū)別在于：in charge of后接被照管的人或物，而in the charge of后面則跟照管的人。如：Who is in charge of the project?/ The project is in the charge of an engineer. 14、as, like：as作“作為”、“以地位或身份”解。如：Let me speak to you as a father.（事實(shí)是父親）；like作“象一樣”解。如：Let me speak to you like a father.（事實(shí)上不是父親）。15、in front of 和in the front of：in front of = before，是“在前面”的意思（不在某物內(nèi)）； in the front of則是“在前部”的意思（在某物內(nèi)）。如：There is a desk in front of the blackboard./ The boy sat in the front of the car. 16、in, into：into表示動(dòng)向，不表示目的地或位置。如：We walked into the park.；in通常表示位置。如：We walked in the park；in和drop, fall, put, throw, break等終止性動(dòng)詞連用時(shí)，也可以表示動(dòng)向。如：I have put the coin in (into) my pocket.我把硬幣放進(jìn)衣袋 連 詞連詞分為并列連詞和從屬連詞兩大類。并列連詞是連接主語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)，句子與句子，分詞與分詞的詞，它要求前后兩部分有相同的形式和語(yǔ)法作用；而從屬連詞一般連接主句與從句，從句形式有名詞性從句，定語(yǔ)從句和狀語(yǔ)從句等一、并列連詞： 并列連詞可用來(lái)連接詞與詞，詞組與詞組，分句與分句。常用的并列連詞有：and（和），as well as（既又），both and（不但而且），not only but also（不但而且），not but（不是而是），neither nor（既不也不），either or（不是就是），or（或者），but （但是），yet（然而），for（因?yàn)椋瑂o（所以），while（而），when（這時(shí)）等。如：Both my brother and my sister are teachers./ His room is bright but mine is gloomy（暗沉沉的）./ He can not only repair radios but also fix them./ It is a glorious（光榮的）yet difficult task./ Strike while iron is hot.二、從屬連詞 從屬連詞是指在復(fù)合句中引導(dǎo)從句的連結(jié)詞。常見的從屬連詞有：引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句的：after, before, when, as, while, since, until, till, as soon as 引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句的：because, since, as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句的：although, though, no matter（無(wú)論）, even if (though)引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句的：if, unless, once, so (as) long as 引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句的：so that , such that 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)從句的：so that , in order that 引導(dǎo)比較狀語(yǔ)從句的：as as , not so (as) as , than 引導(dǎo)方式狀語(yǔ)從句的：as if 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)從句的連詞主要有：that, whether, if三個(gè)。其中that 和whether間或還可以引起同位從句和狀語(yǔ)從句。三、某些用法比較特殊的從屬連詞用法區(qū)別 1、當(dāng)while, when, as引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)的區(qū)別：while引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中動(dòng)詞必須是持續(xù)性。謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多為進(jìn)行時(shí)，或狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞的一般時(shí)。while 的這些用法可用when代替，等于 “at the time that”, “during the time that”。例如：Please keep quiet while (when) others are studying； when除可指一段時(shí)間外，還可用來(lái)指一點(diǎn)時(shí)間，等于 “at the time”，也就是說(shuō)when引出的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以是終止性的，也可以延續(xù)性的。因此主句和從句的謂語(yǔ)可以是一般時(shí)，進(jìn)行時(shí)，或完成時(shí)。例如：When I went into the lab, the teacher was doing an experiment.（when不能換成while）He often makes mistakes when he is speaking English.（when可換成while）as常可與when，while通用，但強(qiáng)調(diào)“一邊、一邊”。例如：As (when, while) I was walking down the street, I noticed a police car in front of number 37.when引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句中的主語(yǔ)與主句主語(yǔ)一致，主、謂是“主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞”結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，這時(shí)主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞可以省略。例如：When (he was) young, he worked for a rich man./ Shell be here to give you help when (if it is) necessary. when有時(shí)代替if，引導(dǎo)條件句，意為“如果”、“假如”，例如：Ill come when (if) Im free.2、before作連詞一般表示時(shí)間，意為“在之前”，但有些句子中這樣譯就顯得別扭。試看以下句子的翻譯：He almost knocked me down before he saw me.他幾乎把我撞倒才看見我；Before I could get in a word he had measured me.我還沒來(lái)得及插話，他已經(jīng)給我量好了尺寸3、till, until作為介詞式從屬連詞引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句，用于否定句時(shí)，結(jié)構(gòu)為not until (till)，主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞延續(xù)與非延續(xù)皆可，意為“直到才”。用于肯定句時(shí)，只與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用，表示“到為止”。例如：They played volleyball until (till) it got dark./ They didnt talk（延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）until (till) the interpreter（譯員）came./ He didnt go to bed（非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）until (till) the his father came back.；until可以放在句首，till則不行，例如：Until the last minute of the match we kept on playing./ Not until he finished his work did he go home.（倒裝）；till, until只用于時(shí)間，以下句子是錯(cuò)誤的：We walked till the edge of the forest.（要用as far as或to）4、because, since, as引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)時(shí)注意使用上的區(qū)別：如果原因構(gòu)成句子的最主要部分,一般用because ,因此because引導(dǎo)的從句往往放在句末。用why提問(wèn)的句子，一定用because回答。例如：He had to stay at home yesterday because he was ill.；如原因已為人們所知，或不如句子的其他部分重要，就用as，或 since。since比as更正式些。as和since引導(dǎo)的從句一般放在句子的開頭。例如：As you are tired, you had better rest./ Since everyone is here, now lets begin5、although和though引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句往往用法一樣，但注意以下區(qū)別：although用于各種文體，而though則多用于非正式的口語(yǔ)或書面語(yǔ)中。注意由although, though引導(dǎo)的從句后，主句不能用but，但可用副詞yet, still。例如：Although/ Though it rained all the morning, they still went on working.（或yet they went on working）though常與even連用，even though表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，意為“即使”，但不能說(shuō)even although，例如：Even though I didnt understand a word, I dept smiling. though可用作副詞，意為“然而”，常用逗號(hào)與句子分開。although則不能這樣使用，它只作連詞。例如：It was a quiet party, I had a good time, though.6、once作副詞譯“曾經(jīng)”，作為連詞譯“一旦”，引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。相當(dāng)于if的加強(qiáng)形式。例如：I dont believe he was once a thief. (once這里是副詞)/ Once Aristotle had made up his mind that heavy objects always fell faster than light objects, he taught it as a truth to his students. (once連詞)7、unless引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句等于if not 。例如：Hell accept the job unless the salary is too low. ( = Hell accept the job if the salary is not too low.)8、在用as if引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句及表語(yǔ)從句中，根據(jù)情況要使用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。例如：He talks as if he knew all about it. 但有時(shí)也可用直陳語(yǔ)氣。例如：It looks as if it is going to rain.9、whether, if引導(dǎo)從句的用法區(qū)別：引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，用whether，不用if。例如：Whether they will go to the Great Wall is not known./ The question is whether we can finish the task on time./ The question whether we will take part in the p