2007考研英語閱讀理解真題解析第一篇“天才非天生”.doc

2007 TEXT 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the late months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be ever more pronounced.如果你打算在2006年世界杯錦標賽上調(diào)查所有足球運動員的出生證明，那么你很有可能發(fā)現(xiàn)一個引人注目的巧合：優(yōu)秀足球運動員更可能出生于每年的前幾個月而不是后幾個月。如果你接著調(diào)查世界杯和職業(yè)比賽的歐洲國家青年隊的話，那么你會發(fā)現(xiàn)這一奇怪的現(xiàn)象甚至更明顯。certificate n.證書【巧】certif (y證明) +ic（形容詞后綴）+ate（作名詞后綴表“物”）具證明性質(zhì)的東西證書?！纠縜 leaving certificate 畢業(yè)（肄業(yè), 離職）證書; academic certificate學歷證書;I must discard riches, the certificate of slavery.我必須拋棄財富這張奴隸證書。quirk kw:k n. 怪癖；急轉(zhuǎn)；借口elite n.精英（中頻詞）來自elect選舉，選出來的【巧】諧音：“愛理他”“精英人士”每個人都愛理他。1、If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006s World Cup tournament you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.【譯文】 如果你查看一下參加2006年世界杯賽的所有足球運動員的出生證，你極有可能會發(fā)現(xiàn)一個引人注意的怪事：優(yōu)秀的足球運動員大多是在年頭出生，而不是在年尾出生?！疚鼍洹?這是一個典型的虛擬條件句，但是主句的賓語后面跟著一個同位語從句。此句并不難理解?！局v詞】birth certificate意為出生證。certificate的意思是證書；證明書；憑證。對于學生來說，certificate是指結(jié)業(yè)證，即完成了某門課程或一段時間學習的證明。相近的單詞有diploma（文憑；畢業(yè)證書；證明權(quán)力、特權(quán)、榮譽等的證書或獎狀）。大學畢業(yè)取得的學位，英語是用degree來表示，degree主要有三個：學士(bachelor)學位、碩士(master)學位和博士(doctor或PhD)學位。noteworthy表示值得注意，引人注意的。quirk 意為怪癖;怪事，巧合，在句中表示奇怪的現(xiàn)象。elite 意為精英，菁華；杰出人士。2、If you then examine the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced.【譯文】如果你再查看一下為世界杯和職業(yè)聯(lián)賽輸送人才的歐洲各國的國家青年隊，你會發(fā)現(xiàn)這種奇怪的現(xiàn)象更加明顯。【析句】主句you would find.，this strange phenomenon是賓語，to be even more pronounced是賓語補足語?！局v詞】feed的基本意思是喂；飼養(yǎng)，但在本句中則表示輸送。pronounce通常表示發(fā)音；宣布，而pronounced顯然是過去分詞作形容詞，表示講出來的；顯著的，斷然的，明確的。分析句子，可知表示顯然的，明顯的。rank 可以表示等級；行列；階級，professional ranks表示職業(yè)隊伍，即各級職業(yè)聯(lián)賽的隊伍。What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.什么可以解釋這一奇怪的現(xiàn)象呢？下面是一些猜測：a）某種占星術(shù)征兆使人具備更高的足球技能；b）冬季出生的嬰兒往往具有更高的供氧能力，這增加了踢足球的持久力；c）熱愛足球的父母更可能在春季（每年足球狂熱的鼎盛時期）懷孕；d）以上各項都不是。astrological adj.占星的, 占星術(shù)的stamina n.毅力, 持久力, 精力【例】exhibit enough stamina to master English. 表現(xiàn)出掌握英語的充足的毅力;That young man lacks stamina.那個年青人缺乏毅力。conceive v.懷孕, 考慮, 設(shè)想【例】conceive prejudices抱偏見；conceive a child 懷孕；Scientists first conceived the idea of atomic bomb in the 1930s. 20世紀30年代科學家們初次設(shè)想原子彈的計劃。annual adj.每年的（中頻詞）【例】annual report / income / production年度報告 / 收入 / 產(chǎn)量peak n.頂點, (記錄的)最高峰 mania n.癖好, 狂熱【例】She has a mania for ponies. 她特別喜歡小馬。3、What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses： a) certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills; b) winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity which increases soccer stamina; c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania; d) none of the above.【譯文】 怎樣解釋這一奇怪的現(xiàn)象？有幾個猜想：1. 某些星相賦予超強的足球技能。2. 冬天的嬰兒大多攝氧量更高，可以增加足球體能。3. 狂愛足球的父母更有可能在春天懷孕，這一段時間是足球狂熱的高峰。4. 以上選項都不正確?！疚鼍洹?冒號之后是四個選項，其中包括三個簡單句和一個名詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)?！局v詞】account for主要表示解釋，說明，即是explain的意思。例如：Bad weather accounted for the long delay of the flight.（航班長期的延緩是因為壞天氣。）The suspect couldnt account for his time that night.（嫌犯不能說明那天晚上他的時間安排。）astrological sign 指星座或星相（zodiac，黃道），共有12個：水瓶座（Aquarius)，雙魚座（Pisces），白羊座（Aries)，金牛座（Taurus），雙子座（Gemini），巨蟹座（Cancer)，獅子座（Leo），處女座（Virgo），天秤座（Libra)，天蝎座（Scorpio)，人馬座（Sagittarius)，摩羯座（Capricorn）。confer 意為贈予；授予；給予，其同義詞包括：give,bestow,invest等。也可表示協(xié)商，交換意見，其同義詞包括advise,consult,parley等。stamina意為毅力，持久力，精力，即physical or moral strength。conceive 基本上有兩個意思，即構(gòu)思或懷孕。Anders Ericsson, a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.” Ericsson grew up in Sweden, and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology. His first experiment, nearly 30 years ago, involved memory: training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers. “With the first subject, after about 20 hours of training, his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls. “He kept improving, and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.”58歲的安德斯埃里克森是佛羅里達州立大學的一名心理學教授，他說，他堅信“以上各項都不是”這一猜測。在瑞典長大的埃里克森，一直研究核工程，直到他認識到，如果他轉(zhuǎn)向心理學領(lǐng)域，他將會有更多機會從事自己的研究。他的首次試驗是在大約30年以前進行的，與記憶相關(guān)：訓(xùn)練一個人先聽一組任意挑選的數(shù)字，然后復(fù)述這些數(shù)字?！霸诮?jīng)過大約20小時的訓(xùn)練之后，第一個試驗對象（復(fù)述）的數(shù)字跨度從7個上升到20個，” 埃里克森回憶說?！霸撛囼瀸ο蟛粩噙M步，在接受大約200個小時的訓(xùn)練后，他復(fù)述的數(shù)字已經(jīng)達到80多個?！盩his success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information. And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome.這一成功，連同后來證明的記憶本身不是遺傳決定的研究，使得埃里克森得出結(jié)論，即記憶過程是一種認知練習，而不是一種本能練習。換句話說，無論兩個人在記憶力能力上可能存在怎樣的天生差異，這些差異都會被每個人如何恰當?shù)亍敖庾x”所記的信息所掩蓋。埃里克森確信，了解如何有目的地解讀信息的最佳方法就是一個為人所知的有意練習過程。有意練習需要的不僅僅是簡單地重復(fù)一個任務(wù)。相反，它包括確定明確的目標、獲得即時的反饋以及技術(shù)與結(jié)果的濃縮。coupled with 加上， 外加intuitive adj.直覺的cognitive adj.認知的, 認識的, 有感知的【例】a childs cognitive development小孩認識能力的發(fā)展swamp v. 使陷入困境【例】be swamped by heavy debts 債臺高筑；The horse was swamped in the mud. 馬陷入泥潭。A big wave swamped the boat.一個大浪淹沒了小船。I am swamped with work.我工作忙得不可開交。deliberate adj.深思熟慮的, 故意的, 預(yù)有準備的【例】a deliberate decision 慎重的決定pursuit / n.追求；職業(yè)【習】hell-for-leather pursuit 全力追擊, 拼命追趕；in pursuit of 追蹤, 追求；in hot 4、This success,coupled with later research showing that memory itself as not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.【譯文】 這一成功，以及后來顯示記憶本身并非由基因所決定的研究，讓埃里克森得到這樣的結(jié)論，即記憶行為是一種認識練習，而不是一種直覺練習?！疚鼍洹?句子雖長，卻是一個簡單句，主語是This success，謂語是led，后面接兩個賓語，一是Ericsson，一是不定式to conclude。不定式本身接that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句?！局v詞】couple 作名詞表示(一)對，(一)雙；夫婦，作動詞表示連接；結(jié)合；結(jié)婚。to be coupled with意為to be together with。例如：She coupled her refusal with an explanation.（她解釋了拒絕的原因。）genetically determined意為（是）由基因決定的。genetically的名詞是gene（基因），形容詞是genetic，它們與generate,general,generation等來自同一詞根。cognitive 意為認知的，其名詞是cognition（認知，認知力）。Ericsson and his colleagues have thus taken to studying expert performers in a wide range of pursuits, including soccer. They gather all the data they can, not just performance statistics and biographical details but also the results of their own laboratory lbrtri experiments with high achievers. Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programmingare nearly always made, not born.因此，埃里克森和他的同事開始研究包括足球領(lǐng)域在內(nèi)的廣泛領(lǐng)域中專業(yè)執(zhí)行者。他們收集了能夠收集的所有資料，不只是表現(xiàn)方面的統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)和傳記詳細資料，還包括他們自己對取得很高成就的人員進行的實驗室實驗結(jié)果。他們的研究得出了一個非常令人驚奇的結(jié)論我們通常稱為天分的特征被高估了?；蛘?，換句話說，專業(yè)執(zhí)行者無論是在記憶還是手術(shù)方面，在芭蕾還是計算機編程領(lǐng)域幾乎總是培養(yǎng)的，而不是天生的。pursuit 窮追【例】daily pursuits 日常事務(wù)；in ones pursuit of happiness 追求幸福statistics n.統(tǒng)計學, 統(tǒng)計表(中頻詞)assertion n.主張, 斷言, 聲明【例】stand to ones assertion 堅持已見5、Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. Or, put another way, expert performers-whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming-are nearly always made, not born.【譯文】 他們的工作得出了一個驚人的觀點：我們通常稱之為天才的特性被高估了。換句話說，在記憶、外科、芭蕾或計算機程序方面的專業(yè)人士，他們幾乎都是后天努力的結(jié)果，并非天生如此?！疚鼍洹?第一句是簡單句，冒號后的成分是賓語assertion的同位語，而同位語中又包含一個定語從句修飾the trait。在第二句中，or和put another way是插入語，句子的主干是expert. are. made, not born。whether in. programming作定語?！局v詞】startling 意為驚人的，令人吃驚的，其同義詞有surprising、astonishing、stunning、astounding等。assertion 表示主張；斷言；聲明。talent 意為天才；才干；才能，注意中文的人才市場，英語應(yīng)用job market來表示。overrate 高估，其反義詞是underrate（低估）。expert 句中的意思是專家的，專業(yè)的，expert performers 表示專業(yè)人士。made 句中意為通過后天努力而成就的（人）。born 指天生的，如：She is a born star.21.The birthday phenomenon found among soccer players is mentioned toA stress the importance of professional training.B spotlight the soccer superstars at the World Cup.C introduce the topic of what makes expert performance.（C）D explain why some soccer teams play better than others.21.C例證題。請問提及著名運動員的生日的目的是什么?第一段是一個引子，作用就是為了引出主題，不是為了說明這個例子的。因此首先就能排除選項B和選項D，因為都出現(xiàn)了soccer，而選項A中的“professional training”是文中未提及的信息。很明顯和主題相關(guān)的就是C“引出文章的主題”。該類題型也是近兩年每年必考的題型，考生只要注意答案只和主題相關(guān)。22.The word “mania” (Line 4, Paragraph 2) most probably meansA fun.B craze.C hysteria.（B）D excitement.22.B詞義題。請問mania在文中的意思是什么?首先返回原文，在上文中找到soccer-mad和soccer mania正好對應(yīng)，因此應(yīng)該找一個mad的同義詞。選項A fun沒有瘋狂的意思;選項Chysteria解釋為歇斯底里，明顯帶有貶義，不符合原文意境;選項D excitement只是興奮,沒有達到瘋狂的程度。因此選B craze。23.According to Ericsson, good memoryA depends on meaningful processing of information.B results from intuitive rather than cognitive exercises.C is determined by genetic