《定語從句譯法》PPT課件.ppt

1,4.2 Disposition of Some Particular English Sentence Structures Translation of Attributive Clause and non- attributive elements in Sci-tech 定語從句的譯法 以及科技英語中定語從句的非定語化譯法 （1）譯成 “的” （2）重復(fù)先行詞，將定語從句譯成并列句 （3） 省掉關(guān)聯(lián)詞,按原句序譯成獨立句 （4） 定語從句與先行詞或主句溶為一體 （5） 譯成相應(yīng)的狀語從句 （6）譯成漢語的復(fù)指成分 (7) 譯成漢語的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)型賓語 (8) 譯成漢語的獨立式插說成分 (9)由“名詞等+of+which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，of which譯 成： “其、該、它“,（1）譯成 “的” 當(dāng)定語從句較短，對主導(dǎo)詞（先行詞）限制較強(qiáng)，并且與其關(guān)系緊密時。 1.Galileo lived at a time when the human spirit was waking after a thousand years of sleep. 譯:伽利略生活在人類靈魂經(jīng)過了千年沉睡之后正在蘇醒的時代。 2. The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him. 在他手下干事的人對他怕得要命。,3,（2）重復(fù)先行詞，將定語從句譯成并列句 當(dāng)定語從句較長，或?qū)χ鲗?dǎo)詞（先行詞）限制力較弱，并與其關(guān)系松弛時。 1. It was getting dark, we had to quicken our pace and made our way rapidly towards the river where we hoped the boatman was waiting. 譯：天快黑了，我們不得不加快了步伐，迅速地朝著那條小河走去，希望船夫還在那兒等著我們。 2. She had talked to the vice president Nixon, who assured her that everything that could be done would be done.,2. She had talked to the vice president Nixon, who assured her that everything that could be done would be done. 譯:她同副總統(tǒng)談過話。尼克松讓她放心，凡是能夠做到的將竭盡全力去做。 3. For that, use is generally made of correction motors which in the present state of the technique are complicated, very expensive and often do not give complete satisfaction. 為此，通常應(yīng)使用校正電動機(jī)，但就目前的技術(shù)水平而言，這種電動機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜、價格昂貴，且性能往往不能盡如人意。,（3）省掉關(guān)聯(lián)詞,按原句序譯成獨立句 當(dāng)定語從句補(bǔ)充先行詞所牽涉到的 具體內(nèi)容,與主導(dǎo)詞關(guān)系十分松弛時。 They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased. 他們制定出一種新方案, 采用后生產(chǎn)已迅速得到了提高。,6,The sun, which had hidden all day, now came over in all its splendor. 那太陽，整天躲在云層里，現(xiàn)在又露面了，光芒四射。 The last big Alaskan earthquake created a tsunami, that was felt 15000 miles away. 最近發(fā)生的阿拉斯加大地震引起了海嘯，在1500英里之外都能感覺到。 1.,7,(4)定語從句與先行詞或主句溶為一體 當(dāng)定語從句與先行詞或主句的深層結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系 十分緊密時。 They were a family that must beg to stay alive. 譯: 他們那個家不討飯就活不下去。 We are people that have inherited ancient wisdom, that know the worth of biding ones time and recognized opportunity for combat. 譯: 我們的人民繼承了古代的智慧，懂得如何等待并善于抓住戰(zhàn)機(jī)。 This is the way that Americans themselves become familiar with one another. 譯:美國人自己也是這樣相互熟識的。,(5) 譯成相應(yīng)的狀語從句 定語從句在邏輯上相當(dāng)于“讓步” 、“條件” 、“原因” 、“結(jié)果”等狀語功用。 1. She seeks happiness in selfish enjoyment, where it can never be found. 譯：她在自私的享樂中尋找幸福，結(jié)果永遠(yuǎn)也尋找不到幸福。 2. Electrical energy that is supplied to a lamp can be turned into light energy. 譯：把電供給電燈時，電能就轉(zhuǎn)變成光能。,9,3 .We maintain that no peace situation is permanent which does not take into account the legitimate wishes of the majority of the people of any country. 我們認(rèn)為，如果不尊重一個國家大多數(shù)人民的正當(dāng)愿望，任何和平局面都是不會持久的 4. An electrical current begins to flow through a coil, which is connected across a charged capacitor. 如果把一個線圈接在已充電的電容器上， 5. Vegetarianism is definitely unsatisfactory for growing children, who need more protein than they can get from vegetable sources. 對生長發(fā)育中的兒童來說，素食肯定是不可取的，因為他們需要的蛋白質(zhì)不可能全部從植物類食品中獲得。,(6) 譯成漢語的復(fù)指成分 The Soviet deployment of new and more accurate missiles may be speeding up the time when U.S. intercontinental ballistic missiles could be destroyed in a surprise attack. 蘇聯(lián)部署更為精確的新型導(dǎo)彈，也許會使這一時刻提前到來，即在一次突然的襲擊中，美國的洲際導(dǎo)彈有可能毀于一旦。,(7) 譯成漢語的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)型賓語 We all know the difficulty that we sometimes have in trying to describe a color to a friend. 我們都知道，有時要向朋友說清楚一種顏色是很困難的。 (8) 譯成漢語的獨立式插說成分 Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. 與許多人的看法不同，蜘蛛不是昆蟲，甚至與昆蟲沒有什麼聯(lián)系。 (9)由“名詞等+of+which”引導(dǎo)的定語從句，of which譯成： “其、該、它,Language Characteristics of EST and Translation Techniques（科技英語語言特點及其翻譯） 1.Characteristics of words in EST （詞法特點） 大量使用科技詞匯。 As this proportion increases, so the amount of thrust(推動力）developed in the jet-pipe diminished. 隨著這一部分變大，噴射管里產(chǎn)生的推動力就會減少。 科技英語的詞匯包括：普通詞匯，半專業(yè)詞匯(semi-technical words)和專業(yè)詞匯(technical words),普通詞匯 科技英語詞匯 to send to transmit to change to convert to put into to insert to use up to consume enough sufficient better superior a lot of appreciable,半專業(yè)詞匯(semi-technical words) pencil colour pencil 筆型溫度計 metal pencil 焊條 pencil rocket 小型火箭 ceiling ceiling voltage 峰值電壓 dress 專業(yè)詞匯(technical words) （1) 縮寫和縮略詞: radar, laser, BASIC （2）前、后綴派生詞: semi- , auto-, micro-, thermo- （3）外來詞（由拉丁文或希臘文詞根構(gòu)成的詞匯）： photosynthesis,2.the Features of Grammar and Structure(語法句法特點) 動詞被動語態(tài) （Passive Form） 時態(tài) -The Present Indefinite Tense 動詞派生的名詞 （Derivation Nouns from Verbs） Eg. 1）Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 2）在沸水中加入2%的碳酸鈉（sodium carbonate）會增加殺菌效果。 The addition of 2 percent sodium carbonate to boiling water increases the bactericide effect.,長句 （Long Sentences） With the advent of the space shuttle, it will be possible to put an orbiting solar power plant in stationary orbit 24000 miles from the earth that would collect solar energy almost continuously and convert this energy either directly to electricity via photovoltaic cells（光電池）or indirectly with flat plate or focused collectors that would boil a carrying medium to produce steam that would drive a turbine.,隨著航天飛機(jī)的出現(xiàn)，有可能把一個沿軌道運行的發(fā)電站送到離地球24，000英里的一條定常軌道上去。這個太陽能發(fā)電站幾乎不間斷地采集太陽能。它還能夠用光電池（photovoltaic cells）將太陽能直接轉(zhuǎn)換成電能，或者用平板集熱器或聚焦集熱器將太陽能間接轉(zhuǎn)換成電能，（即集熱器使熱傳導(dǎo)體汽化，驅(qū)動渦輪機(jī)發(fā)電）。 With the advent of the space shuttle, it will be possible to put an orbiting solar power plant in stationary orbit 24000 miles from the earth that would collect solar energy almost continuously and convert this energy either directly to electricity via photovoltaic cells（光電池）or indirectly with flat plate or focused collectors that would boil a carrying medium to produce steam that would drive a turbine.,翻譯下列句子，注意英語定語從句的非定化譯法：,20,1.This was the period when Einstein began the research which resulted in the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity. 譯：就在這期間,愛因斯坦開始一項研究,這項研究使他創(chuàng)立了著名的相對論。(主從句溶為一體 后置),2. Charlie,who never believed in interfering if it could be avoided, left her alone, hoping that she would eventually come around.,譯:查理一向認(rèn)為,只要能避免,就不要插手,所以就沒有管她,希望她最終回心轉(zhuǎn)意。（主從句溶為一體譯成獨立句）,21,3. All the while, George Bush, who ultimately benefit from the try that failed, sat silently by, a nearly forgotten spectator.,譯:在此期間,喬治.布什一言不發(fā)地坐在那里,幾乎成了一個被人們遺忘的旁觀者,但他將在最后從這一場失敗的試探中獲得好處。 (后置),4.The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he whished especially to talk to or to hear from.,譯: 大使只宴請了幾個人，因為他特想和這些人談?wù)?，聽聽他們的意見。（原因?22,5. In his articles on social problems for the Examiner he wrote about the poverty and miserable living conditions that kept the working people in ignorance and drove them to drink and crime.,譯:在他為觀察家雜志所寫的關(guān)于社會問題的文章中，他描述了勞動者的貧困和惡劣的生活條件，這種貧困和惡劣的生活使勞動者受不到教育，驅(qū)使他們?nèi)バ锞坪头缸铩?(后置),23,6. There was something original, independent, and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.,譯: 這個方案很有創(chuàng)意，很有魄力，有獨到之處，所以他們都很滿意。（結(jié)果） 7. Men became desperate for work, any work, which would help them to keep their families. 譯: 人們極其迫切地要求工作,不管什么工作,只要能維持一家人的生活就行。（條件） 8.There was another man who seemed to have answer, and that was Robert. 譯: 另外一個人似乎胸有成竹,那就是羅伯特。（獨立句）,24,9. A man is nothing who yields his purpose. 譯: 如果一個人放棄自己的目的,就成為一個不堪造就的人。（假設(shè)） 10. GPS (Global Positioning System) is actually but part of a larger movement, called “telematics”, which will eventually attempt to put smart cars on smart highways. 譯: 全球衛(wèi)星定位系統(tǒng)其實只是叫做“遠(yuǎn)程信息學(xué)”的這一更大行動的一部分，這一行動最終將智能汽車送上智能高速公路。 (后置),25,11.There will come a day when people the world over will live harmoniously and happily under the sun . 譯: 普天下的人們得以和諧而幸福生活的日子終將會到來。 12.They are striving for the ideal which is to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives 譯: 他們正為實現(xiàn)一個理想而努力，這個理想是每個中國人所珍愛的，在過去，許多中國人曾為這個理想而犧牲了自己的生命。,26,13.He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for. 譯: 他堅持要再造一棟房子，盡管他并無此需要。 14. We can imagine ammonia production plants that will “fuel” both farm and city. 可以想象，氨廠將不僅可向農(nóng)村、而且可向城市提供“燃料”。(譯成漢語的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)型賓語) 15. A strict vegetarian is a person who never in his life eats anything derived from animals. 嚴(yán)格的素食者終生都不食用動物性食品。（定語與 先行詞或主句溶為一體） 16. Over-production of any commodity can create difficulties, because it can lead to a glut on the market, which may cause prices to fall sharply. 任何商品的生產(chǎn)過剩都會帶來麻煩，因為它會導(dǎo)致市場上供過于求，從而價格急劇下跌。,17. The heat that warms a body does not change either the weight of the body or its inertia. 熱在加熱物體時，既不會改變物體的重量，也不會改變物體的慣性。 18. In 1905, which was many years before other scientists really understood a great deal about atomic energy, Einstein declared this theory. 1905年，即在其他科學(xué)家確實對原子能有所了解之前許多年，愛因斯坦就已宣布了這一理論。,19. 心臟是一個中空的肌性器官(muscular organ)，其功能是把血液壓送(pump)到全身各部分。 The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, the function of which is to pump blood to all parts of the body. 20. 我們知道，由于貓的眼睛比人的眼睛能吸收更多的光線，所以貓在黑夜也能看得很清楚。 We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.,21.World War II was, however, more complex than the preceding world war, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets, resources, and territories. 第一次世界大戰(zhàn)只是帝國主義大國之間爭奪市場、資源和領(lǐng)土的一場沖突，而第二次世界大戰(zhàn)（的原因）卻比較復(fù)雜。,30,3) Translation of Comparative Structures （比較 句的翻譯） (1) 等比句式: A. 由 asas 引導(dǎo),一般譯作“同樣”，“與一樣”(P.63) B.由no more/less than和no more/lessthan, notany more than引導(dǎo),譯成: “不正如不、“和一樣+句中形容詞的反義詞”。 1. If machine really thought as men do, there would be no more reason to fear them than to fear men. 譯： 如果機(jī)器真的能象人一樣思維，那么就沒有甚么理由怕它們，正如沒有理由怕人一樣。,31,試比較: a. He is no more fond of watching TV than she is. b. He is not more fond of watching TV than she is. 譯: a.他們兩都不愛看電視。 b.他看電視的勁頭不比她大。 2. Unmerited praise is no more honour than deserved blame. 譯: 不應(yīng)受的表揚(yáng)和應(yīng)受的責(zé)備同樣不是榮譽(yù)。,3. Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food, love or exercise. 譯:人們不應(yīng)該總是試圖逃避壓力，正如人們不應(yīng)該躲避食物、愛情和運動那樣。 4. School boy as he was, he addressed the august（莊嚴(yán)的) audience with no more fear than as if he had been talking to a group of his playmates. 譯: 別看他是個小學(xué)生，他對莊嚴(yán)的聽眾講話，一點也不害怕，就象對一塊兒玩的同伴講話一樣。,33,5.As regards our policy, it is no less our interest than our duty to maintain the most friendly relations with other countries. 譯: 關(guān)于我們的外交政策,維持和其他國家的友好關(guān)系,既是我們的義務(wù),也同樣是我們的利益。 6. Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. 譯：那些社會地位高的人同樣感到焦慮，他們的生活如同他們手下人生活一樣空虛,C. 句型A is to B what C is to D, 譯成：“A對于B，如同C對于D” e.g. Air is to us what water is to fish. A pen is to a writer what a gun to a soldier.,7.Being completely relaxed in the examination is no better than being too tense.,譯: 考試中完全放松和過度緊張沒什么區(qū)別。,e.g. a) You may as well follow the instructions in the booklet as ask the engineer for help. ( “可以同樣也可以” ),35,D.“may as wellas ” “might as well as”,b) One might as well expect the leopard to change its spots as expect him to change his hot temper. ( “不可以同樣不可以” (P.65),36,(2) 差比句式 A. 由 morethan, less than引導(dǎo),譯成 ：“與其說不如說” He is more of a good teacher than his helpful friend. 譯:他是益友,更是良師。 It was a curious exchange, less a debate than a quarrel between the old couple. 譯：這是一次奇妙的交鋒，與其說是老夫婦之間的一場辯論，不如說是一次爭吵。 B.由 more than引導(dǎo)的比較句 more than用在名詞前，譯成：“不僅僅是”、“不只是” (與no more than 意思相反） more than用在動詞前，譯成：“不僅僅”、“遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)”、“大大地”,37,They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries. 譯：他們可以教的很好，而且不僅僅是為了掙薪水。 His nasty behaviour has more than created some trouble in his class. 譯：他的劣行在他班級里大大地制造了麻煩。 more than用在形容前，譯成：“分外”、“非 ?！薄ⅰ柏M止而已” To our great surprise, they were more than delighted to stay in the crowded town. 譯：令我們大為驚訝的是,他們竟很樂意呆在擁擠不堪的城市。,38,C. all /none /so much +比較級,譯成 “更加” 、“還是”。 D. not so muchas，譯成 “與其說是不如說是” E. no / nothing / never / little / more than，譯成 “不過是”、“就是”、“只是”。 (3) 極比句式 A. as as any “最” E.g 1. It is said that the weather here is as agreeable as any in the whole country. 譯: 據(jù)說, 這兒的天氣是全國最最宜人的。,B. 否定詞+比較級結(jié)構(gòu)和類似nothing is more than, few things are morethan, nothing is as as結(jié)構(gòu),譯作”沒有比更” 或 ”最” 1.No issue is more emotion-rousing than food, because no issue is as basic to individual and national survival as food. 譯: 沒有甚麼問題比糧食更能激起人們的情緒,因為糧食是個人和國家生存的最根本的問題。,40,2. No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism, as well as abilities, of the very worthy gentlemen who have just address the house. 剛才幾位可敬的先生向全體代表發(fā)言了。對于這幾位先生的愛國主義精神及才干，我個人比任何人更敬佩。 C. the last + n. “極少可能的” D. no + amount/ degree/ effort + of “即使最” 3. No degree of attention justifies the importance of this issue. 譯: 即使傾注再多的注意力,對此重要問題來說都不過分。,(4) 擬比句式 Preferto, preferrather than, would soonerthan, would ratherthan,譯成 “寧可 也不愿”。 1. He would rather die than gave in. 2. The old man prefer to write her letters rather than dictate others,Ex 1. I hold the maxim no less applicable to public than to private affairs that honesty is always the best policy. 2. A culture in which the citizens share similar religious beliefs and values is more likely to have laws that represent the wishes of its people than is a culture where citizens come from diverse background. 3. We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it.,4.Fitness is being pursued by millions who realize that their medical fate lies more in their own than in their physicians hands. 5. The first object observed by Galileo, naturally enough, was the Moon. He was the first to see more than the shadows that peoples imaginations has made into shapes. 6.Her letter says that she is none the wiser for my patient explanation. 7. Money is the last thing he wants, and you wont succeed by offering it.,8. His initial willingness to experiment with reforms stemmed not so much from a love of democracy as from his recognition that without reform, his country and the government would slide towards economic ruin. 9. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.,45,Ex 1. I hold the maxim no less applicable to public than to private affairs that honesty is always the best policy. 譯：我認(rèn)為誠實是最好的政策這句格言，不僅可適用于私事，亦可適用于公事。 2. A culture in which the citizens share similar religious beliefs and values is more likely to have laws that represent the wishes of its people than is a culture where citizens come from diverse background. 譯：有一種文化,其公民共有相似的宗教信仰和價值觀念,還有一種文化,其公民來自于不同的背景。前者比后者更有可能制定出代表其人民意愿的法律。,3.Fitness is being pursued by millions who realize that their medical fate lies more in their own than in their physicians hands.,譯：成千上萬的人追求健康，因為他們認(rèn)識到，自己的健康狀況與其說是掌握在醫(yī)生手里，倒不如說是由自己掌握的。,46,4. We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it.,5. The first object observed by Galileo, naturally enough, was the Moon. He was the first to see more than the shadows that peoples imaginations has made into shapes.,48,譯：伽利略觀察的第一個天體自然是月球他所看到的已不再僅僅是被人們想象成各種形態(tài)的陰影,6.Her letter says that she is none the wiser for my patient explanation.,49,譯: 她來信說，聽了我耐心的解釋之后，還是不明白。 7. Money is the last thing he wants, and you wont succeed by offering it. 他決不要錢，你想用錢去買動他是決不會成功的。,8. His initial willingness to experiment with reforms stemmed not so much from a love of democracy as from his recognition that without reform, his country and the government would slide towards economic ruin.,譯：他最初愿意搞改革，并不是(與其說是)因為他喜歡民主，而是(不如說是)他已意識到，不進(jìn)行改革，他的國家和政府在經(jīng)濟(jì)上將走向崩潰。,50,51,9. There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expanse than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee, the lightness of the cake, or the attractiveness of the house, which may be her chief interest and pride. 譯:最令女主人失望的是，她花了許多心神或費用來招待客人，可是這位客人只顧津津有味地與她的丈夫論政治、談生意，絲毫沒有注意到咖啡的濃香、糕點的松軟或房間內(nèi)講究的陳設(shè)，而這些卻可能是她最感興趣、最為自豪的。,52,10. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. 譯: 但是,他的首要任務(wù)并不是考慮支配自己行動的道德規(guī)范,就如同不能指望商人專注于探索行業(yè)規(guī)范一樣。,53,4) Translation of Special Negative Structure (1) Transfer of Negation in English A. 否定主句轉(zhuǎn)譯為否定賓語從句的一部分。 1. I dont think this is worth trying. 譯: 我想這不值得一試。 2. He doesnt imagine taxes will be reduced this year. 譯:他認(rèn)為今年稅收不會減。 3. Charlie never believed in interfering if it could be avoided 譯:查理一向認(rèn)為,只要能避免,就不要插手。,4. I dont think our answer came across as a ringing affirmation of a commitment to a country that is so vital to us. 譯:我認(rèn)為，我們的答復(fù)不像是響亮地表示要堅決履行對一個與我們休戚相關(guān)的國家所承擔(dān)的義務(wù)。,55,B.否定主語轉(zhuǎn)譯為否定謂語 （完全否定） 當(dāng)句子主語為 nothing, none of 或由no修飾時。 C.否定主句轉(zhuǎn)譯為否定主語從句 D.否定賓語轉(zhuǎn)譯為否定謂語 E.否定謂語轉(zhuǎn)譯為否定狀語(狀語從句) (2) Special Negative Sentence Structures Not because 否定 because 從句 1.Dont think ill of me because I use her help. 譯：不要因為我使喚了她就認(rèn)為我不好。,2. Dont be inflexibly devoted to a system just because it worked elsewhere. 譯：不要只因為某種制度在別的地方曾行之有效，就一成不變地?zé)嶂杂谶@種制度。 3.We cant be sure that simply because no alien is here, there are no aliens somewhere out there. 譯：我們不能僅僅因為外星人沒有在我們這里出現(xiàn)，便斷言他處并無外星人。,57,All / every / both not : “并不是所有 / 每一個 / 兩個都” （部分否定） 1. All that glitters is not gold. 譯：閃閃發(fā)光的不一定都是黃金。 2. All cities did not look alike as they do today, with the same chain stores and hotels, movies and illuminated advertisements. 譯：在過去，城市并不像今天這樣都千篇一律，都有同樣的連鎖商店、旅館、電影院和霓虹燈廣告。,58,Cannot / can never too + adj. 或 (adv.) “無論怎樣也不會過分”、“越越好” (起加強(qiáng)肯定的語氣的作用) 1. One cant be too careful in making the decision as it was such a critical case. 譯：因為這是一個如此重要的問題,所以在做決定時無論怎樣謹(jǐn)慎都不過分。 2. A book may be compared to your neighbor; if it be good, it cannot last too long; if bad, you cannot get rid of it too early. 一本書可以比作鄰居：如果是好的，結(jié)識愈久愈好；如果是壞的，分手愈早愈好。 A + not + v. + as well as + B: 先將B 譯成肯定,然后再將A譯成否定。,59,I shall not do this test as well as you. 譯: 你做這項試驗,而我將和你不一樣。 It be + adj. + n. + that + v. + no / nobody : 意譯成主謂式否定句。 1. It is good workman that never blunder. 譯: 智者千慮必有一矢。 It is a long lane that has no end. 譯：路必有彎。（凡事總有變化）,5）Language Characteristics of EST and Translation Techniques（科技英語語言特點及其翻譯） 1.Cha