名詞性從句練習.docVIP

名詞性從句講解歸納及例題2011-06-29 09:14:00|分類： Grammar 語法 |標簽： |字號大中小訂閱 在主從復(fù)合句中，從句可以充當主句的主語、表語、賓語或同位語。由于在多數(shù)情況下，主語、表語、賓語或同位語這四種句子成分由名詞性詞類充當，所以，我們把這些作用相當于名詞的從句統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句，把充當主語、表語、賓語或同位語的從句分別稱為主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句或同位語從句。也就是說充當什么成分就叫什么從句。名詞性從句由連接詞（或關(guān)聯(lián)詞）引導(dǎo)。常用的連接詞有：連接詞作用whether 是否that (本身無詞義)只起連接詞作用，引導(dǎo)從句，在從句中不作任何成分who, whom, whosewhich 哪一個what 什么，所的在從句中分別作主語、賓語和定語在從句中分別作主語、賓語和定語在從句中分別作主語、賓語和定語when什么時候，where什么地方how怎樣、怎么，why為什么除了起連接詞作用外，還在從句中作狀語疑問詞（who, whom, whose, what, which, where, why, when, how）可以引導(dǎo)主語、賓語和表語從句。它們的特點是：1、疑問詞有本身的詞義；2、疑問詞在從句中擔當句子成分，如主語、賓語或狀語；3、這種疑問詞引導(dǎo)的從句一律用陳述語序，不能用疑問語序。For example:Do you know whom they are looking for? 你知道他們在找誰嗎？（賓語從句，陳述語序。不能是whom are they looking for?）I dont know who did it.我不知道這是誰干的。（賓語從句。在從句中如果疑問詞作主語，其陳述語序和疑問語序一致。）She asked me where I had been.她問我到哪兒去了。（賓語從句。陳述語序，不能是where had I been. 直接引語，間接引語。注意這句話的時態(tài)。）Can you tell me when the train will arrive? 你能告訴我火車什么時候到嗎？(賓語從句。陳述語序，不能是when will the train arrive. 直接引語，間接引語。)I dont know why he hasnt come yet. 我不知道他為什么還沒來。（賓語從句，陳述語序。不能是why hasnt he come yet.）He didnt tell me what you were doing. 他沒和我說你在干什么。（賓語從句，陳述語序。不能是what were you doing.）What you have done might do harm t other people. 你所做過的事情有可能傷害別人。（主語從句。what 作從句的賓語。陳述語序，不能是what have you done. 如果用疑問語序，意思發(fā)生了變化，成了“你做了什么？”。）I dont know where he is now. 我不知道他現(xiàn)在在哪里。（賓語從句，陳述語序。不能是where is he now.）Where he went for his weekend is not known. 不知道他去哪里過的周末。（主語從句，where 作從句的地點狀語。陳述語序，不能是where did he go for his weekend.）Whose fault this is is not important. 這是誰的過錯并不重要。（主語從句，whose 作從句的定語。陳述語序，不能是whose fault is this.）What I want to know is where he has gone for his weekend. 我想知道的是他到哪里度周末去了。（這句話包含兩個名詞性從句：what I want to know是主語從句，what 在從句中作賓語，從句用陳述語序，不能是What do I want to know. Where he has gone for his weekend 是表語從句，where 在從句中作狀語，從句用陳述語序，不能是where has he gone for his weekend.）下面我們再分別講述主語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句和表語從句。一、 主語從句1that 引導(dǎo)主語從句時，that 沒有意義，但不能省略。（that 引導(dǎo)賓語從句時可以省略。）For example:It worried her a bit that her hair was turning gray.她的頭發(fā)正在變白，這使她很不安。that引導(dǎo)主語從句，it 作形式主語，that 不能省略。That she is a rich woman is known to us all. 眾所周知，她是個富有的女人。這是that 引導(dǎo)主語從句，that 不能省略。這句話可以改為用it 作形式主語的句型。請同學(xué)們改寫：It is known to us all that she is a rich woman.）We didnt know (that) you had sold your house. 我們不知道你已經(jīng)把你的房子賣了。這是that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，that 可以省略。注意這句話的時態(tài)。2從句作主語時，多數(shù)情況下由 it 作形式主語，而把主語從句放在后面，尤其是謂語部分（包括賓語）較短的情況下。For example:It wasnt very clear what she meant. 不清楚她是什么意思。It is important that he should come on time. 他按時來是很重要的。It is true that that man on the left is a well-known writer here. 左邊那個人是本地的一位著名作家，這是真的。這里，第一個that 引導(dǎo)主語從句，是單純的連詞，無詞義，不作句子成分。第二個that 是指示代詞，作句子成分，是man 的定語。3whether 既可以引導(dǎo)主語從句也可以引導(dǎo)賓語從句，但if不能引導(dǎo)主語從句。whether 后面可以加or not, 而if 不能與or not 連用。作介詞賓語時不用if.如：Whether I knew John doesnt matter. = It doesnt matter whether I knew John. 我是否認識約翰沒有關(guān)系。Whether or not shell come isnt clear. = Whether shell come or not isnt clear. = It isnt clear whether . 她是否來還不清楚。It all depends on whether we can get their cooperation. 這是主語從句還是賓語從句？it 是形式主語嗎？it 是代詞，whether 引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，作介詞on 的賓語，不能用if引導(dǎo)。請翻譯這句話。這完全取決于我們是否能得到他們的合作。I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 賓語從句，介詞賓語，不能用if 引導(dǎo)。請翻譯這句話。She asked me whether/if you were married. 賓語從句，既可以用whether, 又可以用if 引導(dǎo)。注意時態(tài)的對應(yīng)。請翻譯這句話。We havent decided whether/if we shall give them aid. Im not sure whether/if the report is believable. Now lets do some translation:現(xiàn)在還很難預(yù)測誰會贏得下一屆總統(tǒng)選舉。It is still hard to predict who will win the next presidential election.對于多數(shù)公民來說，誰當選總統(tǒng)無關(guān)緊要。Who will become the president doesnt matter much to most citizens.這位前總統(tǒng)是否會被判處死刑還有待觀察。It remains to be seen whether the ex-president will be sentenced to death. 真可惜，王教授不能出席我們的英語晚會。It is a pity that Prof. Wang cant attend our English Evening.我們需要的是更多的時間。What we need is more time. 二、 賓語從句在謂語動詞、介詞、動詞不定式、分詞、動名詞之后都可以帶有賓語從句。某些形容詞如sure, happy, glad, certain, pleased 等之后也可以帶有賓語從句。1 that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句: that 沒有意義，在口語或非正式文體中常省略例如：I really feel shes making a mistake. 我的確感到她正犯錯誤。James said (that) he was feeling better. 詹姆斯說他感到好些了。Hearing that his son was badly wounded, he hurried to the hospital to see him.聽說兒子受了重傷，他急忙趕到醫(yī)院去看望他。 I suggested that we should go home. 我建議我們回家去。虛擬語氣，that 一般不能省略。 2whether/if (是否)引導(dǎo)的賓語從句：如果要突出“究竟是還是不”，常在whether 后面加or not; if 一般不與or not連用。如： He asked me if/whether I knew John. 他問我是否認識約翰。 Let me know whether you can come or not. 你能來還是不能來，告訴我一聲。3在think, believe, suppose, expect 等動詞的賓語從句中，否定不用在從句中，而是將think 等詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问?。For example: I dont think the film is interesting.我覺得這部電影沒什么意思。 I dont suppose we are going outing tomorrow. 我認為我們明天不會出去郊游。 4如果從句作賓語而后面還有補語，為了保持句子的平衡，用it 作形式賓語，而將賓語從句放在句尾。常跟這樣的復(fù)合賓語的動詞有：make, find, see, hear, feel, think, consider, regard, take.for granted等。如： George made it clear that he opposed this project. 喬治已明確表示他反對這個項目。it 代表that 引導(dǎo)的句子，作賓語，clear 是賓語補足語。 They kept it quiet that he was dead. 對他已經(jīng)死亡的消息，他們秘而不宣。 I took it for granted that youd stay with us. 我想當然認為你會和我們呆在一起。三、 同位語從句同位語從句是對名詞的內(nèi)容給予具體、詳細的說明。常在后面接同位語從句的名詞有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, suggestion, question, problem, doubt, fear, belief等。同位語從句常用的引導(dǎo)詞為that,有是也用when, where 等疑問詞。如：The news that the United States was hit by terrorist attacks took the whole world by surprise. 美國受到恐怖主義分子襲擊的消息令全世界吃驚。The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong.你認為不動腦筋就能做好這件工作的想法是完全錯誤的。People used to hold the belief that the earth was the center of the universe. 人們曾認為地球是宇宙的中心。The difficulty lies in the fact that we are short of money.困難在于我們?nèi)狈Y金這個事實。They have no idea at all where he has gone.他們一點兒也不知道他去哪兒了。注意：同位語從句的that 只是引導(dǎo)詞，沒有其他語法作用，在句子中不作句子成分，不能省略；而定語從句中的that 除了引導(dǎo)定語從句外，還是定語從句的一個成分，在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作主語時不能省略，作賓語時可以省略。如：The idea that some peoples are superior to others is sheer nonsense.有些民族優(yōu)越于其他民族這種想法簡直荒謬。（請辨別是同位語從句還是定語從句。）（同位語從句）The idea that he proposed at the meeting is sheer nonsense. 他在會議上提出的這個想法簡直荒謬。（請辨別是同位語從句還是定語從句。）（定語從句）No one is happy with the fact that he found out. 沒有人對他發(fā)現(xiàn)的事實感到高興。（請辨別是同位語從句還是定語從句。）（定語從句）No one is happy with the fact that he will become their boss.沒有人對他將成為他們的老板這一事實感到高興。（請辨別是同位語從句還是定語從句。）（同位語從句）四、表語從句表語從句位于主句的連系動詞之后，在非正式文體中引導(dǎo)詞that可以省略。如：Thats not what I want. 那不是我要的。Thats why I have come.那就是我為什么來了。My opinion is that things will improve.我的意見是事情會好起來的。One advantage of solar energy is that it will never run out. 太陽能的一個優(yōu)點是永遠也不會枯竭。The truth is that he didnt really try. 實際情況是他沒有真正努力。The problem is who is to pay and when we can start.問題是誰來付帳、我們又何時開始。The fact is that he didnt notice the car until too late. 事實是他注意到車時已經(jīng)太晚了。What surprised me was that he spoke English so well.使我感到吃驚的是他英語講得那么好。All I can say is that I have nothing to do with it. 我能說的就是我與此事沒有關(guān)系。What I want to know is where we shall go and whether she will join us. 我想知道的是我們要去什么地方以及她是否加入我們。此外，表語從句還可由as if （好像）引導(dǎo)。如：It looked as if it was/were going to rain. （虛擬語氣）Now lets do some translation:這就是她昨天請一天假的原因。That is why she had a day off yesterday.我的想法是，個人的權(quán)利應(yīng)該得到充分尊重。My idea is that individual rights should be fully respected.問題在于上帝是否真的存在。The question is whether the God really exists. 我想知道的是，他是如何在這么短的時間內(nèi)完成這個項目的。What I want to know is how he managed to complete the project in such a short time.五、形容詞后的that 從句that 引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句還可以用在一些形容詞后面。這種句型一般都用人作主語，所用的形容詞都是表示思想狀況或感情色彩的形容詞，如certain, sure, positive, afraid, convinced, anxious, disappointed, worried, glad, happy, sorry, amazed, surprised, aware, doubtful, confident等等。如：I am sure/certain that hes at home now.我肯定他現(xiàn)在在家。He became angry that you made the same mistake. 你犯了同樣的錯誤，他生氣了。He remains confident that he will win. 他仍然自信他會贏She is aware that I cant help her. 她知道我?guī)筒涣怂拿Α am glad that youve come. 你來了我很高興。He appeared/seemed surprised that I said “no”. 我說不，他似乎很吃驚。I am afraid that I cant promise you anything. 恐怕我不能向你保證什么。We were rather disappointed that you were not able to come yesterday. 昨天你沒能來我們有點失望。I am a bit worried that she will not be able to make it. 我有點擔心她做不成這件事情。六、what 從句的小結(jié)1 意思是“所.的事/物”, 相當于the thing(s) that, that which, 或those which 可以用于以下情況：(1) 引導(dǎo)主語從句。如：What she saw frightened her. 她看到的事情嚇了她一跳。What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality. 曾經(jīng)被認為不可能的事情，現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)變成了事實。What Im afraid of is their taking him to that place. 我怕的是他們帶他到那地方去。What we are worrying about is just her innocence. 我們擔心的是她的幼稚。But what hurt our feelings most was the personal comment of the judge. 最傷我們感情的是法官的私下評論。What will be, will be. 要發(fā)生的事總是要發(fā)生的。（諺語）What is gone is gone. 過去的事就過去了。(2) 引導(dǎo)表語從句。如：Thats what I hope. 那就是我希望的。I should like to be a teacher. Thats what I want to be. 我想當老師，那是我想干的事。Times are not what they used to be. 時代不同了。Hes not what he was a few years ago. 他不是幾年前的他了。Your health is not what it ought to be. 你的身體應(yīng)該更好。(3) 引導(dǎo)賓語從句，包括介詞賓語。如：He could not express what he felt. 他不能表達他的感受。Well, Ill do what I can. 好吧，我盡力。I cant do what youve just asked of me. 我不能做你剛才要求我的事。And having got what he wanted, he took his hat and went away. 得到了他要的東西，他拿上帽子就走了。As a friend of yours, I want to tell you what I hear. 作為你的朋友，我想告訴你我所聽到的。The father began to criticize what the boy had done. 父親開始批評男孩所做的事。（注意時態(tài)）She was not happy at what he had said. 她對他說的話不高興。Dont poke your nose into what doesnt concern you. 不要多管閑事。The city is different from what it was ten years ago. 這座城市和十年前不同了。It was a small place then compared to what it is now. 和現(xiàn)在比起來，它那時候是個小地方。I dont care about money or what people call position. 我不在乎金錢或者別人所謂的地位。Philip was depressed by what he had gone through. Philip經(jīng)歷過的事情使他很消沉。They paid fifty percent of what they were able to earn to the state.他們能掙來的東西，百分之五十交給了國家。2 用作插入語，指代后面的成分。這和非限定性定語從句正好相反，非限定性定語從句指代的是前面的成分。如：Then I discovered, what was news to me, that his wife was Marys niece. 后來我發(fā)現(xiàn)，他妻子原來是Mary的侄女，這對我是個新聞。He never joined in the usual sports of the boys, and, what is remarkable, never went out in a boat on the river. 他從來不參加男孩子通常做的體育活動，更奇怪的是，他從來不坐船出去到河上面去。Hes an interesting speaker, and, what is more important, he knows his subject thoroughly. 他講話生動有趣，更重要的是，他對課題了如指掌。He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking. 他去參加了會議，而且更糟糕的是，他堅持要發(fā)言。It is a useful book, and, what is more, not an expensive one. 這是本很有用的書，再說也不貴。Youll have nobody but yourself to blame, and, whats more, youll get no sympathy from anybody. 你怪不著別人，只能怪你自己；還有，你得不到任何人的同情。We invited a new speaker and, whats more, he was happy to come. 我們請到了一位新的發(fā)言人，而且他很樂意來。3 引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，等于“不管什么”。注意狀語從句的語序。如：Do what she would, she could not invent a reason for not going. 不管她會做什么，她都編不出不去的理由。狀語從句把實義動詞放在句首，句子倒裝。No matter what she would do, Come what may, youll always keep it secret. 無論怎樣，你都要保守秘密。No matter what may come, .Jack has made up his mind that, come what might, he would stay there. Jack已經(jīng)拿定主意，無論如何他也要呆在那里。no matter what might come, Say what he will, in his heart he knows that he is wrong. 不管他怎么說，內(nèi)心里他知道自己錯了。= No matter what he will say, 名詞性從句名詞性從句是由if, whether, that 和各種疑問詞充當連接詞所引導(dǎo)的從句，其功同名詞一樣。一主語從句 主語從句是在復(fù)合句中充當主語的從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞之前或由形式主語it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主語和it引導(dǎo)強調(diào)句的比較 It 作形式主語代替主語從句，主要是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，主語從句的連接詞沒有變化。而it引導(dǎo)的強調(diào)句則是對句子某一部分進行強調(diào)，無論強調(diào)的是什么成分，都可用連詞that。被強調(diào)部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window. 2. 用it 作形式主語的結(jié)構(gòu) (1) It is 名詞從句 It is a fact that 事實是 It is an honor that 非常榮幸 It is common knowledge that 是常識 (2) it is 形容詞從句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是 (3) it is 不及物動詞從句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 (4) it 過去分詞從句 It is reported that 據(jù)報道 It has been proved that 已證實 3. 主語從句不可位于句首的五種情況、 (1) if 引導(dǎo)的主語從句不可居于復(fù)合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens, It occurs 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 結(jié)構(gòu)中的主語從句不可提前。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. (wrong) (5) 含主語從句的復(fù)合句是疑問句時，主語從句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong) 4. What 與that 在引導(dǎo)主語從句時的區(qū)別 What 引導(dǎo)主語從句時在句時在從句中充當句子成分，如主語賓語表語，而that 則不然。例如： 1) What you said yesterday is right. 2) That she is still alive is a consolation.二賓語從句賓語從句就是在復(fù)合句中作賓語的名詞性從句，通常放在主句謂語動詞（及物動詞）或介詞之后。 1. 作動詞的賓語 (1) 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,例如： I heard that be joined the army. (2) 由what, whether (if) 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，例如： 1) She did not know what had happened. 2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. (3) 動詞間接賓語賓語從句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation. 2. 作介詞的賓語 例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 3. 作形容詞的賓語 例如：I am afraid that Ive made a mistake. That 引導(dǎo)的從句常跟在下列形容詞后作賓語： Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以將此類詞后的that 從句的看作原因狀語從句。 4. It 可以作為形式賓語 It 不僅可以作為形式主語，還可以作為形式賓語而真正的賓語that 從句則放在句尾，特別是在帶復(fù)合賓語的句子中。 例如： We heard it that she would get married next month. 5. 后邊不能直接跟that 從句的動詞這類動詞有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。這類詞后可以用不定式或動名詞作賓語，但不可以用that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如： I admire their winning the match. (right) I admire that they won the match. (wrong) 6. 不可用that從句作直接賓語的動詞 有些動詞不可用于“動詞間接賓語that從句“結(jié)構(gòu)中，常見的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive,